Tourism is a global scale industry with growing impact on the environment which provides new opportunities, when giving attention and developed can generate substantial economic benefits to a nation. Farin Ruwa waterfall has great ecotourism potentials that will contribute more to the socio-economic welfare of the inhabitants and the State but is yet to be fully developed. This study seeks to assess the socio-economic impacts of the waterfall on Farin Ruwa areas in Nasarawa State and examine the problems with the development of the area as attraction centre. Two communities were selected for this study with 3601 projected population from 1991 census to 2021. Yamane’s formula was used and sample size of 280 was drawn from Marhai community which constitute 107 sampled respondents and Massenge community which constitute 173 sampled respondents for the study. The descriptive survey research design was used for the study. Data were collected on a 5- point lykert scale through questionnaire administration in the area. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Chi- square statistical tool was used in testing the hypothesis formulated while mean ranking method was used to find out the level of impacts. Findings from the study revealed that tourism will bring about positive socio-economic development to the area with 57% representing respondents that agreed to that while on the negative impacts, 54% agreed that tourism development bring negative impacts on the study area. The result of the first hypothesis tested showed that the calculated Chi-Square value of 86.318 was greater than the table value of 36.415, therefore, there is significant positive impact of tourism on the socio-economic development of the area while the second hypothesis shows that the calculated Chi-Square value of 11.651 was less than the table value of 36.415, therefore, there is no significant negative impact on the socio-economic development of area. The results of the mean ranking shows that economic growth and poverty reduction ranked first as the positive impacts of ecotourism development. The study also reveals the poor state of infrastructures and services provided in the areas such as roads, electricity supply and water supply at the site. The study recommends that Government, individuals and corporate organizations such as NGOs should take active part in the development of Farin Ruwa ecotourism to stimulate infrastructural development. Public-private partnership should be adopted for development and management of the ecotourism. Finally, Ministry of culture and tourism should provide the site with tourism facilities as well as making the centre a film village resort.
Page(s): 01-10 Date of Publication: 27 November 2022
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The Government of the Republic of Indonesia carries out a free and active foreign policy, therefore the Government of Indonesia has always actively participated in efforts to maintain world peace under the banner of the United Nations. This study aims to analyze about: a) how Indonesia’s Participation in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) Mission; b) Approach Program Through Cross-Cultural Competence for Peacekeepers in UNIFIL’s Mission; and c) Resilience Improvement Program for Peacekeepers and Their Families in UNIFIL Mission. The research method used is qualitative with data collection techniques through interviews with informants and literature studies. The results of the study prove that (1) Indonesia has actively participated in maintaining world peace which is the embodiment of the 4th Paragraph of the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD NRI 1945). (2) These obstacles and challenges are caused by differences in Cross-Cultural Competence and Cultural Intelligence, both of which are closely related. Cultural Intelligence (Cultural Intelligence) consists of Mental Ability and Behavioral Ability. Mental abilities include metacognitive intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and motivational intelligence. Meanwhile, Behavioral Ability is behavioral intelligence. Cross-Cultural Competence can be improved through experience (experience), training (training), education (education), self-development (self-development); and (3) To increase the peacekeeper’s resilience, there are 4 (four) efforts, namely practical handling of stressors, cognitive or internal strategies, stress reduction supported by the situation and environment, and personal approach. There must be additional Cross-Cultural Competence training by the United Nations for peacekeepers (civil and military) in every UN peacekeeping mission around the world. The importance of creating a Family Resilience program for peacekeeper families, such as FOCUS in the United States, which can reduce stress levels and other problems so that the performance of peacekeepers in carrying out their duties becomes more qualified and effective in order to maintain international peace and security.
Page(s): 11-20 Date of Publication: 27 November 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61101Download PDF
Page(s): 21-42 Date of Publication: 28 November 2022
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Learning is a remarkably complex process that is influenced by a wide variety of factors. As most parents are probably very much aware, observation can play a critical role in determining how and what children learn. As the saying goes, kids are very much like sponges, soaking up the experiences they have each and every day. Learning is an important process in human life. It is the process of accumulating knowledge, absorbing human knowledge to create one’s own education. Learning is also the practice of life skills such as communication, behavior, etc. Learning contributes to the growth of each person. In Vietnam, this Directive 11 of the Politburo has been issued, actively performing the tasks assigned by the Government in Decision 281/QD-TTg dated February 20, 2014 of the Prime Minister on the project “Promote the movement of lifelong learning in families, clans and communities until 2020”. The article focuses on clarifying the issue of social learning in Vietnam in the current period
Page(s): 43-46 Date of Publication: 28 November 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61102Download PDF
The objective of this study was to find out Parental/environmental influences on traditional child rearing practices and the identity development of adolescents in Manyu. To achieve this purpose, three specific research questions and three hypotheses were formulated and tested. To answer the research questions , a questionnaire was administered to a sample of 300 participants.. The data derived were subjected to descriptive and inferential analysis using SPSS Version 26.0. The findings revealed a significant relationship between traditional childrearing practices and identity development among adolescents in Manyu. four main theories ; the ecological systems theory of Urie Bronfenbrenner , the psychosocial theory of Erik Erikson, the socio-cultural theory of Lev Vygotsky and James Marcia’s theory of identity development, were adopted and reviewed. The network of theoretical, conceptual and empirical data reviewed indicated that wherever around the world, there exist traditional childrearing practices among adolescents in different peer groups and the peer group stands as one of the important social network support systems that enable adolescents to develop their identity. The research designs adopted for this study was the descriptive survey design (with the aid of a structured questionnaire as the main research instrument and an Interview Guide). The research was carried out in all the four sub divisions of the Manyu Division of the South west region of Cameroon. The population of the study was made up of adolescents, aged 11-24 in the schools that were operational. The sample size was made up of 300 adolescents, who were purposively and incidentally selected to suit the characteristics of the study. Data were analyzed both descriptively and inferentially. The results equally revealed that most adolescents perceive childrearing practices to have a positive influence on attitudes within the home environment (MRS=53.6%, n=2400). Greater parts of the adolescent population are positive to most statement that suggests good attitudes gotten within the home environments. In positively influencing identity development, childrearing practices within the home environment influence on most adolescent pushes them to be; sympathetic towards other sibling and peers (66.3%), neat and tidy (65.3%), and be good examples of their parent (64%). Therefore parents should foster good childrearing practices that existed in the past to suppress the negative ones coming from modernity. This includes constant speaking of the dialect with their children in order to build their identity, teaching them traditional values of the Manyu man such as respect, love, charity, honesty, solidarity and hard work. Above all adolescents should be guarded with care, understood and counseled often by a combination of the parents, the educational community and the society as a whole. This way, they will gain independence, imbibe these positive values and develop a positive identity and personality.
Page(s): 47-58 Date of Publication: 28 November 2022
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Like other laws and regulations, enforcement of the Occupational Safety and Health Law does not happen without the compulsion from government authorities accompanied by work-site inspection and penalties. Becker and Stigler (1974) confirms that the aim of enforcement is to attain that desired degree of compliance with the rule of prescribed behavior, and the critical reason that prevents an entity from enforcing full compliance is that enforcement is costly. This study extends the classroom game conducted by Anderson and Stafford (2006) wherein it highlighted the business unit’s responses to changes in monitoring probability relative to changes in enforcement severity. The game was put into an actual setting of analyzing the dynamics of enforcement strategies in the context of banana plantations. This study confirmed that all business units that have been caught in the past will be inspected each day, and for those that never been caught will be selected at random for inspection. Also, it confirmed that having been caught as non-compliant generally does not result in more compliance unless past violations increase future fine or punishment. Though there was no significant increase in fines, the banana farms exhibited an increased level of compliance. This performance is suspected to be due to the banana plantations’ natural response to the successive results of inspections because of the recurring non-compliance.
Page(s): 59-64 Date of Publication: 29 November 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61103Download PDF
In this study, the effect of government incentives on the expansion of small and medium-sized businesses was evaluated. The study’s goals were to ascertain the effect of government grant availability, the effect of grant accessibility, and the sufficiency of grant on the expansion of small and medium-sized enterprises. The research design used in the study was a descriptive survey. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire. Three hundred and sixteen (316) SME owners made up the study’s population, and a sample size of one hundred and seventy seven (177) was chosen. Statistical Package for Social Sciences’ (SPSS) multiple regression analysis was used to assess the hypotheses developed for this study). The study’s conclusions showed a favorable association between government grant availability, accessibility, and sufficiency and the expansion of SMEs in Nigeria. This is clear from the fact that the p-value of the t statistic for the three independent variables is less than 5% (P=00.0000.05). The government should boost the different grants and resources made available for the operation and establishment of small and medium scale businesses in Nigeria, according to the results and recommendations. This will encourage more Nigerian small- and medium-scale business owners and operators.
Page(s): 65-71 Date of Publication: 29 November 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61104Download PDF
The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of fiscal policy on the performance of educational institutions in the North Rift region, specifically, in Nandi and Uasin Gishu Counties. The theories used to frame this work were the Resource Based View, Human Capital, and Contingency Theory. The study adopted an interpretive philosophical approach. The target population was 1,672 respondents from 278 public secondary schools. Using the Taro Yamane formulae, a 322-sample size was derived. The research used stratified sampling techniques. Self-administered questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data. The study showed that financial policy influences the performance of public secondary schools. Public policy determines the government allocation to schools, the timing of the release of government funds, school fees revenue stream, and financial aid to needy students. The results also show that financial policy does influence the performance of educational institutions. The study recommends that both the national and county governments should ensure that the amount allocated to finance school programs is adequate considering the high enrolment rate due to the 100% transition policy. The National government should ensure that the disbursement of funds reaches the targeted schools within the stipulated time. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education should come up with appropriate strategies that ensure that the performance of the schools is not affected by unprecedented challenges brought about by pandemics such as COVID-19.
Page(s): 72-78 Date of Publication: 29 November 2022
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One of the major issues of designing self & portfolio assessments as a learning evaluation system is to help teachers assessing students’ works in virtual learning. So, through the application of this type of assessment system, it is expected that three parties: teachers, students, and parents will get involved proportionately in determining the aspects to be evaluated by each of them. In this descriptive quantitative study, this paper aimed at describing the application of self & portfolio assessments as a learning evaluation system in virtual learning within the elementary, lower and higher secondary school teachers in Riau Province-Indonesia. Findings show that out of 25 principles that the learning evaluation system has, the principle of ‘simple’ is at the lowest level (0.400 > 0.2242) while the principles of ‘accountable, objective, critical, innovative, creative, quality, apprreciation, students’ participation, and teachers’ participation are at the highest level of validity (0.888 > 0.2242); however, all of the principles are at the highest level of reliability (0.938). In terms of hypothesis testing, there is no positive and significant differences on the aspects of education units (0.335 > 0.05); regency (0.558 > 0.05); gender (0.928 > 0.05); and on the aspect of teaching experience (0.471 > 0.05). In conclusion, the teachers within Riau Province-Indonesia have shown their higher consent and approval on the application of the principles of self & portfolio assessments as a learning evaluation system in virtual learning in terms of validity and reliability as well as the aspects to be evaluated by teachers (80%), to be evaluated by students (10%) and to be evaluated by parents (10%).
Page(s): 79-85 Date of Publication: 29 November 2022
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Page(s): 86-91 Date of Publication: 29 November 2022
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The COVID-19 pandemic has created the largest disruption of education systems in human history, affecting nearly 1.6 billion learners in more than 200 countries. Closures of schools, no, and other learning spaces have impacted more than 94% of the world’s student population. This situation challenged the education system across the world and forced educators to shift to the online mode of teaching overnight. Many academic institutions that were earlier reluctant to change their traditional pedagogical approach had no option but to shift entirely to online teaching-learning and assessment. The paper discusses the importance of online learning not just in times of crisis, but the need of the hour to innovate and implement online teaching as an alternative educational system. The lesson learned from the COVID-19 pandemic is that teachers and students/learners should be oriented on the use of different online educational tools. By looking at the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, & Challenges of e-learning modes, the importance and areas of preparedness have also been discussed.
Page(s): 92-96 Date of Publication: 29 November 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61105Download PDF
The study determined the effectiveness of the online classes implemented in the Graduate School in Divine Word College of Legazpi. Effectiveness was determined based on the perspectives of the students who are the recipients of the online classes in the graduate school along content and structure; modalities implemented; online platforms used; discussion of topics online; class interaction; performance-related activities; and grading system used. The students enrolled during the 2nd Semester, SY 2020-2021 and 1st Semester, SY 2021-2022 were the respondents of the study. Their decision to enroll in the graduate program offering in DWCL is influenced by the quality of education, which the school is known for, the Divinian Mantra, and the GSBM Management. Other reasons given why they pursue graduate studies is for personal development and career advancement. The online platforms used in the online classes are Google Classroom, Google Meeting, Zoom Meetings, FB Messenger Chat Groups and the class modalities implemented by the majority is mixed mode or the combination of synchronous and asynchronous classes, and the majority of the classes are synchronously met by the faculty members every class meeting schedule. All the areas covered to measure the effectiveness of the GSBM online classes were rated “Very Effective” with an over-all general weighted mean of 3.64. The recommendations to further improve the online classes include: the conduct of more Webinars for supplemental learning, the use of Zoom instead of Google Meet, the use of innovative strategies for online meetings, online team building activities, and the possibility of limited face to face in the future if the situation so allowed
Page(s): 97-106 Date of Publication: 29 November 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61106Download PDF
Page(s): 107-115 Date of Publication: 29 November 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61107Download PDF
The study examined perception, knowledge and attitude towards global warming among undergraduates in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The descriptive research survey design was adopted in this study. The population consisted of all undergraduates in all the Universities in Ekiti State. The sample for this study comprised of 600 undergraduates which were selected from the three universities in Ekiti State. The sample was selected through multistage sampling procedure. A questionnaire designed by the researchers tagged “Global Warming Questionnaire (GWQ)” was used to collect relevant data for the study. The face and content validity of the instrument was determined by specialists in Social Studies and Tests and Measurement experts. The reliability of the instrument was ensured through test re-test method of reliability. The scores of the two tests were correlated using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Analysis. The correlation coefficient of 0.82 was obtained which was good enough to make the instrument reliable. The responses obtained were collated and analysed using descriptive inferential statistics. The study revealed that the perception of global warming was good, knowledge was high while attitude was positive among undergraduates. It was also found that there was no significant relationship between perception and attitude towards global warning likewise between knowledge and attitude towards global warning among undergraduates. It was therefore recommended that curriculum planners should ensure periodic review of tertiary institution curriculum by updating new trends on global warming into the school curriculum so that undergraduates can be well-informed of fresh information associated with global warming.
Page(s): 116-120 Date of Publication: 30 November 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61108Download PDF
Considering the Liberian society as the contextual setting or background, this study interrogates protest votes as another form of political behavior. It employs the conceptual analysis approach categorized as one of the kinds of qualitative research methods. Using the frustration-aggression theory as its theoretical framework, the paper unveils the inherent peril or risk associated with protest votes unknown to registered voters. It sees protest votes as an emotional response due to the dissatisfaction with incumbent candidates to realize campaign promises. On the premise that frustration has the proclivity to affect logical reasoning, the paper equates dissatisfaction to frustration which has implications for protest votes. Based on this premise, which is empirical, the paper argues that evidenced by the clamor (“I am calling from the most abandoned district”, “2023 is coming”) ahead of the 2023 elections, the Liberian society might witness a cyclical or repeated phenomenon of previous election results prompting the increasing clamor. The paper concludes whether the argument proffered herein is empirical or not, it does not take away the fact that protest vote is an emotional decision of voters’ dissatisfaction. As an emotional response influenced by frustration, it has the proclivity to affect their judgment during elections. For this reason, the paper cautions those making the clamor to be mindful because the frustration behind the inclination may result in illogical judgment. And finally, the paper clarifies that this caution is not in any clever or smart way to support and endorse the reelection of the incumbent leadership or candidates.
Page(s): 121-129 Date of Publication: 30 November 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61109Download PDF
Page(s): 130-139 Date of Publication: 30 November 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61110Download PDF
A Gravity Model is used in this study to investigate the macroeconomic determinants of remittances for Bangladesh by using panel data of 10 host countries from 2002-2020. This paper not only uses Pooled OLS, REM and FEM models but also uses even more efficient econometric model, namely PCSE and IV regression model to explore the impact of the macroeconomic determinants of remittances for Bangladesh. This study finds that home country’s income level has significant impacts on remittances but not the host country’s income level. Private sector credit in the host nation affects remittances negatively but home country credit affects remittances positively. The transaction cost of remittances has adverse impact on remittances at the same time Religion affects remittances positively. Larger dependent population in home country reduces remittances similarly political stability in home country reduces remittances. Political instability in the host nation, on the other hand, is linked to an increase in remittances, indicating that migrants tend to send more money home when the host country is in upheaval. Policies aimed at lowering transaction costs, encouraging financial sector growth, and enhancing the business climate should be implemented to encourage remittances and optimize their economic benefit.
Page(s): 140-147 Date of Publication: 30 November 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61111Download PDF
The prevalence of spousal homicides arising from domestic violence is a devastating public health problem affecting today’s families. With an alarming trend of spousal homicides being experienced in Ndhiwa Sub-County in Homa Bay County today, little seems to have been done to bring to light the core factors associated with this problem. The objective of the study was to determine the extent to which emotional dependency predisposes couples to spousal homicide in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Quantitative method and phenomenological research design were applied. Target population encompassed 17,151 married men and 19,205 women, 29 local administrators and 10 religious leaders from the main denominations in the Sub-County. Slovin’s formula was used to obtain a sample of 396 respondents. Stratified random sampling was applied to select 174 male and 198 female spouses, while simple random was utilized to proportionately select 18 local administrators, and 6 religious leaders from the Sub-County’s six administrative zones. Quantitative data was obtained from married men and women through Partner’s Emotional Dependency Scale (SED). Interview guides were used to obtain qualitative data from local administrators and religious leaders. Piloting was carried out in Nyakach Koguta location in the neighboring Kisumu County, involving 40 participants, comprising of 12 men, 22 women, 5 community leaders and 1 religious leader. Analysis for quantitative data was done in descriptive statistics and reported in tables and figures. Hypotheses testing was performed in inferential statistics through simple regression coefficient, using t-test on SPSS version 26. Qualitative data was analyzed in thematic analysis and presented in narrative forms. From the results, a statistically significant relationship was established between emotional dependency and spousal homicide. The study recommended that government agencies needed to develop policies and frameworks aimed at improving mental health of families. There was need for regular workshops and seminars aimed at supporting couples deal with fears related to their dependency and strengthen their sense of identity. Further investigations may be done using different instruments. Further investigation may be required with additional information being obtained from other close family members as key informants.
Page(s): 148-154 Date of Publication: 30 November 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61112Download PDF
FDI as a growth stimulating factor is seen as the largest source of external financing to developing countries and helps to ease capital constraints and contributes to output and employment generation. This paper examined the impact of foreign direct investment on employment generation in Nigeria within the period 1991 to 2021. The variables used in the study include employment rate, foreign direct investment, trade openness and real exchange rate. The paper used the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for its regression analysis. The data for the analysis was sourced from CBN statistical bulletin and world bank development indicator. The study finds that foreign direct investment and Trade openness have a positive impact on employment generation in Nigeria. Real exchange rate has a negative impact on employment generation in Nigeria. The paper finds that a short run relationship exists between foreign direct investment, real exchange rate, trade openness and employment generation in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the paper recommends that Government should make effort to attract more Foreign Direct Investment into the country to create more employment opportunities through Multi-National Corporations. The Government should encourage trade openness in order to enhance more Foreign Direct Investment in the country as it will increase the standard of living of the citizens by the provision of highly paid employment.
Page(s): 155-160 Date of Publication: 02 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61113Download PDF
Upon annexing Kenya as a colony, the British colonial administration established different structures to support its political and economic agenda. One of those structures was the office of colonial chiefs. Among the Nandi of Kenya, indigenous leaders, especially the office of the Orkoiyot, were maintained where most of them were appointed as chiefs at the onset of colonial rule. However, the new appointees were no longer leaders derived from the traditional processes of the Nandi. Yet, the transformative role of these chiefs in Kenya during the colonial period cannot be overlooked as they were referred to as the agents of social change. Therefore, the study investigated the transformative role of colonial chiefs in Nandi, Kenya from 1902-1963. The study employed the Elite theory and Principal-Agent theories. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The target population comprised former colonial chiefs, Nandi community elders, current chiefs who knew the history of their office of chieftaincy in the community. The inclusion criteria comprised variables such as geographical distribution, age and command of historical knowledge of the Nandi colonial chiefs. Data was collected using a questioning guideline, interviews and secondary sources. Therefore, apart from the respondents, the primary sources included archival material on colonial and post-colonial chiefs as well as their roles, collected at the Kenya National Archives in Nairobi and Kakamega, and the information from the County Government offices. Oral interviews were tape-recorded. Secondary sources were obtained from research libraries in Kenya and subjected to content analysis. Data from the interviews and document analysis was analysed thematically. The themes were derived from the objectives of the study and from the reviewed literature. Data from the questionnaire was analysed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that that the Nandi colonial chiefs played significant roles in the social transformation of their people. These included introduction of education, health care and Christianity. From these results, more studies are needed to develop a comprehensive documentation of the contribution of colonial chiefs to different aspects of socio-economic and political transformation, such as security, tourism, agriculture, education, health care, transport infrastructure, politics, substance abuse-related issues and environmental conservation. Such a documentation will provide a reference point for evaluating contemporary leadership challenges in Kenya’s ongoing history.
Page(s): 161-174 Date of Publication: 02 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61114Download PDF
Page(s): 175-182 Date of Publication: 02 December 2022
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Women and girls with disabilities are doubly discriminated by gender inequality and by their impairments. They are challenged by sexual abuse and violence perpetrated by intimate partners and/or non- partners. As none should be left behind, this present research analyzed the determinants of gender based violence against women with disabilities in Rwanda using a case of Gakenke District in order to provide recommendations tackling GBV against women with disability. The null hypothesis of the research was H0: Ignorance and social stigma are not the main drivers of gender based violence against women with disability in Gakenke district. The research was qualitative and the data was collected through a questionnaire and focus group discussions and computed using Microsoft Excel. A sample of 94 respondents was selected from a population of 1484 women and girls with disabilities. Other persons involved in the research are 64 local administrative leaders and staffs. The results of the study revealed that for rights awareness, the results indicate that 51.1% of women with disability are not aware of their rights/freedoms; and the society does not recognize women and girls with disability as having all those rights/ freedoms as affirmed by respondents at 98.8%. On social integration, the research found that the level of participation is too low. It ranges from 18% for public meeting to 3% in saving associations. On economic integration, the results indicate that 93.9% of women with disability do not run any economic activity; and have zero income per month. For the sexuality perception by the community, 96.3% of women with disability indicate that a marriage between a man without disability and a woman with disabilities is seen as an abnormal situation. Concerning the ability to self-defense, 87.8% prefer to remain at home and never travel for avoiding GBV. For duty bearers’ awareness, the results indicate that 46.3% of women with disability ignore them totally while 32.9% have a confused idea calling all of them leaders without clear categorizations. Based on these results, the null hypothesis was rejected; and the study accepted the alternative hypothesis. The research recommended synergy of all institutions such public, private and civil society as the foundation of GBV prevention and response among women with disability.
Page(s): 183-199 Date of Publication: 02 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61115Download PDF
Public service motivation is a form of motivation that civil employees should pay close attention to because it has an impact on their behavior and ability to deliver public services. The level of public service motivation can be identified through the theory proposed by James L. Perry, namely the Public Service Motivation (PSM) theory which consists of four variables, including Attraction to Policy Making (APM), Commitment to the Public Interest (CPI), Compassion (COM), and Self-sacrifice (SS). The use of quantitative research methods through filling out questionnaires and then analyzing the results with 10 indicator scales to measure the level of PSM with a total of 100 respondents. Research results in public Service Motivation, the Attraction to Policy Making indicator, Commitment to the Public Interest indicator, and the Compassion indicator in the Public Service Motivation theory have a positive effect on the performance of public services by 0.778 with a significance level of 0.018. The variable confidence in placing the task above myself has a very good value and has a favorable impact on how well public services are performed, while the Self-Sacrifice (SS) indicator is an indicator that has no effect on the performance of public services.
Page(s): 200-204 Date of Publication: 02 December 2022
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This study seeks to elucidate that community service ought to have communion of purpose for both the givers and recipients of the services. In communion, community relations run deep because community service is relational and promotes the wellbeing of the community members engaged in the service. Community service can become part of the social-economic system of a country through community service learning. This is a desktop study where secondary data from previous studies and various governments’ policies on community service were analyzed. The findings of the study are that indeed community service learning is a value-laden system that does have an input not only on the learners of Community Service but also on the wellbeing of the human person and the society at large. Living and practicing community service makes the members to thrive as it becomes a communal achievement that allows the individual human person to be treated with dignity and honor. The study recommends Community Service learning to be aligned with sustainable development goals of Kenya to give the learners an experience of communion of purpose when serving the community.
Page(s): 205-210 Date of Publication: 03 December 2022
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Consider the relationship between war and the media by looking at how the media are involved in conflict, either as targets (war on the media) or as an auxiliary (war thanks to the media). Based on this distinction, four major developments can be cited that today combine to make war, above all, a media spectacle: photography, which opened the door to manipulation through stage-management; live technologies, which raise the question of journalists’ critical distance vis-à-vis the material they broadcast and can facilitate the process of using them; and pressure on the media and media globalization, which have led to a change in the way the political process is conducted and the way in which military officials propagandize; and, finally, the fact that censorship has fallen out of favor, prompting the government to come up with creative techniques to control journalists. In today’s conflict, the media frequently plays an important role. In essence, their role can take two distinct and opposing forms. Either the media participates actively in the conflict and bears responsibility for increased violence, or it remains independent and separate from the conflict, thereby contributing to conflict resolution and violence reduction. Whichever role the media plays in a given conflict, and in the phases before and after, is determined by a complex set of factors, including the media’s relationship with conflict actors and its independence from power holders in society. The purpose of this article is to examine and comprehend modern conflict, as well as the role of the media in exacerbating or alleviating violence.
Page(s): 211-219 Date of Publication: 03 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61116Download PDF
Page(s): 220-224 Date of Publication: 03 December 2022
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The purpose of the research was to do an in-depth analysis of elections with a focus on providing a clear understanding of democratic elections as a dimension of peace and legitimacy. The emphasis of the research was on the electoral system of Liberia and the measure of its contribution to the promotion of peace and legitimacy in the country from 2005 to 2014. The researcher used the qualitative research method, descriptive design, and questionnaires as data collection tools. The population of the research was five hundred fifty-five (555) representing the population of the workforce of the National Elections Commission of Liberia and the leaders of registered political parties. The sample size of the research was fifty-five (55) based on Purposive Sampling Techniques (Patton, 1990). The research showed that in spite of frequent elections conducted from 2005 to 2014, not many Liberians understand elections within the framework of the concept of democracy. Many are yet to understand or come to the full realization that there are roles, rights, and responsibilities of the individual citizen in democracy beyond ballot casting. The research further showed that 34.5% of respondents of the total of 55 respondents said the extent to which Liberians understand democracy as a model of governance is very little. This finding has implications for the attainment of genuine peace and legitimacy in Liberia. The researcher concluded that there is an urgent need for government to establish a national mechanism for a rolling public or civic education program that will deepen the understanding of the people on elections and democracy-related issues on a regular basis. In his conclusion, the researcher furthered that this gap is responsible for the reported limited understanding of the citizenry and if the principle of participation must be realized, then efforts have to be made to educate the citizenry on democratic values and principles.
Page(s): 225-246 Date of Publication: 03 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61117Download PDF
In as much as VTC graduates should eventually become employers upon completion, the trainers of the trainees should ensure that the trainees are abreast with the paradigms shifts in the world called the 4IR to align their programmes offered to the new ways of doing things. For this promotion to happen, from the onset of the course, trainees should be equipped with necessary skills to navigate in the digital world and curb the digital divide so that they become digital natives. Despite this recognition, business proposal education and 4IR in the job market is not emphasised at every stage of vocational education and training system. This deficiency depletes the endeavours of aligning the TVET curriculum to the philosophy of the 4IR. This paper reviews the TVET curriculum under Office Administration from Rundu Vocational Training Centre and analysed the alignment of the course’ content and what is demanded in the workforce. This study involved secondary data collected in Kavango East region of Namibia (Rundu vocational training centre). Specifically, the data were collected from one VTC under the course of Office Administration level 2. The data were collected through the documentary review using desktop research. The secondary data (the Office Administration Level 2 study guide) published in 2001 were derived and reviewed. In the first instance, each unit was reviewed to deduce conclusions whether the course descriptors and content align with the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Second, all the study guide’s units were brought together in an analysis to see whether the overall units prepare trainees of Office Administration to conform with the current world trends. Data were then analysed using descriptive framework. The findings of the study suggest that the VET policy today is driven by the job market rather than the individual’s needs and aspirations.
Page(s): 247-250 Date of Publication: 04 December 2022
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This research looked at the relevance of Akan traditional games in the primary school curriculum at Asotwe community. The study was undertaken to identify, and describe the traditional games of Asotwe community on the basis of rules that governed them, facilities used, their significance to the individuals and the community as well as the socio-cultural settings within which they are performed. The researcher selected two primary schools at Asotwe community in the Ejisu Municipality for the study. The researchers used qualitative method approach and implemented the case study. Data were collected and analysed with the help of interviews and observation as research instruments. Seventeen (17) Akan traditional folk-games were collected through qualitative method approach and applied the case study strategy. Participants of ten (10) pupils, six teachers, and four (4) PTA/SMC were identified and interviewed. The games were sampled through purposive sampling techniques. The study revealed that traditional games were vital in encouraging desired skills, attitudes and values, improving physical fitness and health, as sources of fun, recreation and relaxation, traditions and cultures were reinforced and preserved. It was also concluded that children in the selected schools perform most traditional games and they learn them from their peers and from the environment in which they grow up. Arising from these findings, it is recommended that possible efforts need to be made to by the teachers and other agencies in charge of education to document, revive and popularise these traditional to be used in the basic school classroom. The researchers also recommended that some traditional games could be integrated into the formal programs of teaching and learning.
Page(s): 251-265 Date of Publication: 04 December 2022
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Page(s): 266-270 Date of Publication: 04 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61118Download PDF
Before the writing of Karl Marx the bourgeoisie recognized the existence of class struggle between the haves and have-nots: the exploiting and the exploited class. Social-consciousness therefore, is a cause and consequence of the class struggle. The struggle between classes is all part of the yearning of the dominated class for freedom, equality and justice in the process of production and distribution of material well-being of people. This struggle is a function of power and this can be understood within the context of the local situation, especially the material conditions of majority of Nigerians. The outcome of class struggle decides not only whether there is progress towards justice, equality and freedom but also how much progress. This injustice, domination, oppression, exploitation are social in character and impede social progress, and consequently generate opposition to themselves. Such opposition results in struggle to end their existence or ameliorate their consequences. In Nigeria this struggle takes the form of strikes, demonstrations and civil disobedience against perceived exploitative state economic policies. Since the State is the principal actor in the allocation of values in Nigeria, to what extent has this, awareness necessitated resistance to government policies? This paper therefore investigates how social consciousness has inspired resistance to State policies in Nigeria. Being qualitative in nature it makes use of descriptive analysis and founded on the class analysis theory. The study found out that Struggle for better economic conditions has increased class consciousness and resistance to exploitative state policies through strikes and demonstrations. They have also given credence that deprivation, alienation, exclusion and poverty seek expression. There is also the need to engage and address cries of marginalization through dialogue and visible action. Economic policies of government should also be examined and measured from their inclusiveness and sustainability.
Page(s): 271-279 Date of Publication: 04 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61119Download PDF
Accrual Basis of Accounting is the process whereby revenue is recorded when it is earned, and expenditure is recorded when the consequence in liabilities is known or when benefits are obtained. This study adds to the current debate by looking at the elements that influence Accrual Basis of Accounting (ABA). This study analysed the factors determining implementation of ABA and the Quality of Financial Reporting in the Public Sector. The study adopted ex-post facto and exploratory research designs. Primary data through structured questionnaires were administered to the respondents from Accountant General’s Office, Auditor Generals’ Office, Ministry of Finance and Osun State Internal Revenue Service as well as the Public Accounts Committee of the State legislature were all used for the investigation. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to analyse the determinants of implementation of Accrual Basis of Accounting. Results from Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the nine (9) components of Accrual Basis of Accounting (ABA) can be combined efficiently into two (2) factors i.e International Accounting Standards and System/Administrative factor explaining 81.3% of the total variance among the inter-correlations of the nine (9) components of accrual accounting with eigenvalues of 3.057 and 1.067 respectively while other factors were below 1.0 base rate. The result of mean ranking with a value of 3.82 and 3.66 revealed that the existence of the cost-expense-based budget and prevalence of the traditional bureaucratic model of management are the major barriers to implementation of ABA in the study area. The study concluded that from the result of principal component analysis, the result indicated that out of the nine (9) itemized components (International Accounting Standards, System/administrative factor, High cost of personnel training, Costly implementation, Time consuming, High opportunity cost, Personal factors, Political factors and Low level of education and weak expertise) only the first two factors are prominent to this study. The sensitivity of the factors explained further that the components are categorized into International Accounting Standards and System/Administrative factor. It is therefore recommended that governments should provide the ministries, departments and agencies with necessary funding facilities and training towards implementing Accrual Based Accounting in their states.
Page(s): 280-287 Date of Publication: 04 December 2022
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The educational roles play by libraries to guarantee successful research and other activities of tertiary institutions cannot be overemphasized. Libraries play a central role in guaranteeing success of tertiary institutions and researches. The essential undertakings of libraries comprise collection development, reference services, document delivery, user education, provision of access to resources held by a library, other libraries or a group of libraries and access to electronic information resources. With the growth of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), libraries now make available cost effective and dependable access to information using information and communication technology tools which has enabled libraries to overcome barriers of distance and time. Introduction of ICT in libraries make accessible information from anywhere, anytime and any sources. Effective use of ICT for library functions and services requires skills in the use of ICT. This study examined the relationship between ICT skills possessed by the librarians in the Polytechnics Libraries in South-west, Nigeria. Descriptive survey method was used and questionnaire was employed to gather data from 94 librarians in the 10 selected federal and state-owned polytechnic libraries in southwest, Nigerian. The study revealed large percentage of the respondents 74 (70.5%) considered their ICT skills above average. The respondents regarded ICT as crucial to promotion of patronage of polytechnic libraries because ICT can be used to promote library to several users (m=4.33). It was also revealed that ICT can facilitate quick delivery of information and knowledge about library (m=4.21)
Page(s): 288-295 Date of Publication: 04 December 2022
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This study aims to: 1) analyze the implementation of the integrity zone development in public services at the Central Sulawesi Regional Police; and 2) Analyze the supporting and inhibiting factors of implementation of the integrity zone development in public services at the Central Sulawesi Regional Police. The research was conducted with a qualitative approach. The research locations are within the Central Sulawesi Regional Police, which is focused on the Palu Police, Tolitoli Police; Banggai Police; and Polres Morowali Utara. Data collection techniques used interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis techniques using an interactive approach from Miles and Huberman consist of, data collection, condensation, data display, and verification or conclusion. The results and discussion show: 1 The implementation of the integrity zone policy in public services at the Central Sulawesi Regional Police has been going well. According to Edward III’s theory, 4 (four) dimensions are used as indicators. Overall, everything is well implemented, namely; a) the communication dimension is carried out with intensive socialization with vertical and horizontal strategies, supported by detailed regulations and responsive implementor performance; b) The dimensions of human resources are adequate and have high motivation, while material resources in the form of buildings and equipment are also fulfilled; c) The dimensions of the disposition of the implementor are positive-responsive, have high motivation and high competence, and d) the dimensions of the bureaucratic structure are following SOP and are entirely under the coordination of the leadership; and 2) Supporting factors for the development of the Integrity Zone at the Central Sulawesi Regional Police, including Internal factors in the form of sufficient number and quality of implementing staff, implementors have competence, experience and high motivation, complete bureaucratic structure. The external factors are that focused, clear, and directed regulations are maximized. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors include internal and external barriers. Internal barriers in the form of; SIM material availability and psychological factors. Meanwhile, external obstacles are; power outages that can disrupt the smooth running of Polres services, especially for SIM, SKCK, and Lidik-Sidik satfung. The external factors are that focused, clear, and directed regulations are maximized. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors include internal and external barriers. Internal barriers in the form of; SIM material availability and psychological factors. Meanwhile, external obstacles are; power outages that can disrupt the smooth running of Polres services, especially for SIM, SKCK, and Lidik-Sidik satfung. The external factors are that focused, clear, and directed regulations are maximized. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors include internal and external barriers. Internal barriers in the form of; SIM material availability and psychological factors. Meanwhile, external obstacles are; power outages that can disrupt the smooth running of Polres services, especially for SIM, SKCK, and Lidik-Sidik satfung.
Page(s): 296-302 Date of Publication: 04 December 2022
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The focus of the study in this study is to analyze social capital for creative economy actors in the West Sumatra Tourism Destination area. The theory used in this study is the theory of social capital proposed by Lasser. The research combines two approaches which is called the mix method. This research was conducted in five areas in West Sumatra Tourism Destinations, namely Padang City, Bukittinggi City, Sawahlunto City, Pesisir Selatan Regency and Tanah Datar Regency. Data collection methods started from non-participant observation, in-depth interviews, document study collection and survey techniques. This research focuses on the creative economy sub-sector in the fields of craft, performing arts, music and culinary. The unit of analysis is at the level of individuals and groups of creative economy actors in the tourist destination area of West Sumatra. Qualitatively, data analysis uses Miles and Huberman’s model and qualitative approach uses descriptive statistics. The results of the study show that social capital is a factor in the development of a creative economy in the West Sumatra Tourism Destination Area. The strength of social capital is built by strengthening social networks in the form of cooperation in raw materials and marketing of products that have been produced. In addition, strengthening solidarity by having a sense of the same fate in arms fosters an attitude of mutual assistance to one another, mutual cooperation and a high sense of concern. So as to realize joint action by collaborating between creative economy actors including the import of raw materials and marketing of fellow creative economy actors in the West Sumatra Tourism Destination Area. The conclusion of this study is that social capital becomes a bridge or link in the development of the creative economy. The novelty of this research is social capital to strengthen creative economic development
Page(s): 303-308 Date of Publication: 06 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61120Download PDF
The qualitative study analysed the implementation of the Design Technology curriculum in the Zimbabwean public universities. The study was precipitated by the low uptake of the Design Technology curriculum by many public universities in the country after its introduction in 2015. The study analysed the challenges Public universities of Zimbabwe face in implementing the Design Technology curriculum. The study included one public university, 1 faculty Dean, 1 departmental chairperson and 10 Design Technology lecturers. Purposive sampling technique was used in the selection of the University and respondents who were lecturers, Dean and chairperson of the university department. Data were collected through Google Form questionnaires, interviews semi-structured observations and focus group discussions. The Concerns Based Adoption Model (CBAM) guided and informed the analysis of findings. Findings indicate that there is curriculum implementation infidelity that stems from lack of subject specific training and content, lack of lecturer participation in curriculum planning decisions, low student enrolment, poor funding, lack of collaboration, lack of resources and lack of staff development programs. The study recommends in-service training for lectures, lecturer involvement in curriculum planning decisions, teaching of the Design Technology curricula across all levels of education in the country, government and funding channels, engagement in collaborative activities with other universities and staff development workshops as strategies to ensure faithful implementation of the DT curricula.
Page(s): 309-315 Date of Publication: 06 December 2022
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Page(s): 316-341 Date of Publication: 06 December 2022
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The covid-19 pandemic has evolved e-commerce and accelerated the existing trends in the adoption of e-commerce by a significant portion of consumers. The governments, in their effort to limit the spread of the virus, imposed quarantine and restrictive measures on the movements of citizens. Thus, consumers turned to online shopping to satisfy their purchasing needs. This paper examines the behavior of Greek university students towards online and mobile shopping. The paper mentions the new trends created by the pandemic in e-commerce globally and nationally. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of the covid-19 pandemic on the purchasing behavior of university students in the island of Crete, Greece. For this reason, a Google Forms questionnaire was created. The results of the survey showed that Greek university students increased their purchases through e-shopping and male students continued to purchase more than female students in the current era.
Page(s): 342-345 Date of Publication: 06 December 2022
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Background & Objectives Menopause is a normal physiological phenomenon in the midlife of women. However, beyond that it causes many bio-psychological changes which results in reduction of quality of life. Sexual dissatisfaction leads among these changes. Methodology A descriptive cross-sectional study was done on 108 females above 36 years of age, who visited the gynecological clinic at Colombo South Teaching hospital. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Results Age of the study participants ranged from 38 to 83 years (Mean = 38.26 years: SD=13.58 years). Majority of the study participants had not observed any changes regarding their sexual desires (n=58:64.4%). Only 37.5% (n=12) had observed severe changes. Only 29.4 %( n=10) of the participants had observed severe changes in sexual satisfaction. 19.4 %( n=14) of the responded participants had experienced vaginal dryness during sexual activity. 13.8 %( n=10) of them had experienced severe sexual dryness during sexual activity. 24.5%(n=26) of the participants had experienced urinary incontinence during sexual activity. 46.15% of them had experienced severe incontinence. Majority of the participants who had observed changes in the sexual desire and satisfaction (N=24; 63.1%) had only received primary or secondary education. Conclusion Larger number of the study participants had experienced changes in their sexual desire during their perimenopausal age and the late menopausal age. Major changes of sexual desires are observed among middle aged women and age, social status and psychological factors affect these changes. Sexual satisfaction and activities commonly associate with the educational level of the study participants. The religion and ethnicity are not associated with sexual problems.
Page(s): 346-349 Date of Publication: 06 December 2022
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Kenya-Somalia relations have been strained for some time due to economic and maritime boundary disputes. The area under dispute is a region in the Indian Ocean region stretching for more than 100,000 square kilometers. It is not clear which country could be the rightful owner of the contested area. Furthermore, countries in the global arena have, over the years, gained economic interest in the region as it is rich in oil. These countries include United States, France, Italy, Norway, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar, Turkey, and Italy. The International Court of Justice has been the main intermediary of the dispute between Kenya and Somali. However, The ICJ has faced a myriad of challenges in the dispute resolution. At last the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued its long-awaited verdict in the case of Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean (Somalia v Kenya) on the location of the maritime boundary between Somalia and Kenya on October 12, 2021. The study seeks to understand Kenya-Somalia Maritime Territorial Dispute. The objectives of the study is to analyze the role of the media in the Kenya-Somali maritime dispute and best mode of dispute settlement according to the provisions of Chapter VI of the UN Pacific Settlement of Disputes.
Page(s): 350-355 Date of Publication: 07 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61121Download PDF
The current paper provides an overview of the situation of SMEs in DKI Jakarta. The hope is to improve the economy of SMEs in DKI Jakarta. The method that the author applies is qualitative, searching academic literature and other related materials, focus group discussions to obtain feedback on the design of research reports, and a subjective approach to reviewing existing data and materials. The findings show that almost all SMEs in Indonesia should receive capital assistance from the government. For future research, the authors recommend continuing research by examining in depth the government program for SMEs in DKI Jakarta.
Page(s): 356-359 Date of Publication: 07 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61122Download PDF
Page(s): 360-370 Date of Publication: 07 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61123Download PDF
Social media in the last decade has increasingly become a veritable platform where people vent their minds on varied social and national issues. That Nigeria is bedevilled with myriads of security challenges – from terrorism, to banditry, kidnappings and secessionists agitations amongst others is not in doubt. What require amplification however, are how language forms and religious sentiments, particularly on social media, aggravate and or dowse in/security challenges. Adopting M. A. K. Halliday’s Systemic Functional Semiotics (1978), this study examines selected social media platforms: Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Twitter to determine how language forms and religious sentiments combine with images to flame or mitigate in/security challenges in Nigeria. The study found that religious sentiments – both positive and negative transcend language forms that comment on issues of conflict in the social media, while positive sentiments attempt to build/enhance/galvanise human coexistence, negative sentiments. tend to engender acrimony and disaffection amongst people. These coupled with varied pictorial images greatly impact in/security situations in the country. An understanding multimodality as a feature of communication thus greatly enhances construction and deconstruction of text including issues of conflict.
Page(s): 371-378 Date of Publication: 07 December 2022
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The purpose of the study was to examine the perception of teachers and students towards the efficiency of the techniques implemented to reduce examination malpractices in the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis. Two hypotheses were tested. The design for the study was a descriptive survey. The sample of the study comprised 280 invigilation teachers and 370 students from 10 public senior high schools in Sekondi-Takoradi. A 4-point rating scale questionnaire named “Stakeholders Perceptions of the Effectiveness of the Strategies for Curbing Examination Malpractice Questionnaire (SPESCEMQ)” was adapted. Means, standard deviation and, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used for analysing data. The results of the study revealed that the strategies adopted for curbing pre-examination malpractice strategies were effective, but post-examination malpractices were slightly effective in Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana.
Page(s): 379-385 Date of Publication: 07 December 2022
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Page(s): 386-390 Date of Publication: 07 December 2022
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The COVID-19 pandemic has had far reaching adverse impact across the socio-economic livelihoods and subsequently, the wellbeing of the majority of the population in Zimbabwe. The informal sector which is largely dominated by females was negatively impacted due to the tightening of lock downs and travel restrictions as the government responds to the pandemic. The impact led to fragility and conflict where social cohesion was undermined and institutional capacity limited. This paper focuses on the socio-economic impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable urban women. The study took a qualitative approach and was also based on a systematic review of secondary data sources like reports from national and international organizations, journal articles and policy reports. The study finds out that due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent regulations imposed by the government restricting interprovincial travelling, women entrepreneurs who relied on informal trading were adversely impacted by the measures. The study also observed that the lockdown measures which were imposed to minimize the contagion of the COVID-19 virus ironically granted greater freedoms to women abusers who were stuck with their victims at home. The respondents testified that with the inception of the pandemic and the subsequent lockdown measures, there was an increase in domestic violence cases for most women in communities studied. The study also observed that the pandemic worsened the socio-economic vulnerability for women who lost their livelihoods due to the pandemic. Thus, the study submits that the pandemic did not only cause an increase in gender-based violence for women, but it also disconnected most women from their respective support networks. The study therefore recommends local authorities to have safety nets in place for the vulnerable women especially those who survive on informal trading so as to sustain their livelihoods whenever there are outbreaks of pandemics of such a magnitude as the COVID-19 pandemic. It is further recommended that, the government must establish a fund to assist especially the female entrepreneurs in the informal sector to recover from loses incurred due to COVID-19 induced lock downs.
Page(s): 391-396 Date of Publication: 08 December 2022
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This opinion paper examined the relationship between cultural values and entrepreneurship development. However, the specific objectives included to examine the relationship between power distance and entrepreneurship development; uncertainty avoidance and entrepreneurship development; individualism and entrepreneurship development; masculinity and entrepreneurship development as well as the relationship between and long – term orientation and entrepreneurship development. In other to achieve this objective, the paper employed survey of literature and qualitative content analysis. The findings of the study showed that there is a relationship between cultural values dimensions of power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, long- term orientation and entrepreneurship development. The paper concludes that the general tendencies of a society may either foster or discourage skills development programs, self employment, new venture creation and support for existing businesses. Based on the findings, the study recommended that, in cases where certain values of a society are perceived to be discouraging entrepreneurial activities, a mix of approaches that will furnish the people with new information, experiences and skills can be inteoduced to change the mindset of the people towards achievement motivation and new venture creation
Page(s): 397-401 Date of Publication: 08 December 2022
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Page(s): 402-413 Date of Publication: 08 December 2022
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Culture is communication and value shared. It involves symbols, heroes and rituals and more importantly values and norms that can shape people’s lives towards their own development and the development of communities. Culture which can be referred to as the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values and attitudes has not always been really appreciated and acknowledged as playing any meaningful role in the process of community development. This paper examined what role culture is expected to play in the development of individuals and communities. In its role in community development, local cultures contributes to building a sense of local identity and solidarity, thereby, serving as a viable tool in shaping the effectiveness of development options in communities. The paper found among others that cultural life is among the most important factors determining the satisfaction of the life of the people and that people value social relationships which is fostered by the culture of the people, which builds up into personal and community development. It was also found that culture would awaken creativity, which leads to economic buoyancy of individuals and communities. Engaging local culture for development would enhance mobilization of people towards participation in community development and this will influence quality of life, welfare of the community members and sustainability of communities. It is recommended that leaders of community should mobilize people for cultural engagements and government should include activities in curriculum of schools
Page(s): 414-418 Date of Publication: 08 December 2022
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The objective of the study was to examine and explain the role of wild Guava tree in the periphery of cultivated communal land of Matsika area of Rusape, Zimbabwe in protecting crops and preserving forests. Interviews and field observations were employed as data gathering tools. Secondary data from literature and other records were also consulted. Findings revealed that local people preserve trees on the periphery of their fields to ensure that the Guava fruits and other wild fruit trees provide food to wild animals that destroy their crops. This forms a sustainable forest management system and an almost absolute solution to the human wildlife conflict as well as deforestation. During the rain season when baboons and monkeys are caught between the crops in the fields and the buffer of the guavas forest at the periphery of the fields, the crops are protected. The only available solution to ensuring a good harvest by farmers is by ensuring that the guava and other fruit trees are not cut or burnt as these provide the much-needed food for baboons, monkeys as well as villagers. This dual solution to deforestation and human wildlife conflict cannot be underestimated. For the good of their crops villagers go a long way in ensuring that every fruit tree around their arable land is protected and should not for any reason be cut or burnt. This in a nutshell has contributed significantly to the restoration of forest and adaptation to climate change. Forests are critical to the survival of humanity and the regulation of climate. It is therefore recommended that there be public private partnership (PPP) in preserving forests. That environmental and forest management institution educate the public on the use of alternative sources of energy and spare forest at all societal levels.
Page(s): 419-422 Date of Publication: 08 December 2022
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Informal sector and businesses activities are directly dependent on Covid-19. It has been observed that there is influx of population as well as natural population growth which created tremendous problem in providing services by the different urban public agencies as well as providing employment opportunities for the ever increasing population. As a result, the new migrants are compelled to work in the informal sector where there are fewer requirements of capital and other supporting services and Covid-19 is impediment. Gopalganj is the still rising city of Bangladesh where most of the population is the migrants from the neighboring districts. The present study has been conducted with an aim to find out the socio-economic status, forms and structure, distribution pattern and Covid-19 risk of informal sector business activities in Gopalganj Sadar, Bangladesh. The study shows that, most of the young people are engaged in the informal sector business activities. The study revealed three types of informal- trade food, services and others. The trade food activities dominate the informal sector in the Gopalganj Sadar. It has been observed that, few numbers of women engaged in the informal sector are engaged in trade food. It also observed that informal worker faced covid-19 risks. Most of the informal sector business activities have been developed with their own capital and few people received institutional loan so far. The reasons for selecting the location for the informal sector business activities are availability of space, availability of customers, demand for the particular type of activity etc. In this sector service is sold instead of any product and obviously at low cost. There are some services that are available only in informal sector.
Page(s): 423-431 Date of Publication: 08 December 2022
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This study assessed the effects of poverty on environmental sustainability in Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja. The study was anchored on three research questions. The survey research design was adopted for the study. The entire inhabitants of the Area Council made up the population of the study. One hundred and forty-three (143) respondents were randomly selected from five communities within the Area Council to constitute the sample size of the study using the simple random sampling procedure. Instrument for data collection for the study was titled: Poverty and Environmental Sustainability Assessment Scale Questionnaire (PESASQ). It was constructed on a 4-point Likert scale format. The descriptive statistics of frequency count, mean, and simple percentage were used for analyzing data and answering the research questions. The study revealed that deforestation, climate change, and depletion of natural resources are caused by poverty in Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja. It was recommended that inhabitants of Gwagwalada Area Council should be sensitized both formally and informally on the effects of poverty on environmental sustainability by means of environmental education, and government should be more concerned about sustaining environmental resources, hence, alleviating poverty among citizenry is a sine qua non.
Page(s): 432-438 Date of Publication: 08 December 2022
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Book keeping practices including the maintenance of sales and purchases books, cash/bank reconciliation practices, and maintenance of cash book among others, are financial control mechanisms relevant for enhancing business performance. However, while Micro Enterprises (MEs) constitute over 80% of total small enterprises across the globe, their rates of failure is also high (at 50 – 70%). In Kisumu city of Kenya where over 60% of the total inhabitants reside in informal settlements served by micro enterprises, over 70% of them collapsed within under 4 years in operation. This questions the effectiveness of book keeping practices in this circumstance. This paper explores the influence book keeping practices on the performance of MEs in informal settlements of Kisumu City, Kenya. Specific objectives were to explore the influences of sales and purchases books, cash/bank reconciliation practices, and maintenance of cash book on performance of MEs in the area. Decision usefulness theory was used to guide the study. Correlational research design was adopted on 360 sampled traders from 3660 targeted traders through Yamane’s formula, from whom primary data was collected via structured questionnaire. Regressions analysis was used to compare the relationship between book keeping practices and financial performance of MEs. The study found that book-keeping practices: maintenance of cashbooks (r=0.431), sales/purchases books (r=0.504) and bank reconciliation (r=0.491) have significant relationship with financial performance of MEs in the informal settlements. Cumulatively, approximately 46.9% of financial performance of MEs is attributed to the book-keeping practices under study. It is therefore concluded that with the enhanced book keeping practices, the MEs operating in informal settlements would gain adequate capital to remain solvent over time.
Page(s): 439-447 Date of Publication: 09 December 2022
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Page(s): 448-450 Date of Publication: 09 December 2022
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The implementation of the Semarang City Regional Regulation and the rehabilitation of street children, homeless people and beggars in Semarang City have been carried out well. This handling is carried out in collaboration between the Semarang City Civil Service Police Unit and the Central Java Provincial Social Service, because the presence of street children, homeless people and beggars will cause social problems and increase the number of poverty. The handling of these problems is because the Semarang City Government always maintains and maintains public order and enforces the Semarang City Regional Regulations, so that Semarang City becomes a safe, orderly, smooth and healthy city. The research approach used in this research is normative juridical and empirical juridical.
Page(s): 451-456 Date of Publication: 09 December 2022
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Provision of welfare services to students is one way of attaining a solution to depressive symptoms predicted by typical school experiences. Whereas administrators of many secondary schools have put in place various welfare services, public schools in some regions of Kenya such as Kisumu County have continued to experience student indiscipline incidents over the years. The objective of this paper was to investigate the influence of provision of student welfare services on discipline management among public secondary schools at Kisumu County in Kenya. Specifically, the paper analysed how provision of health services influence student discipline and how provision of social support services influence discipline management in public secondary schools. The General Systems Theory advanced by Ludwig von Bertalanffy was adopted to guide the study. This research adopted a cross – sectional survey design on a target population of 225 public secondary schools comprising 225 principals, 225 discipline masters and 225 student council leaders. Yamane’s formula was used to obtain of 144 schools: 144 school principals, 144 discipline masters, and 144 student council leaders, alongside 7 sub county education officers, thus forming 439 as the study sample. Closed ended questionnaire was used to collect data from discipline masters and student council leaders while interviews were done with school principals and sub county education officers. Content validity index and split-have methods were computed to check validity and reliability respectively. Findings showed that there was satisfaction with health (M=4.9; SD=1.23) and social (M=4.81; SD=1.19) service provisions among the secondary schools. It is further illustrated that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between students’ welfare management and students’ discipline (n=137, r=.261, p=.002). It is concluded that provision of appropriate student welfare services can lead to a significant improvement in students’ discipline among public secondary schools. This finding should inform formulation of tailored welfare services to students in every secondary school, and further research ought to be done on the effect of healthcare needs provision on students’ discipline management in public secondary schools.
Page(s): 457-464 Date of Publication: 09 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61124Download PDF
The focus of this study was to establish how reading developed in children in Cinyanja language by charting their development from home environment, through grade 1 to 2. An embedded explanatory sequential mixed methods design of both quantitative and qualitative methods was employed to collect, analyse and interpret the data. Six grade 1 children with ages ranging from 7 to 9 at entry point, 6 parents and 3 teachers participated in the study. Quantitative data across the three phases were collected through literacy tests: alphabetic knowledge and word reading. Simple tables were generated manually to analyse the data from literacy tests. Qualitative data was collected from parents/guardians and the teachers via a questionnaire with both closed and open-ended questions, and analysed thematically. Results revealed the following: (i) alphabetic knowledge in children start developing very early before formal schooling and continue until children become skillful readers; (ii) there is a strong relationship between rich-literacy home/school environment and literacy development in children; (iii) learning to read in L1 with a transparent orthography is faster and easier than learning to read in a L2 with an opaque orthography; (iv) the number of stages children go through to become proficient in reading in a transparent language was not the same as in English, an opaque language; (v) Learning to read in the L1 is similar to learning to read in L2 in terms of the language and cognitive processes that are involved. The study makes three major recommendations to policy makers and teachers based on the results: (i) literacy curriculum developers should consider the language in which reading is intended to be developed to avoid the tendency by teachers to simply generalize what is known or assumed about reading in English to apply to Bantu language instruction; (ii) teachers should understand that although children are non-readers at school entry point, they bring with them several literacy skills acquired from home and the surrounding environment which can be exploited in lessons; (iii) more studies on reading development in Zambian languages, beyond the Cinyanja language, are needed to confirm whether the four stages of literacy development in English cited in the theoretical framework can apply to other transparent languages.
Page(s): 465-477 Date of Publication: 10 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61125Download PDF
Cooperatives empower people by uniting people on an equal footing and providing them their financial needs. Despite cooperatives being seen as economic players, people are unaware of them. This study aims to identify the awareness level and its effects on the behavior of the non-members of cooperatives. Quantitative descriptive design was applied to the study in gathering data. A survey questionnaire was used, which was analyzed with frequency percentage formula, weighted mean, and Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. The result implied that most of these non-members learn about cooperatives from their families and relatives. More than half of the respondents were moderately aware of cooperatives, namely to its membership and purpose and services, and more than half provided positive responses regarding behavior. The findings indicated that a lack of motivation and knowledge were the primary causes of negative responses towards cooperatives. The study also identified strategies that would help the cooperatives. Strengthening the reliability as a business enterprise, proper use of media, seminars for the communities and education involvement would be important and may help in expanding the influence of the cooperative sector. Apart from this, the involvement and efforts the government, communities and cooperatives were the key factors to raise the awareness and elicit positive actions.
Page(s): 478-483 Date of Publication: 10 December 2022
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Inclusion refers to the practice and policy of providing equal opportunities and resources for individuals with special needs. One of such opportunities is education. If education is necessary for “normal” children, it would be much more necessary for those children with disabilities. Early childhood extends from birth to six years. This period consists of the nursery (2-4 years) and Kindergarten or pre-school age (5-6 years). This is a crucial, formative, and developmental human stage, in which social inclusivity begins at home and must continue under caretakers and teachers in any Early Childhood Education Centre, be it public or private. The study purposed to investigate the Inclusion of Learners with Disabilities in Early Years’ Education in Kenya. Findings revealed that an instructional strategy which was an IEP was the most effective for learners with disabilities in Early Years Education while the assessment method that was mostly used for grading these learners was rubrics as required by CBC
Page(s): 484-489 Date of Publication: 10 December 2022
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Page(s): 490-495 Date of Publication: 10 December 2022
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The relevance of housing delivery to Nigerians is a paramount issue in the parlance of administration. Several professionals, government officials and other stakeholders have come up with the need to promote an enduring policy to help mitigate the accruing challenges in the housing sector. Previous efforts made by governments through policy intervention have yielded little in provision of adequate housing for Nigerian inhabitants. The questions then are what has the government done or failed to do in this matter? Policies have been formulated, implemented and reviewed to better the lots in the housing sector; nonetheless, it still calls for more to be desired. There are inadequate housing units due to poor implementation of policy and lack of political will to achieve the housing policy thrust. The paper concluded that housing service delivery can be improved upon when government decisively intervenes through proper policy implementation.
Page(s): 496-500 Date of Publication: 10 December 2022
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The study examined the relationship between ease of doing business policy and efficiency of public enterprise in Nigeria. The population of study consisted of all the people in Nigeria (201,139,589) based on 2016 national population estimate. A sample of 554 respondents was selected from the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria for the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics that were used to analyse data in this study included: percentages, frequency distribution, rating scales, ranking and summations. Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient (r) was used to test the four hypotheses formulated in this study. The study found that to a very large extent ease of doing business policy aids the public enterprises to maintain efficiency and effectiveness in their operations. The study revealed that ease of doing business policy helps the public sector to maintain sustainable development. The study further revealed that ease of doing business policy: Facilitates the entry and exit of goods, defines clear timelines for net exports proceeds forms to be processed by all relevant agencies, enforces the mandatory 3-day timeline for pre-shipment inspection agents to issue clean certificates of inspection, ensures sanctity of contact and enforcement, The study identified the problems hampering ease of doing business policy in Buhari administration as long fiscal dominance by the federal government, economic instability in Nigeria, non-reform in ease of doing business policy in Nigeria to address the constitutional issue of fiscal powers among the three tiers of government, problem of corruption in federal and state governments, inefficient allocation of resources, changing government policies, poor debt management and optimal use of limited resources government, lack of political will on the part of federal government and lack of fiscal indiscipline. From the test of the hypotheses in this study it is obvious and conclusive that: There is significant relationship between ease of registering business and efficiency of public enterprise in Buhari administration, there is no significant relationship between simplifying the mode of paying taxes and efficiency of public enterprise in Buhari administration, there is no significant relationship between access to electricity and efficiency of public enterprise in Buhari administration and there is no significant relationship between port operations and efficiency of public enterprise in Buhari administration. The study, therefore, recommends that government at all levels must develop a strong political will that ensures their commitment to implementing the objectives of ease of doing policy so as to attract foreign investors and a large number of local entrepreneurs’
Page(s): 501-522 Date of Publication: 11 December 2022
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This study investigated the effect of erratic electric power supply on natural and man-built environments in Nigeria. The study was anchored on three hypotheses formulated in line with the objectives of the study. The study adopted descriptive survey design. Sample size consisted of 464 respondents reached across the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria via the Google Form. A 5-point Likert scale format questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. The instrument was pilot tested for reliability using the Cronbach Alpha reliability test method, and a reliability index of 0.83 was obtained. Descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were employed for data analysis. It was discovered that erratic electric power supply in Nigeria has significant negative effects on natural and man-built environments; socio-economic development and growth; and human health and wellbeing. It was, therefore, recommended that Nigerian government should prioritize and be more proactive in the supply of a stable and regular electric power; other environmental friendly sources of generating electric power such as solar energy should also be explored to enhance stable and regular electric power supply in the country.
Page(s): 523-530 Date of Publication: 11 December 2022
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Page(s): 531-536 Date of Publication: 11 December 2022
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This study interrogated the impact of monetary policy on economic growth in Nigeria using annual time series data from 1981 to 2020. The paper used the growth rate of gross domestic product (GRGDP) as the endogenous variable, while, broad money supply (MS2), monetary policy rate (MPR), Inflation (INFL), liquidity ratio (LDQR) and exchange rate (EXCH) were the exogenous variables and proxies for monetary policy. Data were obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria’s Statistical Bulletin of various years and World Bank National Account Data. The study used descriptive statistics, performed a unit root test using Augmented Dickey-Fuller, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bound test, and to test for causality, Toda Yamamoto was deployed. Finally, the Toda Yamamoto Causality test revealed that all the exogenous variables had bi-directional causality with economic growth except for the exchange rate that had uni-directional causality with economic growth. In the light of the findings, the study recommends that Broad Money Supply (MS2) should be adequately managed and manipulated to achieve the needy growth, in line with pursued monetary policy stance of the monetary authority. Also, the monetary authority and the government should vigorously pursue policies that would increase financial inclusion in Nigeria as it would enhance the effectiveness of the monetary policy.
Page(s): 537-547 Date of Publication: 11 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61126Download PDF
The global business scene has witnessed transformation in terms of information accumulation in digital form in the recent past thanks to emergence of internet. In turn, marketers have been able to gather customer data and deploy online marketing activities to solicit customer loyalty through platforms such as personalised email, social media networks, and SMS alert among others. Whereas existing studies have shown that such e-marketing platforms are significant in improving customer loyalty, the same has not been proved among retail supermarkets especially in cities such as Kisumu with widespread trends of branches of over 20% in the last two years. This paper explored the relationship between e-marketing and customer loyalty to brand choice among supermarkets in Kisumu city. Specific objectives were to establish the effect of personalised email marketing, social media marketing, and SMS alert marketing on loyalty to brand choice. B.E.S.T. (Behavioral, Essential, Strategic and Targeted) theory formulated by Pulizzi & Barrett, (2009) was used to guide the study. Correlational survey design was adopted on a target population of 371 employees from eight supermarkets. Yamane’s formula (1987) was used to obtain a sample size of 193 respondents. Data was analysed by means of descriptive statistics, while the relationship between customer relationship marketing and loyalty to brand choice was estimated using regression analysis. Findings revealed that personalised email marketing (B=7.29), social media marketing (B=19.277) and SMS alert marketing (B=51.39) all have significant (p=0.000) effect on loyalty to brand choice. The three variables contribute 25.3% change in loyalty of customers to brand choice (R2 =0.253; p=0.000). This implies that 74.7% change in customer loyalty to brand choice is caused by other factors other than electronic customer marketing practices. The study concludes that SMS alert marketing has the highest effect on loyalty of customer to brand choice. Supermarkets should ensure that SMS alerts are persistently sent relevant customers to enhance their loyalty to brand choice is enhanced. Further studies are recommended on the influence of customer SMS alerts at entry points on loyalty to brand choice and the effect of product discount on customer loyalty to brands merchandised by supermarkets. The study findings might help in formulation of electronic CRM practices capable of enhancing loyalty of customers.
Page(s): 548-556 Date of Publication: 11 December 2022
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Some jurisdictions like Hong Kong have explicitly shown how illicit enrichment (IE) offenses under Article 20 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) can be an effective legal tool to deal with grand corruption in the public sector. Nevertheless, many jurisdictions are unwilling to accept it even as a criminal offense. The primary purpose of this paper is to critically examine the reservations about the criminalization of IE expressly made by North America and most of the Western European Parties to the UNCAC. Their main argument is that such implementation would infringe the fundamental legal principles of criminal law, namely the right to remain silent and not to incriminate oneself, which guarantee the right to be presumed innocent. In assessing how some statutory legislation similar to the nature of Article 20 and the relevant decisional law has defined the scope of the said rights, particularly in the English common law context, this paper firmly argues that criminalizing illicit enrichment does not contravene any legal principle. Further, the report emphasizes why and how Article 20 should and can act as a direct legal tool to confront grand corruption in the public sector by closely scrutinizing the origins of public officials’ unexplained assets and earning patterns.
Page(s): 557-574 Date of Publication: 11 December 2022
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This study described the engagement and academic performance of persons with disability (PWD). Descriptive-correlational method was employed to describe and determine the relationship between student engagement and their academic performance. The data were treated using SPSS Software. The respondents of the study are the thirty (30) visually and physically impaired graduates who were selected purposively. The following findings were arrived at: The female respondents outnumbered the male in both BSEd and BEEd courses. Persons with sensory and physical disabilities constituted the PWD College of Education (COEd) graduates. There are more respondents who graduated in 2018 and 2019 for BSEd, and 2019 for BEED. Respondents often perform the activities listed along extra-curricular and curricular activities. BEEd were more engaged in extracurricular activities. The highest GPA of both BSEd and BEEd respondents’ range between 2.01 – 1.50, i.e., 18 (85.71%) and 9 (100%), respectively for a total of 27 or 90 percent out of 30. Further, this disclosed that the academic performance of the respondents is above satisfactory. Twenty percent of the respondents got a Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) rating ranging from 85.00 to 85.99. There is no significant difference in the participation or engagement of the respondents in both curricular and extracurricular activities. The respondents did not differ in their academic performance as well as in their licensure examination performance. T-test results revealed that the level of engagement of students with disabilities affect their academic performance.
Page(s): 575-584 Date of Publication: 13 December 2022
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The Niger delta region has become a theatre of violence and political conflicts over the years. This has been attributed to environmental degradation due largely to oil exploration and utter neglect by successive government in Nigeria. A major consequence of this development has been formation of violent groups, leading to clashes between militants and security operatives. By convention, men, in most traditional societies, serve as bread winners of households and thus are responsible for the care of families. Thus, the incessant killings, maiming and absence of Niger Delta men, due to violent activities have tended to shift the family responsibilities to their women. Using a case study of Oloibiri community in Ogbia local government of Bayelsa State, Nigeria, this study investigates how the women cope with the consequences of the violence and the effects of men involvement in violent conflict on family welfare. The study finds that the petty trade and agricultural activities are the main strategies of survival adopted by the Niger-delta women. Also, much as there are negative impacts of violent in the region, men involvements in violent improve family welfare and responsibilities are shifted to women. It is thus suggested that government should take steps in ending the violent and also provide incentives that can propel women empowerment in the region.
Page(s): 585-589 Date of Publication: 13 December 2022
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The study sought to model and forecast Zambian Government foreign debt from 2022 to 2035 using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model. The secondary data of time series during the period of 1973 to 2021 on Zambia’s foreign debt are used as the basis of forecasting for the next 15 years by using ARIMA (Autogressive Integrated Moving Average) Model. The ARIMA (1, 1, 2) model was used due to its accuracy, mathematical soundness, and flexibility, thanks to the inclusion of AR and MA terms over a regression analysis. The results showed that ARIMA (1, 1, 2) is an adequate model which best fits foreign debt time series datadue to the smaller deviations in the mean absolute percentage error and mean square error and its errors are smaller than Moving Average (MA), Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Model (GARCH), Simple Exponential Smoothing (SES), Error, Trend and seasonal model (ETS), Double Exponential Smoothing (DES), Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA), Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR), Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), Threshold Autoregressive model (TAR), Triple Exponential Smoothing (TES), hybrid ARIMA, and Artificial Neural Network Model (ANN). The results show that the value of the Zambia’s foreign debt is predicted to keep increasing from 2022 to 2035 amounted to USD 80.5862 billion. The results also show that compared to government debt in 1973, within 49 years, Zambia’s foreign debt is predicted to rise by 209.34%.
Page(s): 590-597 Date of Publication: 14 December 2022
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This aim of this study was to establish the effect of boards of directors in promotion of public sector accountability in Rwanda with reference to Rwanda Energy Group. The study’s specific objectives were: to assess the effect of board size on promotion of accountability in Rwanda Energy Group; to evaluate the effect board structure on promotion of accountability in Rwanda Energy Group; to ascertain the effect board independence on promotion of public sector accountability in Rwanda Energy Group; to establish board the effect board committees on promotion of public sector accountability in Rwanda Energy Group. The key primary source of data which is questionnaires were distributed to a group of 120 respondents whereas the REG annual reports were considered for documentary review. Firstly, findings revealed that 83.3% of the respondents strongly agreed that board size of the REG is virtuously determined based on the size of the corporation. Secondly, 96.7% of the respondents strongly agreed that the REG appointing authority can change boards structures of running their institutions based on players, public views or new innovations. Thirdly, 66.7% of the respondents strongly agreed that there is mandatory rotation of board of directors in REG to improve their independence and credibility. Furthermore, 81.7% of the respondents strongly agreed that board comminutes are formed out need to carry out the necessary charge at any point in time. Finally, the regression analysis results indicated that board size, board structure, board independence and board committees have strong relationship but insignificant contribution to the public sector accountability in Rwanda. Thus, the null hypotheses were not accepted. However, the board of directors in REG ought to ensure effective written and verbal communications within their structures; and the board of directors at REG ought to perform their duties freely and objectively.
Page(s): 598-604 Date of Publication: 14 December 2022
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The problem of this research is to find out the existence of ship mortgage guarantee institutions in the legal guarantee system in Indonesia, related ship mortgage legal guarantees in Indonesia, and to know the position of the Grosse ship mortgage deed in providing legal certainty for creditors. The research method used in this research is normative legal research. From what has been researched and written, the results of the research can be concluded that the existence of ship mortgage guarantee institutions in the guarantee law system in Indonesia has not been able to provide legal protection and certainty to creditors because the legal arrangements for ship mortgage guarantees have not been comprehensively regulated in one legislation., as well as the regulation is not yet in a complete but still partial legal system of material guarantees. The law of ship mortgage guarantees as the legal principles of ship mortgage guarantees that underlie the legal norms of ship mortgage guarantees will function properly if the formulation of ship mortgage legal norms is clearly formulated so that it does not open up opportunities for multiple interpretations by law enforcement officials, and there are still different arrangements related to shipping mortgages, especially related to executions. And the conclusion found that the Grosse position of the ship’s mortgage deed in providing legal protection and certainty to creditors through the executorial title contained in it had not been carried out because the execution of the collateral object based on Article 224 HIR was too complicated. After all, it had to follow the procedure as in the execution. other cases, even though the execution of collateral objects has a different context.
Page(s): 605-612 Date of Publication: 14 December 2022
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Page(s): 613-618 Date of Publication: 14 December 2022
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The study aimed at assessing the contributions and challenges of Non-Governmental Organizations towards the socio-economic wellbeing of communities basing on HEPS in Ibanda Municipality as a case study. Its objectives were to assess the state of HEPS operations towards the social economic wellbeing of communities in Ibanda town council, to assess the factors that have enabled or hindered the operations of HEPS in Ibanda Municipality and to propose practical strategies that can improve HEPS operations in Ibanda Municipality and elsewhere in the world. The study used an exploratory design where both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection and analysis were used. A sample size of 420 responses was used in this study including 368 community people in Ibanda Municipality and 52 staff of HEP, simple random sampling was used during the selection of community residents while snow ball sampling techniques was used during selection of HEPS staff questionnaires and interview guides were the main instruments of data collection. Descriptive techniques were used in data analysis. It was found out that HEPS is involved in a lot of operations towards the socio-economic wellbeing of communities in Ibanda Municipality. Its activities are aimed at solving specifics problem as well as improving the health status and coping ability of residents by increasing income among other things. HEPS is involved in strengthening local leadership, mobilizing local development communities and capacity building of people hence leading to improve socio-economic wellbeing of communities. It was found that factors that have hindered the operations of HEPS in Ibanda Municipality include: financial constraints, inadequate human capacity, and lack of community participation or involvement in the activities of HEPs, poor infrastructure, lack of partnership between HEPS and other NGOs that lead to duplication of services.
Page(s): 619-624 Date of Publication: 14 December 2022
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Banning of corporal punishment in Kenyan schools since 2001 has sparked intense debate to both parents and teachers on management of discipline in schools. In the recent months after resumption of learning due to Covid-19 Pandemic, many schools have experienced unrest leading to burning of dormitories, classes and even learners assaulting teachers. The study was tasked with the analysis if divergent views on corporal punishment and justice in schools towards character formation. In addition, the study examined the issues and challenges in addressing discipline in secondary schools and finally established whether Kantian ethics can facilitate attaining of character formation and training in Kenyan secondary schools towards disciplined citizenry. The study found out that corporal punishment is still being used in secondary schools in Kenya despite the ban because of the cultural and ethos orientation despite the government advocating for contemporary forms of discipline and effective guidance and counselling in schools. The study found out that despite the retributive theoretical orientation, Kantian ethics can equally facilitate the character education and training of the young towards moral values and disciplined citizens. The study recommended for the revitalised teacher training and capacity building in a humanization education and training towards adoption of multidimensional approaches in handling discipline issues in the school set up for instance pastoral programme, Chaplaincy services, Volunteer /charity works to expose learners to realities that meet their attention to deviate their naive way of looking at reality. In addition, involving students in formulating school rules and regulations alongside each penalty to re orient learners towards sound moral judgment of their acts.
Page(s): 625-631 Date of Publication: 14 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61128Download PDF
E-commerce provides the opportunity for retailers to attract and nurture a wider consumer base in big ticket consumer electronics trade sans the traditional high investment intensive pre-requisites such as extravagant physical presence, wide distribution networks etc. However, distrust in the mindset of the consumer in turn impede such opportunities. By using the construal level theory such reluctance could be partially explained via psychological distance; and by deploying certain tactics and manipulating the underlying dimensions of psychological distance, whether retailers have the ability to offset such reluctance in the mindset of consumers without the need for heavy investment on complicated operating structures. This research marks a unique milestone in Sri Lanka where it is the first of its’ nature to explore a heavily under-researched frontier of psychological distance in the context of e-commerce, and calls for more systematic research attention towards such. This paper offers practitioners an overview of variables such as psychological distance, online trust, perceived risk and online purchasing intention in view of expanding the local e-commerce market for big ticket electronics.
Page(s): 632-664 Date of Publication: 14 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61129Download PDF
Page(s): 665-674 Date of Publication: 14 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61130Download PDF
Humans and robots must be able to cooperate and work together to complete their roles and activities in the age of Society 5.0, which is a challenge for scholars and professionals of HRM. The company’s HR management operations, including the hiring process, interviews, coaching, advancement, salary, and staff effectiveness reviews, have widely used artificial intelligence (AI). Algorithm-based technology is thought to produce more productive and profitable outcomes, as well as reducing conventional biases. The purpose of this Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is to examine prior research on the application of artificial intelligence to human resource management (HRM), and examine the extent to which the use of artificial intelligence (AI) has affected businesses and employees.
Page(s): 675-681 Date of Publication: 14 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61131Download PDF
Organizational structure describes the formal arrangement of jobs and tasks in organizations. It describes the allocation of authority and responsibility, and how rules and regulation are executed by workers in firms. Locally, studies on the relationship between organizational structure and organizational performance remain inconclusive and contradictory as evidenced from previous studies. This study used Kenyan data and government institutions by investigating the likely impact of organizational structure on performance of County governments of Kenya taking a case of Narok County government. The specific objectives of the study examine the effect of organizational structural centralization on employee performance. The study was anchored on Goal theory and equity theory. This study adopted a descriptive research design. Both primary and secondary data was used in this study. Primary data was obtained by use of questionnaires while secondary data by use of existing records. The population of the study was all staff working in Narok County Government. The study targets a total population of 5345 distributed in all departments and a sample size of 372 respondents was obtained from it. The County Executives, chief officers and directors will be randomly selected from the county. Other employees were selected using stratified random sampling thus the study draw 10% of each department employees using strata method. The collected data was processed and analyzed using SPSS Version 26.0 where linear regression was used to establish the relationship between (structural complexity, structural centralization, and structural formalization) and employee performance. The study has a lot of significance to Narok County Government as it will shed light on the importance of utilizing and improving effective organizational structure in order to enhance the performance of individual employees. The findings of this study are likely to benefit researchers in their efforts towards understanding the relationship between organizational structure and the performance of employee which is directly related to their organization productivity.
Page(s): 682-689 Date of Publication: 14 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61132Download PDF
The research study has specifically investigated how micro credit has assisted SMEs in SMEs growth through acquisition of raw materials and improvement in working capital of SMEs. The study employs the survey method in evaluating the impact of Micro credit availability as a catalyst for small and medium enterprise (SMEs) growth in Nigeria. The population of this study is based on SMEs in Edo State. Edo State was chosen forth is study since it has a large concentration of SMEs. The study adopted survey design and primary sources of data was employed. Questionnaire was designed using linkert scale format. The population of the study is infinite and Cochran formula was adopted to determine the sample size. Sample of 325 questionnaire was distributed out of which 300 returned their questions. The respondents were made of proprietors of manufacturing SMEs who are clients/customers of the Microfinance Banks. Data collected was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics while hypothesis of the study was tested using chi-square distribution. The findings confirmed a significant contribution of micro-credit in assisting SMEs in areas of asset acquisition, acquisition of raw materials and improvement of their working capital. Where as, the study recommended among others that, government should try to provide sufficient infrastructural facilities such as electricity, good road network and training institutions to support SMEs in Nigeria. Government through CBN should also guarantee some of the credits extended to SMEs. This will give more SMEs who cannot meet the collateral requirement of banks to have access to credit as well.
Page(s): 690-697 Date of Publication: 14 December 2022
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The purpose of this study was to explore the psychological experiences of women who had spontaneous abortions in Budiriro suburb in Harare Metropolitan Province. The qualitative approach and phenomenology research design were used to describe the experiences of women who had spontaneous abortions. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The collected data showed that women who miscarry experience dysphoria, cognitive disorganization and health deficit. Barriers for timely seeking of counselling after miscarriages were social stigma, treatment fears, anticipated utilities and risks (expected help or lack of help to be obtained from a therapy), social norms and race and ethnicity background. The study recommends that the disclosure of spontaneous abortions can be improved through providing clear pathways, utilizing care networks, eHealth for miscarriage support, community-initiated interventions and use of spiritual intervention. The Ministry of health may also introduce programs which encourage women who have experienced spontaneous abortions to seek mental health counselling.
Page(s): 698-702 Date of Publication: 14 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61133Download PDF
“Technology is a driving force in education, opening up many doors and preparing students for what lies ahead, not behind,” said Kirsty Kelly, Primary Years Program Coordinator at the Canadian International School in Singapore. Educational systems in the 21st century are affected by the massive accelerations in technology development. The practice of learning is now outside the classroom more than inside. The student in this system seeks fruitful learning where the skills are needed as the scientific value. Instructional Technology (IT) is an integrated system that prepares and evaluates the educational process to achieve the desired learning goals; this can be achieved by understanding local practice and using IT insights to design more attuned interventions (Hora & Holden (2013)). The proposed research aims to assess the impact of offering a range of affordances to instructors and students on the teaching and learning processes. The proposed pilot educational research is undertaken on a focus group with two instructors and approximately 40 IT students at UTAS-Suhar; to explore the use of Post-PC technologies for applying an interactive and customised curriculum and to add enhancement to the learning process and outcome. Using the latest training/educational technologies enhances the effectiveness of learning environments. Therefore, this research studied the impact and outcomes of Instructional Technology (IT) adoption at Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) using Post-PC Technologies. The research was planned to conduct an experiment on four groups of Information Technology majors, where two groups will apply IT, and the other two will use the traditional learning strategy. First, a pilot online survey was conducted with the two IT groups to collect data about their interest and expectations about the IT techniques. The survey results were used to examine how students’ performance, success, and achievements are affected by using Post-PC Technology as per their responses. Tableau data visualisation tool was used to analyse and visualise the collected data and compare the students’ performance in 4 groups. This helps to emphasise the importance and impact of IT on students’ learning process and achievements at HEIs.
Page(s): 703-712 Date of Publication: 17 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61149Download PDF
Page(s): 713-717 Date of Publication: 17 December 2022
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The topic of this paper is to discuss cultural studies by focusing on social mirrors and the social function of literature in The Great Gatsby novel through a literary sociology approach, introducing and examining the relationship with cultural studies and social aspects in the reality of life in the literary work of The Great Gatsby novel. This paper raises the complexity of literary social relations which is very strong in this novel which was appointed in the 1920s. The problems discussed in this research are first, how is literature as a Mirror Society in the novel The Great Gatsby? Second, what is social function values exist in the literary novel The Great Gatsby? The purpose of this paper is first to explain the Mirror Society in The Great Gatsby novel. Second, to explain the Social Function of Literature in The Great Gatsby novel. And third, analyzing The Great Gatsby by Francis Scott Fitzgerald from a perspective according to the Sociology of Literature. The theory of this approach is uses Ian Watt method which rooted in the continuate application successor of Wallek & Warren’s theory as the main reference in analyzing this novel’s literary work. In particular, this study describes the implementation of the author Francis Scott Fitzgerald’s social context, the mirror factor of society in the novel, and the function of the Sociology of Literature in The Great Gatsby. By studying this novel, we get an understanding that The Great Gatsby is very thick with social studies in literature, so that it becomes a learning material for social culture, especially the modern era in the 19th century.
Page(s): 718-725 Date of Publication: 17 December 2022
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The study purposed to provide empirical data on the status of Information Communication Technology (ICT) resources in terms of adequacy and utilization and their influence on academic performance in public secondary schools in Kenya. The concern was the large number of students that perpetually performed dismally in national exams and the wide performance variations between schools in the study locale yet investments and level of utilization of ICT resources as well as how this was influencing observed academic performance was not clear. The study adopted the ex-post facto research design and the Context- Inputs – Processes -Outputs (CIPO) model which is a systems theory approach to the determinants of learning outcomes and school effectiveness (Scheerens, 1991,2013). Target population constituted 386 principals,2316 heads of department (HoDs), and 4160 teachers in 386 schools. Sample size was derived from Kothari (2013) formula and constituted 192 principals,330 HoDs and 352 teachers however the fully filled and returned questionnaires were172 for principals ,330 for HoDs and 344 for Teachers. Main data collection method was Principals` questionnaire (r =.89), HoDs` questionnaire (r =.92) and teachers` questionnaire (r =.87). Both qualitative and quantitative data was collected where qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis while quantitative data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Due to data non-normality inferential statistics was done by use of Kruskal-Wallis H-test and Mann-Whitney U-test as the non-parametric alternatives to (one-way analysis of variance F-test and independent samples t-test) Findings of the study were that ICT resources investments varied widely between public secondary schools but generally and more perniciously, the level of ICT resource investment was woefully low. Computer availability in schools was the variable that influenced performance with highest effective size as it explained about 13% of the variation in academic achievement in the study area. The level of utilization of ICT resources varied between schools but was generally sub-optimal in most schools. Comparing ICT resource adequacy and level of ICT utilization as explanatory variables for academic achievement, it was found that the effect sizes of some of the ICT resources` level of utilization were higher than those for ICT resource adequacy. This implied that to significantly improve learning outcomes and reduce wide performance variations between schools, focus should not just be to invest in ICT resources adequacy in all the schools but also to ensure that all the ICT resources available in the schools are being optimally utilized.
Page(s): 726-733 Date of Publication: 17 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61134Download PDF
Teacher autonomy is vital component for the productive development of the school and as well as profession. This study determined the mediating effect of organizational climate on the relationship between instructional leadership and teacher autonomous behavior, specifically in the Municipality of Talaingod, Division of Davao del Norte. This study employed a mediation analysis with 300 samples with a thorough interpretation of the data collected through statistical treatments (Mean, Pearson r, Med-graph using Sobel z-test). The findings of the study showed that there is a strong relationship between Instructional Leadership and Teacher Autonomous Behaviour. It was also revealed that Organizational Climate partially mediated the relationship between instructional leadership and the autonomous behavior of Talaingod Public-School Teachers. The result implies that giving opportunities for the teacher to have autonomy when it comes to the teaching-learning process is an integral part of being a great instructional leader.
Page(s): 734-743 Date of Publication: 17 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61135Download PDF
The option currently being developed by the government is through entrepreneurship, this alternative can be chosen by educational students to continue their post-graduate career from campus. This choice also applies to special education students whose opportunities are also wide open at this time to become entrepreneurs, for that it is necessary to analyze factors related to student interest in entrepreneurship. This study uses a quantitative design, the sample of this research is 360 students majoring in education at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Unimed. The data analysis used the chi square test. The results showed that the majority of students as much as 90% were interested in becoming entrepreneurs. Variables that were significantly related to entrepreneurial interest included parents’ income p = 0.010, parental history of entrepreneurship p = 0.040, and the presence of a supervisor for entrepreneurship discussion p = 0.050. Universities should in addition to providing entrepreneurship lectures, should provide student entrepreneurship service centers that provide lecturers as companions or discussion partners for students to become entrepreneurs.
Page(s): 744-748 Date of Publication: 17 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61136Download PDF
This study determines the sociological analysis of parental variables and students’ academic performance in senior secondary schools in Calabar Municipal Council Area of Cross River State. An ex-post-facto research design otherwise known as cause-and-effect research design was adopted for the study and 14 students selected as respondents from 10 secondary schools were to form a sample of 240 respondents. Researchers constructed a questionnaire titled Parental Variables and Students’ Academic Performance Questionnaire” (PVSAPQ) was used for data collection. The instrument was validated by two experts, one from Educational Sociology and Administration and Planning with reliability coefficient of 0.86. The data collected were analyzed with mean to answer all research questions while the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test hypotheses at 0.05 significant with the aid of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.5. It was found that there is a strong positive association between parents’ level of education and students’ academic performance. The study recommended that media and government should play active roles in informing illiterate parents about the importance of education in today’s world. They should enrich the horizons of knowledge of ignorant parents through media orientation such as radio and television programmes and make them realize that education is as necessary for them as for their children.
Page(s): 749-753 Date of Publication: 17 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61137Download PDF
This paper sought to describe the basic tenets of the concept of intelligence among Tonga parents of rural Zambia. Most researchers presume that what western schooling teaches and measured by intelligence tests is universal and fostered by all cultures around, therefore, failure to succeed in both constitutes non-intelligent behavior. Others argue that, although the concept of intelligence is universal, what each culture considers intelligent behavior is unique to the prevailing socioeconomic and cultural conditions. Using the realist ethnography method, eight parents were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire to provide narratives of both their lived childhood experiences and expectations of their children during and after school. The study revealed that Tonga parents make a clear distinction between being intelligent (kuba amaanu) and being unintelligent (kubula maanu). Being intelligent (kuba amaanu) is however, framed based on four core concepts – kumvwa (to follow instructions), kutumika (to be responsible), kusyomeka (to be trustworthy), and kucenjela (to be clever) – framed based on concepts of maanu (which may also be defined as cognition) and busongo (wisdom) constitute intelligent behavior.
Page(s): 754-760 Date of Publication: 17 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61138Download PDF
This paper makes an evaluation of the implementation of the women’s quota system in Zimbabwe as provided for in the Constitution of Zimbabwe Section124 (1b). This affirmative action measure is temporary and is valid for only two lives of Parliament, which means in 2023 it will not be applicable. In making the evaluation the methodology consisted of document analysis, face to face interviews, tele conferencing, focus group discussions and structured questionnaires with both open ended and close ended questions. Purposive sampling was used and random sampling was also administered. The evaluation also makes use of primary evidence obtained from the Parliament of Zimbabwe. The paper discusses the rationale of having a women’s quota in light of the democratic global wave and calls for gender equality. The paper also gives best practices in terms of implementation of the women’s quota from other countries in the region such as Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda and Rwanda, as well as countries from the international community like Sweden and Finland. The quota system is generally perceived to be a way of redressing the historical gender imbalances existing in the political field. It is an affirmative action method which gives those who have been excluded and discriminated against some avenues to get access to parliamentary representation. This paper argues that the quota system may be a game of numbers for women representation if proper monitoring and evaluation is not done on the achievements, challenges, strengths and weaknesses of the system. The paper therefore seeks to make an evaluation and analysis of strides and gains made from 2013 to date so that strategies are reinforced or changed and mitigation measures can be proposed for improvements in future terms. Through the use of interviews and focus group discussions with some members of the public and some female parliamentarians, the paper discovered that more needs to be done to achieve more gains through the women’s quota in Zimbabwe. Terms of operation should be put in place and more should be done to encourage the women to be fully equipped for the tasks in parliament. Politics is a duty for those who really have the call to perform the duties not for those who are forced or just placed to satisfy the numbers. In Addition, representatives to the quota system should be chosen on merit so that there is effective leadership which can be emulated by future female aspirants into the political arena.
Page(s): 761-768 Date of Publication: 17 December 2022
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The challenge facing construction firms is that many construction projects delay and go beyond the expected and proposed timeframe. The argument is that contractors are not paid on time, and this has led some construction projects to stop their activities due to a lack of funds. The overall objective of this research was to examine the effect of the payment process of public institutions on the performance of the construction industry in Rwanda. The study has used both descriptive and analytical research designs. The sample size of this study was 150 composed by contractors, managers, supervisors, and engineers from 35 construction companies that worked with RBC and MoH. The field data were collected using a questionnaire, the data was analyzed using SPSS. As key finds, the descriptive statistic of payment process variables shows the respondents agreed that infrastructure/ IFMIS doesn’t play any role in the delay of payment process with an X̄=1.688 and σ= 0.35, the respondents strongly agreed that processing time is a major cause of delay of payment process which causes poor performance of construction companies in Rwanda with an X̄=4.16 and σ= 0.365, the respondents agreed that cash flow plays an important role in payment process with an X̄=4.32 and σ= 0.32. The regression result indicates that R2 is 0.624. This means that 62.4% of the performance of construction companies is explained by the factor variable of the payment process: Processing Time and Cash flow. The regression coefficient revealed that infrastructure was positive but not significant (β1= 0.093; p= 0.252). Processing time is positively affecting the performance of construction companies as indicated by a positive coefficient (β2= 0.453; p< 0.05). Cash flow is positively affecting the performance of construction companies as indicated by a positive coefficient (β3=0.229 and ρ=0.007). The study concluded conclude that the performance of construction companies in Rwanda depends on the payment process, especially on processing time and cash flow. The study recommends that: 1) Government institutions should process the payment of contractors as fast as possible to boost the performance of construction companies in Rwanda. 2) Government institutions should make sure that cash flow is available, the budget line is provided, and budget reallocations are requested and approved on time to avoid any interruption of construction activities which leads to the poor performance of construction companies in Rwanda. 3) The recommendation for policymakers is to advocate for the integration of an article on the penalty for delayed payment in procurement law.
Page(s): 769-780 Date of Publication: 17 December 2022
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The purpose of foreign language teaching is to teach students the basic rules of the foreign language, to develop their foreign language vocabulary, to be able to understand what they read and hear in a foreign language, and to express themselves orally or in writing; The purpose of education in a foreign language is to enable graduates of associate, undergraduate and graduate diploma programs to acquire foreign language proficiency in their fields and attracting international students to the programs. One of the essential educational debates in developing countries is whether the language of instruction can be other than the mother tongue. The education in schools whose official language is foreign, except for some private education institutions, is questioned in this discussion. In this article, the problem is discussed in the case of Turkey. Is foreign language learning or education in a foreign language required?
Page(s): 781-783 Date of Publication: 17 December 2022
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Research to date on local content development (LCD) has been largely focused on gas and oil with little being said regarding other sectors such as platinum mining. The definitions offered by different scholars with regards to LCD have also been biased towards economic and political perspectives at the expense of the social aspect of the subject. Such narrow understanding of LCD has only considered the interest of the private sector and the host government while neglecting the potential input of mining communities in the mining value chain. This paper, focuses on community-based activism and LCD in the platinum mining communities of Zimbabwe. Through desk research, participant observation and key informant interviews conducted targeting community-based activists, it was found out that mining communities view LCD mainly as a social justice issue infusing it in the discourse of mining frames that embrace the economic, political and social dimensions of LCD. LCD and social justice advocate socio-politico-economic fairness, equity and equality and indeed both converge on egalitarianism. The paper contributes to knowledge on LCD and community activism. It recommends that mining policy and legislative frameworks be sensitive to social implications of mining on local mining communities.
Page(s): 784-793 Date of Publication: 19 December 2022
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Globally, an effective performance appraisal system assists in holding teachers’ accountable, addressing underperformance, enhancing performance and best practice. The main objective of this study was to establish the relationship between teachers’ performance appraisal and burnout, and find out relationship between self-efficacy, performance appraisal, and burnout among public secondary school teachers in Sabatia Sub-county, Vihiga County. This study was anchored on the self-efficacy theory component of the social cognitive theory by Bandura. It adopted a descriptive survey design. The sample consisted of twelve schools selected using purposive and stratified random sampling from the sampling frame developed for all public secondary schools in Sabatia Sub-county, Vihiga County, Kenya out of which 227 teachers were sampled using random sampling. Principals of each sampled school were included in the sample. The Sabatia Sub-county TSC Director was part of the respondents. Data for this study was collected using interviews, questionnaires, and document analysis. Validity of data collection tools was established through piloting with ten respondents who were not included in the study. Reliability was established using test-retest reliability. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics and analyzed findings presented using frequency tables, percentage and mean scores. The R value from the model summary of the regression between self-efficacy, performance appraisal and burnout was 0.810. The R square value was 0.656, which implied 65.6 % effect on burnout was attributed to performance appraisal and self-efficacy. The results show a constant t-value of 6.944 at p=0.001. When performance appraisal was introduced into the equation, it reduced to -8.977 at p=0.000.In addition, when self-efficacy was introduced into the relationship, it further reduced to -11.161. The results show that there was a negative relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The findings of the study may be useful to the Ministry of Education and Teachers’ Service Commission in designing programs that focus on increasing teacher efficacy, perfecting performance appraisal, and reducing their burnout and the study may raise issues that may be a base for further research.
Page(s): 794-800 Date of Publication: 19 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61139Download PDF
Orphanages are found in every society with the intension of providing for the needy. This paper is on the social perception of orphanage homes and a child’s personality development. Orphans increases daily and this leads to increase of orphanage homes in the society. Most times, these orphans seem to find it difficult to properly socialize in the society due to the way the people view and regard them. The objective of this study is to ascertain the effect of absence of biological parents on the child’s socialization process, well as to find out if the social environment of a child has effects on the child’s good moral/attitude. This paper found out that the absence of a biological parent affects a child’s socialization process; and also that social environment affects a child’s good moral/attitude. Different literatures and theories were revealed in line with this study but my work was anchored on attachment theory. 230 structured copies of questionnaire were distributed to randomly selected respondents while 200 copies were completed and returned. The hypotheses were tested and data were analyzed with simple percentages and chi-square statistical tool. The findings show that the absence of biological parents or consistent caregiver has great effect on the child’s socialization process. Secondly, the environment in which a child is groomed can affect the child’s moral behavior and attitude. I therefore recommend that government should improve on infant adoption policies, and social environment of the child by providing them with consistent caregivers. This will help to imbibe good moral/attitude on the child.
Page(s): 801-810 Date of Publication: 19 December 2022
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This article describes technical difficulties of Bangladesh and Myanmar’s maritime boundary dispute (the “Bay of Bengal case”). This was the first maritime delimitation case that the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) resolved. A maritime border for the seabed and subsoil of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the extended continental shelf (ECS) was decided by international adjudication for the first time in 2012. It was also the first time detailed technical quantification of seabed areas in the EEZ and ECS was needed for an international forum. After reviewing the ITLOS’s delimitation principles, this article evaluates St. Martin’s Island’s legal status and delimitation effect. The ITLOS concluded that the EEZ and continental shelf legal regimes should not be distinguished in the present instance, but a different approach is proposed for future cases. This article discuss about how to make an equitable boundary and indicates a model for adjusting provisional equidistance lines to accommodate the complicated geophysical rules for the outer limits of the ECS set by the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC).
Page(s): 811-814 Date of Publication: 19 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61140Download PDF
This article examines China’s image cultivation through cultural diplomacy. It focuses on the Confucius Institute (CI) in Kenya with a view of conceptualizing the impact of these institutes on the Kenyan public’s perception of China. The article pivots on the soft power theory and applies a mixed methods approach comprising quantitative and qualitative research. As such it uses positivist and interpretivist methods. The data for this study was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. The informants were 400 Kenyans from ten cohort categories; government ministries, media, private sector (informal business), private sector (formal business), universities, religious organizations, civil society, county government, security sector and political parties. The results indicate that CI has had a diminutive impact on the enhancement of China’s national image among the Kenyan public from all categories. This shows that China’s cultural soft power projection through the CI demands improvement, especially to encourage Kenyans to attend the institutes.
Page(s): 815-821 Date of Publication: 19 December 2022
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This undertaking sought to investigate the lived experiences of 4th year Bachelor of Secondary Education major in English students in conducting language research in Davao de Oro State College–New Bataan Campus, Philippines. This study sets out their challenges, coping mechanisms, and insights concerning the phenomenon being studied. In this study, the researchers utilized a qualitative-phenomenological research design and utilized Creswell’s Thematic Analysis for data analysis. Ten (10) participants were chosen using purposive sampling, and all data were gathered through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Conclusively, the results indicated that the language researchers’ challenges were their lack of knowledge, research instructor-related challenges, research materials and resources, research participants’ unavailability and lack of interest, and English language-related ineptness. However, despite their difficulties, their coping mechanisms were family and friends’ support, prayer, self-studying or learning, co-researchers’ teamwork, and time management. Ultimately, the participants’ insights concerning language research were how beneficial language research was to the language community itself, language research was a challenging process, and learned significant values and skills in language research.
Page(s): 822-830 Date of Publication: 19 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61141Download PDF
A competency-based curriculum has been adopted in the Kenyan education system. However, learners with disabilities in regular schools would be learning using two separate programs, that is an inclusive education program and a competency-based curriculum program. Implementing the two programs simultaneously to this category of learners could be challenging. Therefore, this study focused on the material resources adaptation influencing competency-based curriculum implementation for Early Years Learners with disabilities in primary schools. The study was premised on the theory of Complexity and Education by Davis and Sumara (2006), which holds that the fruitfulness and range of systems in which ambiguity and uncertainty occur, should be embraced, and accommodated during evaluation. The researcher employed a concurrent embedded design based on the mixed-method approach in data gathering. The study’s location was Nairobi City County, Kenya. The target population was 368 participants and from this target, the study sampled 16 heads of schools, 48 teachers, and 2 Educational Officers who were the respondents. The instruments of data collection were semi-structured questionnaires, an observation checklist, and an interview schedule. The piloting of instruments took place in one school with a special unit. The instruments were only accepted as valid and reliable after the results of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of r=.75. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. In addition, data were prepared and organized using Statistical Package for Social Sciences into percentages, mean, Skewness, standard deviations, graphs, and tables. The researcher tested the hypothesis by use of the chi-square test at a significant level of α =<.05. Findings revealed that teachers with a high mean score on instructional methods adaptation for learners with disabilities also had high mean scores on implementation of CBC in a regular class. Only about 13(29.5%) of teachers occasionally adapted teaching materials to learners with disabilities. Most of the materials mentioned were missing in the class for the implementation of CBC TO learners with disabilities. Similarly, most of the materials such as tables, charts, graphics, and computers were those used in a standard classroom and therefore lacked adaptation for use by learners with disabilities in a CBC class. most schools had inadequate knowledge of material resources for learning by learners with disabilities. Most school officials failed to understand the difference between the materials used in the standard classroom and the adapted materials for special instruction for learners with disabilities which hampered the proper implementation of CBC. Only about 2(5%) of the teachers from public schools had attended seminars and workshops on special needs education, while about 14(35%) belonged to private schools. Consequently, teachers who had attended the seminars and workshops in special needs education revealed that the knowledge gained during the training improved their skills in material resource adaptation for learners with disabilities. The study recommended the need for mass training of teachers in the use of adapted material resources and adaptation of material resources for the accommodation of learners with disabilities in Nairobi, Kenya.
Page(s): 831-838 Date of Publication: 20 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61142Download PDF
Τhe research field of this paper is the Greek dance ‘Karsilama’ as this is danced in the area of Thrace in Greece. More specifically, the research was carried out in the community of Nea Vyssa, which is located in the northern part of this country. The aim of this research is to study the dances of ‘Karsilama’ in Nea Vyssa, which have rhythm of nine beats (9/8), so that through the analysis of their form, it can be established whether these dances reflect stereotypes of the position of the two sexes in society. The collection of ethnographic data was based on the ethnographic method. Laban’s notation system was used to record the choreographic compositions of ‘Karsilama’ dance, while for the analysis of their structure and form, as well as their codification, the structural-morphological and typological method of analysis was applied, as it is applied in the Greek Τraditional Dance and for their comparison the comparative method was used. Finally, the interpretation of the data was held with the anthropological thinking about gender identity as it appears in anthropological views of dance and particularly in Hanna. From the data analysis was found that the ‘Karsilama’ dances are established the gender hierarchy in the community of Nea Vyssa, highlighting Nea Vyssa in a patriarchal society.
Page(s): 839-844 Date of Publication: 20 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61143Download PDF
In social organisations, the interpretation of ‘minority’ as a concept or notion is a difficult task, in that the perception of minority is not only multidimensional, but also depends on the context in which it is applied. Many believe that the use of the term is synonymous with conflict. For some, it is a pejorative and stigmatising word. It creates hatred and bitterness within the community. This paper argues that minority issues discourage unity and cohesion among people who are supposed to have a common destiny, interests and vision. Taking the case of Cameroon, no community thrives by remaining indifferent to minority issues. Furthermore, the question of the establishment of minority groups, and the determination of the extent of the privileges they can derive from their status, is an issue that policy makers must address. In a historical context and perspective, this article attempts to examine the problem. The bone of contention is that the application of special rights and privileges to minority groups is inappropriate, leading to conflicts and blockages. In addition, political entanglements and social dilemmas are commonplace due to a plethora of unanswered questions about the minority issue. Drawing on primary and secondary sources, the chronological approach is favoured in this study to examine the problem and come to the conclusion that minority issues need to be addressed in time to enhance progress, unity and development of a better Cameroon.
Page(s): 845-853 Date of Publication: 20 December 2022
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The study examined how Islamic education was managed during colonial and post-colonial Eras of Northern Ghana. It traced the history of the management of Islamic education in Northern Ghana, touching on aspects like management of Islamic Education during Colonial period, management of Islamic Education during the post-colonial regimes, integration of Islamic and secular education and the take over management of Islamic education from the proprietors by post-colonial regimes and managing these as public schools. The study adopted qualitative methodology and used historical research design. A sample of 24 participants were purposively selected and interviewed. The work integrated interview with focus group discussion to ascertain the credibility and dependability of the results. Data was also obtained from documentary analysis of articles, journals, archival records, books, letters and minutes from education commissioners of the northern territories. It was found that the colonial government failed to manage Islamic schools as expected. Thus, they attempted to leave northern Muslims in abject ignorance of their religion; prevented them from studying the Arabic Language by preventing the importation of both Islamic and Arabic literature. Post-colonial regimes, however, boosted Islamic education by encouraging the study of Islam and the Arabic Language; integrating Islam with secular studies as well as modernizing Islamic education in Northern Ghana. The post-colonial administrators also trained Islamic and Arabic teachers. It was recommended that government should equitably provide educational infrastructure for both Islamic and secular schools; make Arabic Language examinable at the basic and second cycle schools in in Northern Ghana
Page(s): 854-867 Date of Publication: 20 December 2022
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Cash management is an essential requirement for an organization to stay afloat. The liquidity position of such business entity can determine how it is being treated in the marketplace. Therefore, ensuring a shorter time lag between when credits are given and when they are converted back to cash is very important in working capital management. Receivable to payable ratio addresses the number of days a company will allow its money with customers in relation to what is allowed by the supplier. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relevance of accounts receivable and accounts payable management in publicly traded Nigerian firms engaged in manufacturing and retailing consumer and industrial goods. The sample of 26 listed Nigerian industrial and consumer goods businesses is from the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX), and the data spans the years 2011 to 2021. The study utilized a correlation review and a multiple regression model to analyze the study’s variables and their relationships post hoc. Researchers found that the correlation between the accounts receivable to accounts payable ratio and ROA was significantly tempered by the degree of ownership concentration. This suggests that the beneficial effect of the receivables-to-payments ratio on financial performance is mitigated by the degree to which ownership is concentrated. Instead, a slowed cash conversion cycle due to high ownership concentration has a favourable and negligible impact on financial results. The report suggests, among other things, that the management of listed consumer and industrial products firms in Nigeria cultivate a long-term connection with their suppliers to gain access to trade finance in a more convenient, swift manner, which would improve the companies’ performance. The management should further put in place a very vibrant credit policy to help avoid any occurrence of poor account receivables.
Page(s): 868-880 Date of Publication: 21 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61144Download PDF
This research was carried to examine academic scaffolding as a predictor of achievement motivation for learning chemistry among secondary school students in Kenya. The study was anchored on scaffolding theory developed by Bruner and achievement motivation theory by McClelland. The researcher used convergent parallel mixed research design to examine the relationship between the study variables. The target population was 10528 form three students taking chemistry in 284 public secondary schools in Kiambu County in the year 2020. Purposive sampling was used to select Kiambu County and form three students taking chemistry. Stratified sampling was used to select the schools while simple random sampling was used to select students to participate in the study. The study was conducted in 17 secondary schools using a sample of 440 students. A pilot study was done in one school involving 40 students to establish the validity and reliability of the research instruments. Data were collected using questionnaires and interview schedules and then analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated that there was a moderate positive and statistically significant correlation between academic scaffolding and achievement motivation for learning chemistry, r (336) = .50, p< .05. Academic scaffolding was found to be a significant predictor of academic scaffolding and R square was .25 which suggested that 25% variance in achievement motivation for learning chemistry can be explained by academic scaffolding. Qualitative results also showed that academic scaffolding influenced the student’s achievement motivation for learning chemistry. The study recommends that school counsellors and chemistry teachers should enhance academic scaffolding in order to boost the student’s achievement motivation for learning chemistry for better learning outcomes in the subject.
Page(s): 881-889 Date of Publication: 22 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61145Download PDF
Mathematics is considered as a vital subject that supports the development of critical and logical thinking. It provides effective power to analyze, describe and understand the sciences hence fundamental subject in the school curriculum globally as an instrument for the development of all other sciences. However, majority of students across the world dislike mathematics and stay away from many careers related to mathematics. The students’ lack of interest for mathematics could be attributed to poor quality of instruction and the instructional method deployed but not lack of student’s ability to learn. The objective of this study were to investigate the impact of mastery learning strategy on enabling the students improve on their self-efficacy when solving a mathematics problem in Kenyan secondary schools located in Machakos sub-county. To achieve the objectives a sample of one hundred and fifty four (154) form two students from two schools were randomly placed into either the group taught by using Mastery Learning Strategy (MLS), the experimental group or those taught using Conventional Group Learning (CGL), the control group. The two groups were subjected to the level of self-efficacy test before and after the intervention of MLS. The Chi-Square and Z scores test statistics were used to test whether the two groups’ level of self-efficacy differed significantly at α=0.05 significance level. Based on the study findings, slightly more than half, 60% of the control class had clear set self-efficacies elements compared to 91.8% of the experimental group. The proportionate difference was statistically significant at α=0.05 significance level with the calculated chi-square value y2=15.2 which was greater than the critical value of 3.84 at α=0.05 with 2 df. Therefore the MLS was recommended as a sure strategy to boost the morale and self-efficacy among the students. The study recommended a replication of the research to another region and respondents to ascertain the validity and reliability of the findings.
Page(s): 890-895 Date of Publication: 22 December 2022
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Motivating employees is no doubt has an impact on the productivity of an organization, but the extent of the motivation is the gap that this study focuses on. Incentive systems play a key role in motivating employees in an organization. Motivating employees to work energetically is beneficial to the organization while employees, on the other hand, are systematically satisfied with the level of the job done. This study centered on the effect of non-financial incentives on employee’s performance among non-academic staff of university of Jos. Three hundred and seven (307) participants were stratified across the two cadres of employees (senior and junior staff) of the university non-academic staff. Participants were stratified and equally were randomly selected from the pool of respondents. The survey method was used to generate required data from the respondents, using and with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire. The data generated were analyzed using the regression method. The study reveals that there is a significant impact of non-financial incentive system, commitment on the non-academic staff at the University of Jos.
Page(s): 896-906 Date of Publication: 22 December 2022
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Leadership behaviour patterns play a dynamic role for the attainment of employee performance, which is very key to the survival and growth of institutions. The purpose of this research was to establish the effects of leadership behaviour of Management and Supervisors on employee performance at two Technical Universities in Ghana. Both primary and secondary data were relied upon as sources of data for the survey. Data were generated and analysed from questionnaires and interview schedules. Correlation Pearson analysis was computed to establish the degree of association between leadership behaviour and employee performance. The results revealed that there is a strong association between leadership behaviour – monitoring operations and employee quality of performance. Regression analysis was also computed to determine the effects of leadership behaviour on employee performance. The study further revealed that leadership behaviour is positively associated with employee performance and therefore monitoring of operations affects quality of performance positively. The more leaders monitored the activities or work of their followers, the more employee performed their work well. The study also ascertained the most dorminant leadership behaviour among leaders at two Technical Universities in Ghana. The findings were that the most dominant leadership behaviour among the leaders was delegating of responsibilities, followed by monitoring of operations, empowering of employees, problem solving, directing and empathy and support. The study recommended that the Principal Officers at Public Technical Universities should encourage leaders to balance their leadership behaviour pattern. Leaders should practice both task-oriented and relation-oriented behaviours based on given situation. Management should intermittently organize training programmes for leaders at various levels of the University to improve upon their leadership skills in areas such as problem solving, monitoring operations and interpersonal relations skills. Employees/subordinates should be made to appreciate that diverse leadership behaviours were relevant for the attainment of performance at the university.
Page(s): 907-919 Date of Publication: 22 December 2022
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Formulation and Evaluation of Complementary Food Produced from Fermented Brown Rice (Oryza Glalerrima), Germinated Bambara Nut (Vigna Subterranean) Seed and Jute Leaf (Corchorus Olitorius) “Ewedu” were evaluated. The result of this experiment was evaluated using standard procedure. A total of twenty (20) runs were generated with fourteen experimental combinations and six replicates at the centre point. The fermentation and germination times range from 24 to 72 hours while the quantity of jute leave ranges from 1-15%. The results of the proximate composition of the formulated weaning foods revealed that almost all the parameters studied had values within the FAO/WHO (1991) recommendation. The moisture content varied from 1.00 to 5.33%, protein from 15.07 to 24.95%, fat from 10.51 to 20.12%, fibre from 0.75 to 3.50%, ash from 1.74 to 3.50% and carbohydrate from 47.52- 64.97%. Significant differences (p<0.05) existed among the samples. The blending of fermented rice and germinated Bambara nut have helped to improve the nutrient density of complementary food and improve the nutrient intake of these products. The study also revealed the weaning foods made from the mixture of fermented brown rice, germinated Bambara nut at different times and the addition of jute leaf powder contained protein, fat and energy in amounts that were above the recommended values of FAO/WHO, (1991). The use of these locally available and affordable crops to formulate weaning food will help parents or families to the adequate utilization of the food materials.
Page(s): 920-924 Date of Publication: 22 December 2022
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This study aims to determine the obedience of students to the norms that apply at the Junior High School 5 Tanete and also to find out the efforts made by Civics teachers in increasing student obedience to the norms that apply in schools. This research is a type of qualitative research. The informants consisted of the principal, Civics teacher and several students. This research is located in Sapan Village, Pana’ sub-district, Mamasa Regency, West Sulawesi, to be precise at the Tanete 5 Junior High School. Data collection techniques using documentation, observation and interviews. Data analysis begins with data reduction, presentation of verification data, and concluding. The results showed that the description of students’ obedience to the norms that apply at Junior High School 5 Tanete is quite good, it can be seen from the record of violations that are still quite small and there are no fatal violations of norms, the interaction between students looks friendly and disciplined, this is enough to explain that students in these schools generally obey the prevailing norms. Meanwhile, the efforts made by Civics teachers to increase students’ obedience to the norms that apply in schools are by acting as coaches, motivators, trying to be good role models and giving sanctions to students of Tanete 5 Junior High School
Page(s): 925-928 Date of Publication: 22 December 2022
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This study determined the mediating effect of school ethical climate on the relationship between interpersonal support and teacher affective attitude of the public secondary school teachers in Sto.Tomas, Davao del Norte. This study will utilize quantitative non-experimental descriptive correlational research with a sample of 300 public school teachers. The method used to collect data is stratified random sampling. Sets of adapted survey questionnaires were used in obtaining data from the respondents who were subjected to content validity and reliability analysis. The data were analyzed using Mean, Pearson-r, Regression Analysis, and Sobel z-test. The result revealed that the level of interpersonal support, teacher affective attitude, and school ethical climate of public school teachers all scored high and a significant relationship existed between these variables. The study determined the mediating effect of school ethical climate on the relationship between interpersonal support and teacher affective attitude in public secondary school teachers of Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte, and there was no significant mediating effect of school ethical climate on the relationship between interpersonal support and teacher affective attitude.
Page(s): 929-936 Date of Publication: 23 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61146Download PDF
This study determined the mediating effect of social-emotional competence on the relationship between teacher evaluation and the cognitive performance of teachers. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed. There were 304 Technology Livelihood Education (TLE) teachers in the Division of Davao del Norte who has chosen through simple random sampling. This study used three adopted questionnaires. Mean, Pearson r, standard deviation, regression analysis, and Sobel test were used as statistical tools. The results show that teacher evaluation is always manifested, teachers’ cognitive performance is often manifested, and social-emotional competence is often. The results revealed a significant relationship between teacher evaluation and cognitive performance of teachers, teacher evaluation and social-emotional competence, and teachers’ social-emotional competence and cognitive performance. Social-emotional competence significantly mediates the relationship between teacher evaluation and cognitive performance of teachers with partial mediation. The results highlight the importance of teacher evaluation and social-emotional competence and suggest applying and improving them in the cognitive performance of teachers.
Page(s): 937-945 Date of Publication: 23 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61147Download PDF
Digitalization has brought diverse challenges and opportunities for the airline industry. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of cloud computing and digital call center on the corporate performance in the airline industry in Kenya. Specifically, the study seeks; to examine the influence of digital call center on the performance of the airline industry in Kenya; to assess the effect of cloud computing on the corporate performance of the airline industry in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design and applied case study in data collection. The study population was Kenya Airways 3300 staff while the unit of analysis was Kenya Airways staff in Nairobi office. A sample of 100 employees was randomly selected for the study. The study relied on quantitative data collected through a questionnaire structured to meet the objectives of the study. The quantitative data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The study results indicated a correlations value of R=0.577 exists, which indicates that there is a positive association between digital call center and cloud computing on corporate performance The coefficient of determination R-Square R2 = 0.332 which implies that digital call center and cloud computing explains 33.2% of the variance in corporate performance in airline industry in Kenya. Study concludes that digital call center agents are a valuable team to the airline industry. Therefore, digital call center has had a positive impact on service delivery in Kenya Airways and generally in the airline industry. Secondly, customers expect airlines to use technology such as cloud computing for ease of service delivery and that the use of cloud computing technologies keep employees connected and enhance the rate of work flow and also that work is done efficiently and effectively as a result of cloud computing technologies. The study recommends that Airlines should increase adoption of cloud computing for ease of service delivery and that the use of cloud computing technologies keep employees connected and enhance the rate of work flow and also that work is done efficiently and effectively as a result of cloud computing technologies. In relation to the digital call centre, it is important that the airline industry invests in state of the art call centers that bring on board social media, and other interactive platforms to ensure services are offered o customers efficiently and effectively. The study proposes continued adoption and use of digital transformational technologies by airline industry in Kenya to achieve competitive advantages and sustainability.
Page(s): 946-955 Date of Publication: 23 December 2022
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The Sinai Peninsula has always served as a geo-strategic pivot point in power struggles between opposing major players. Throughout the fight for domination between ancient Egypt and the Assyrians, the Ottoman and British Empires, and more recently the ongoing confrontation between Israel and Egypt, the peninsula has served as the focal point of the regional balancing forces. The study makes an effort to investigate the Sinai Peninsula’s security crises as a function of power tussle between states and quasi states. It will examine the Bedouins who live in Sinai and their interactions with the state, the persistent pattern of Bedouin marginalisation in Sinai, together with their opposition to or difficulty participating in official Egyptian decision making. It will test the premise that both Egypt and Israel have failed to adequately address the needs of the local Bedouin population in Sinai and have instead chosen to ignore them. Thus, the formation of militant groups and their function as third parties will be examined in the same framework
Page(s): 956-963 Date of Publication: 22 December 2022
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2022.61148Download PDF
Education is a basic human right and an essential means of recognizing other privileges. One of the hurdles to access a better life for People Living with Disabilities (PLWDs) is the value of their education in comparison with their counterparts without disabilities. The inclusion of persons with disabilities is critical to the realization of international goals, notably, the Sustainable Development Goal, (SDG) which includes explicit references to PLWD. Providing effective academic services for Students Living with Disabilities (SLWDs) remains a difficult process in higher education despite the critical need. Thus, this work sought to assess the contributions of resource availability in addressing the plight of SLWDs in public universities in Kenya. Content validity was established through expert judgment while reliability was established through Cronbach Alpha. The study was founded on the Social Model (SM) and adopted cross sectional survey design. Using a sample size of 6 public universities, 6 students’ leaders for SLWDS, 6 staff coordinators and 384 students living with disabilities sampled through multistage and purposive sampling. Quantitative data was collected from the SLWDs using questionnaires while qualitative data from the coordinators was collected using an interview guide. An observation guide was used for triangulation. The study findings showed that availability of resources significantly influenced the educational inclusion of the SLWDs (significance level = .049). It concludes that educational needs for SLWDs can be realized with the same rights as their counterparts without challenges if the required resources are mobilized and well allocated. The study recommended the need for the government to address the issue of resource base through consultative processes that involve the main educational stakeholders and the learners. The University management through the disability coordinators and education stakeholders need to undertake the process of providing affordable assistive technologies for the SLWDs.
Page(s): 964-972 Date of Publication: 23 December 2022
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Despite the high entertainment value and practical nature of oral literature, it seems to be perceived by students as boring, and just another course to be studied and passed. This paper seeks to establish the need for the integration of ICT to complement traditional method of teaching and learning so as to make the course more responsive to its objectives, among which is familiarizing students with their roots. It argues that if the right curriculum and pedagogy are adopted for the course it will not only achieve its objectives, but also do it in a fun and entertaining way. It is a library research whose data are drawn from secondary sources such as comments, observations, previous research, and literature on the topic. The research is driven by Friere’s (1970) pedagogy of the oppressed which encourages the dominated to adopt a pedagogy that will help them regain their freedom and become more fully human, and Maslow, Rogers, and Bugental’ humanism which sees learners as totally good, creative, rational, and have great potentialities to actualize themselves given the right circumstances. The paper concludes that integrating ICT tools like recorders, projectors, televisions, laptops, smartphones, the internet, and others in the teaching of Oral literature will bring life and performance right inside the classroom and this will go a long way to facilitating learning, character moulding, and culture consciousness among the youth.
Page(s): 973-980 Date of Publication: 24 December 2022
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As fish feed plays a major role in aquaculture profitability, reduction of cost determines successful productivity. This has necessitated the search for non-conventional feedstuffs that are cheap. The objective of this study is to assess the growth performance of extruded Irvingia wombolu (bitter African bush mango) peel based feed in catfish. The peel was sundried, ground into a fine mixture, the proximate analysis was carried out in the laboratory. The ground mixture was mixed with other feed ingredients at different inclusion rate of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%, an extruder was used to produce fish feed pellets. Fingerlings were stocked ten per plastic tanks (40 litres) with a replicate for each treatment and each tank was filled with 30 litres of water (two-third of the volume of the tank) and water changed daily. Dried fish feed pellets were used in feeding fingerlings of catfish with average weight of 3.8g at 5% body weight for 8 weeks. The growth performance was analyzed to determine the weight gain, specific growth rate, food conversion ratio, survival rate of the fish and digestibility of the feed. SPSS ANOVA statistical analysis was used to analyze the results. The proximate composition of Irvingia wombolu peel was discovered to have crude protein (3.9%), crude fat (1.13%), crude fibre (12.37%), ash (4.13%) moisture (10.05%). Results obtained from the experiment showed significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and specific growth rate compared with control diet (commercial catfish diet). Feed inclusion rate of 5% Irvingia wombolu peel exhibited a good growth performance in terms of weight gain (7.090.00), specific growth rate (0.93±20.01) and food conversion ratio (2.31±0.01), followed by 20% inclusion rate with weight gain of 6.84±20.04. However, feed inclusion rate of 15% exhibited highest mortality rate and the lowest growth performance. It can therefore be concluded that inclusion of Irvingia wombolu peel into the diet of catfish is non-harmful to the carcass of fish.
Page(s): 981-986 Date of Publication: 24 December 2022
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I. CONCEPT OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING Guidance and counselling, is a noble profession whose importance in the Education system of Nigeria is becoming increasingly recognized by the country’s Education planners and policy makers. it is an integral part of schooling and a lot of emphasis should be laid on its implementation to ensure that its objectives are realised. Education guidance, which is a component of guidance and counselling, is a vital activity in the education system (Ribadu, 2021). However, in a developing African country like Nigeria, there are a lot of misconceptions about what guidance and counselling stood for. To clearly understand the concept of guidance and counselling; there is need to first explain the two words “guidance” and “counselling” separately before explaining the concept of guidance and counselling. Guidance literally means to guide, inform, direct, watch over, aid and assist individuals. According to Fareo (2020), guidance enables clients to make choices which are intended to bring self-direction and adjustment. It is designed to help clients adjust meaningfully to the environment, develop the ability to set realistic goals and improve on total Education programmes. Guidance involves provision of direction or advice as in a decision or course of action, showing the way; setting and helping to drive, lead, assist, pilot and steer ideals into individuals by counselling professionals to enhance the achievement of goals (Egbo, 2015). Guidance therefore is a process of helping individuals to understand themselves and their world. It is developmental in nature, the individual is assisted to understand, accept and use his abilities, aptitudes, interest’s attitudinal patterns in relation to his aspirations. It is an integral part of the education process where students are assisted to understand themselves, their abilities, interests and goals.
Page(s): 987-992 Date of Publication: 22 December 2022
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Belonging is about having an attachment or an inclusive relationship with a particular group of people, be they families, friends, peers, or communities, giving one an identity. These continuous relationships build trust, emotional strength, an ability to deal with challenges and difficulties as well as giving children an important foundation for learning and development. This paper defines a family as a group of people related by blood, marriage or adoption and argues that the family is a fundamental social unit which must be protected for the creation of an enabling environment to grant children their developmental rights, and other rights in general. When the family is broken, children become vulnerable, losing confidence, trust, safeguarding and protection, which inevitably affect their potentialities and abilities at school and later on as adults in life. However, even some children within families may face the same challenges, thus the main argument is that the problems will be worse for orphans and street children with no one to take care of them unless some very effective measures are taken by the duty bearers. Through the use of interviews with children from the streets and child care givers from two orphanages in Harare, it was establishes that there are many vulnerable children without that sense of belonging every child longs for. Due to shortage of identity documents and parental care and guidance, some vulnerable children cannot reach their full potential in education, sporting activities, or prospects for better jobs and good livelihoods in future. Recommendations are made by the paper that the state as the greatest duty bearer of child rights should always put strict legislation to ensure the family remains intact, the extended family takes their role in case of deaths, and orphanages get full support from communities and other stakeholders to create a favourable environment for the vulnerable children in terms of identity and belonging.
Page(s): 993-998 Date of Publication: 25 December 2022
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Burnout in pastoral ministry among the Church ministers is a problem that warrants attention. The current study examined the contributing factors to burnout in pastoral ministry among priest, brothers and sisters in Mbarara Archdiocese of Uganda. Mixed method embedded research design was utilized in the study. A sample size of 165 participants was selected using stratified random sampling. In addition, 10 participants were selected using purposive sampling to gather the qualitative data. A questionnaire and interview guide was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the quantitative data with aid of SPSS. On the other hand, thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. The results reported the major contributing factors to burnout in pastoral ministry among the Catholic priests, brothers and sisters were years spend in pastoral ministry, excessive work, high expectations from self and others and personality issues. Since those who have few years in pastoral ministry are likely to suffer from burnout due to over engagement with emotional issues of their parishioners, the study recommends to Bishops and Major Superiors to create awareness to their members on the need of taking care of their well-being as they serve the needs of others. Also, the Bishops and Superiors with help of mental health professionals such as counselors and psychologists need to come with programs that can enhance personal growth to their members in order to increase awareness of their personalities and to reach to a level of understanding that they cannot meet all the expectations of others
Page(s): 999-1005 Date of Publication: 25 December 2022
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The study examines the determinants of access to credit among rural entrepreneurs in Yobe state, Nigeria. Entrepreneurs are faced with numerous challenges with respect to accessing credit to boost their businesses; hence the study attempts to bring out the major determinants of access to credits among rural agricultural entrepreneurs and offers recommendations on what to do to overcome these challenges. To achieve the objectives of this study, we employ Logit regressions and a sample of 270 entrepreneurs was selected from the three geo political zones in the state using random sampling method. Findings from the study show years of entrepreneurial experiences, business plan, financial literacy, number of bank accounts open and membership of cooperative society influence entrepreneurs’ ability to access credit positively while collateral security and cost of borrowing has a negative influence on the entrepreneurs’ ability to access credit facilities from banking sector. The study recommends the need to reduce the cumbersomeness of the credit process and transaction cost involved to the entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurs can also form cooperative groups to make it easier in accessing credit from the financial sector. The process of opening account should also be simplified to enable more entrepreneurs to open the account.
Page(s): 1006-1010 Date of Publication: 25 December 2022
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