The purpose of this study is to determine the description of tax planning on income taxes that must be paid by the company. Income is one of the most popular tax objects where taxpayers tend to carry out strategies or plans for income tax. Taxes are one of the main sources of state revenue, which has a large and significant contribution to contribute to state revenue. For tax companies it is considered an expense, so that certain efforts or strategies need to be made to reduce it. The strategy that is carried out is part of tax planning, often the strategy used in this tax planning is to take advantage of the gaps contained in the taxation law. This research was conducted by researching based on literature or library materials. This research was conducted using a conceptual approach and a statutory approach. The conceptual and regulatory approaches are carried out by examining concepts and regulations related to tax planning, income tax savings strategies and cost optimization. Sources of data used are secondary data and data collection procedures using documentation. The results of this study indicate that tax planning is the process of organizing the taxpayer / taxpayer group’s business in such a way that the tax debt is in the most minimal position, as long as this is made possible both by the provisions of taxation legislation and commercially. Cost optimization can be carried out in tax planning by changing costs with fiscal corrections to costs that can be deducted from taxable income, so that this tax planning does not contradict the law.
Page(s): 01-08 Date of Publication: 30 July 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5701Download PDF
The agricultural practices engaged in by farmers have effect on the products, consumers and the environment. One of the targets of the Millennium Development Goals is to ensure environmental sustainability. Human survival demands that environmental consideration should be paramount in pursuit of development. Farm households and rural communities in their daily activities are major generators of wastes, in the form of manure, crop residues or mixed solid wastes. Organic farming technology is generally regarded as the solution to environmental problems that are related to agriculture and food safety. According to the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, women account for 75 percent of the farming population in Nigeria. Waste management is an important issue in any society and is still a challenge for local authorities in many parts of the world. Insufficient and inefficient management of wastes have direct impact on the environment, human health and livelihoods. This also affects social and economic development. Considering the large number of women involved in agriculture, assessing their role in farm and household waste management is essential. This paper therefore focused on Traditional waste management and new policies on waste management, traditional waste management strategies in Nigeria, challenges of traditional waste management the 7’Rs of waste management, the role of women in , farm , household and environmental waste management, the place of organic agriculture in waste management and gender inequality in waste management,. The paper recommended among others that gender issues are mainstreamed in all governance and decision making process related to waste management and there should be a synergy of government, waste managers, public health workers and households to implement a sustainable and reliable waste management practices in Nigeria. The various roles of women and recommendations presented in this paper can be of reference for scholars and stakeholders towards enhancing gender and sustainable development goals in Africa.
Page(s): 09-14 Date of Publication: 30 July 2021
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Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa is not left out in the fight against the COVID-19 outbreak that continues to ravage the entire universe. The deadly virus as of 26th June 2021 has infected more than 181.3 million people and killed over 3.9 million people globally. In Nigeria alone, it has infected over 167 thousand people and killed 2,119 people between February 27th, the day the first case was recorded and 26th June 2021. Unfortunately, as the virus continues to spread worldwide, there is also a rapid increase in the rate of infodemic – information overload majority of which are fake, disinformation and misinformation – about the virus, its transmission and cure. Thus, this paper interrogates the present reality of the infodemic in Nigeria, especially in the present COVID-19 pandemic and the vision of media and information literacy. The problem concerned the extent to which infodemic could precariously engineer crisis, disgust, fear, hostility and panic which might degenerate to conflict, insecurity, stigmatisation and eventual death. Combining textual analysis with receptor oriented, the article critically examined the social media platform posts and activities in this domain. Major findings apart from revealing that the free and unlimited access to information on social media platforms have been the active driver of the current experience, also showed that the inability of people to discern the veracity and authenticity of information within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic have made many vulnerable. Thus, the present article concluded that media and information literacy is a necessity in fighting the challenge of infodemic in Nigeria and promoting healthy information in media and technological environments. Therefore, among others, the introduction of media and information literacy to both literate and illiterate sectors of society is recommended.
Page(s): 15-24 Date of Publication: 30 July 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5702Download PDF
The main purpose of this study was to propose the domesticating of Kolb’s Experiential Learning Model into the teaching of Civic Education in secondary schools in Zambia. The study took a qualitative approach and employed a descriptive research design. Purposive sampling technique was used to sample thirty (30) participants. Data was collected through interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and classroom observations of lessons. Among the key findings, this study found that while teachers were trained to teach specific subjects, some were not oriented on the demands of the Zambia Education Curriculum Framework of 2013 and found it confusing. Furthermore, this study established that even after commissioning the curriculum in 2013, schools still lacked teaching resources with which they could use to implement the curriculum. Based on the findings, the study recommends the adoption of Kolb’s Experiential Learning Model into the teaching of Civic Education in secondary schools in Zambia.
Page(s): 25-31 Date of Publication: 30 July 2021
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The purpose of this study was to investigate occupational health and safety management (OSH) practices in selected construction sites of Lusaka city. The study was guided by the following objectives: to identify safety and health hazards in selected construction sites of Lusaka city, to examine challenges that workers face in terms of occupation health and safety management in selected construction sites of Lusaka city, to ascertain occupational health and safety management measures put in place in selected construction sites of Lusaka district, and to suggest sustainable mitigation measures that could be put in place to improve occupational health and safety management practices in construction sites of Lusaka city. Semi-structured interviews and observations were conducted with 30 participants which comprised 7 employers, 4 sub-contractors and 19 employees. The findings of the study showed that workers in selected construction sites of Lusaka city faced many challenges with occupational health and safety management which negatively affected the way they worked. Most participants explained the challenges they faced such as communication barrier, lack of safety officers, lack of sanitary conveniences, inadequate proper personal protective equipment and lack of safety rules and regulations adherence by workers. The study concluded that occupational health and safety management practices at selected construction sites of Lusaka city were poor and this brought about injuries among workers. OSH management practices at sites would be more effective if government inspected construction sites and assessed if they were complying with safety and health rules and regulations.
Page(s): 32-42 Date of Publication: 30 July 2021
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This study examines the influence of foreign investment, economic performance, financial progress and energy use in Nigeria, by employing ARDL technique form 1980 to 2019. The cointegration test confirmed the long run linkage among the model’s variables. The short run estimate indicates that foreign investment, economic performance, financial progress and energy positively influence the level of CO2 discharge in Nigeria. The estimate form long-run analysis also reveals that foreign investment, GDP, financial progress and energy resources accelerate the capacity of CO2 explosion. Hence, the study suggests that government and policymakers should design policies on foreign investment with aim to decouple the level of CO2 discharge. This could be through the use of efficient energy and low emission technology
Page(s): 43-46 Date of Publication: 30 July 2021
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In Sri Lanka, which is a multi-ethnic nation in religion and cultural aspects, there is an increasing number of campaigns and allegations against Muslim women’s niqāb (face veil). Thus, the study is based on a Qualitative Method with the aim of exploring Islamic guidelines on how Muslim women should dress in their niqāb in a multicultural context, which is under threat. Data was gathered using only a secondary data collection technique. Books, journals, magazines, and websites have been used as data sources. The study concludes that although wearing the niqāb is not an obligatory duty on Muslim women who believe piously, a certain number of Muslim women are found to be fascinated with it. Although there is a law in the country to follow particular religious principles, criticisms of the niqāb (face mask) have arisen for the protection of other people, the proper expression of identification, and the coordination of everyone in the country. It has been found that, in this situation Islam allows a slight evil to be committed to prevent a serious evil in the society, it guides Muslim women to give up nothing obligatory to live in harmony in a multicultural context while adhering to only the most fundamental Islamic principles.
Page(s): 47-51 Date of Publication: 30 July 2021
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Previous studies show that people tend to be irrational when making investment decisions. In addition, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy has been substantial and investment decision making during this period would be diverse. This research attempts to identify the determinants of investment decisions in Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic based on behaviour finance attributes, specifically the self-control, loss aversion, anchoring and herding. This research adopts a mixed method design. The quantitative research uses questionnaire survey to analyse the results of 213 respondents in Malaysia, whilst in the quantitative research, interviews are used to identify the responses of 10 interviewees. The results show that loss aversion and anchoring have significant influence on the investment decisions of Malaysians, while self-control and herding have no significant influence on the investment decisions of Malaysians during the current pandemic. Thestudy provides an insight on Malaysians’ investment decision making in relation to the concept of behavioural finance during the COVID-19 pandemic and economy turmoil, which contributes positively to the national economy.
Page(s): 52-62 Date of Publication: 30 July 2021
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The development of any nation is primarily dependent on the education system available in the country. Education is nowhere without teachers playing a pivotal role in ensuring achievement in an educational institution. Teachers’ job performance plays a crucial role in students’ learning process. At every level of the educational system, teachers are the ones that execute the education programmes. The teacher maintains and improves the educational standard of every nation. Onye and Anyaogu (2017:1) opine that “the success or failure of any education system depends to a large extent on the quality, quantity and the caliber of teachers who are the interpreters and transmitters of desired knowledge, skill, attitudes, and values in the society”. Teachers are arguably the most important group of professionals for the future of our nation. The increased importance in teachers’ job performance has made it extremely important to identify the factors that influence their job performance. One factor that might influence teachers’ job performance is organizational climate. The organizational climate dimensions were measured based on principals’ managerial styles. “Principals can encourage effective performance of their teachers by identifying their needs and trying to meet them” (Adeyemi, 2010:10). This encouragement is very much dependent on various aspects of the managerial styles. Nwankwo in Uwazurike (2019:136) notes that a bad administrative leader may render ineffective even the best school programme, the most adequate resources and the most motivated staff and students.
Page(s): 63-70 Date of Publication: 02 August 2021
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The study assessed the nexus between gay rights policy and the United States-Nigeria diplomatic relations, 2006-2015. Relations between both countries have been cordial except during military rule in Nigeria. The low moments of their diplomatic relations since democratic rule in 1999 was evident during 2013-2015 and it was centered on the controversy generated especially, by the Same-Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act, 2013 and failed leadership. Hence, the study specifically, is to (i) ascertain whether the criminalisation of gay rights in Nigeria undermined the existing diplomatic relations between the United States and Nigeria, and, to (ii) determine whether leadership role in Nigeria accounted for the pressure by the United States for the decriminalisation of gay rights in Nigeria. The theoretical perspective of this study is rooted in the ‘centre-periphery’ theory of structural imperialism by Johan Galtung and adopted the documentary methods of data collection and content analysis as its methods of data analysis. This study found out that, the gay rights policy undermined diplomatic relations between both countries and that, the leadership role in Nigeria accounted for the pressure by the United States for the decriminalisation of gay rights in Nigeria. The study recommends among others that, the Nigerian government should formulate citizen-centric policies instead of policies that have no direct benefits to the generality of Nigerians such as the anti-gay laws. Also, over dependence on foreign aid from countries seeking to influence Nigeria’s domestic politics should be discouraged.
Page(s): 71-82 Date of Publication: 02 August 2021
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Astonishing urban expansion has resulted in a slew of attendant urban hazards, including climate change, road traffic congestion, housing shortage, unpleasant aesthetic qualities, infrastructure deterioration, and waste disposal issues. A city is not only a location to dwell, it is also a place for experience and action as well as for everyday commuting, leisure, and physical expression. Thus, the mobility of commodities and services is critical for sustainable urban activities, interaction, and liveability; a fact that urban planners and architects have taken note of. As with human arteries, transportation is the lifeblood of a city, and its failure could result in the ineffectiveness of other sectors. The management of road and traffic networks that link and influence urban fabric has been inadequately addressed, thereby causing unparalleled urban deterioration. Lax enforcement of current environmental regulations, insufficient public engagement, and conflicting professional obligations in urban planning are evident causative elements contributing to Nigeria’s unsustainable urban expansion. Others include inadequate implementation and revision of the urban master plan and the absence of acceptable transportation policies. This paper discusses sustainable city development in Nigeria through the use of traffic management strategies. Relevant information on traffic management, sustainability, and City development was sourced from Scopus, Google Scholar, Academia, and MPDI databases to underpin the literature for this research. This study advocated the establishment of a mobile environmental tribunal, adoption of mobility policies, resilient city master plans, and public education on physical and infrastructural development.
Page(s): 83-89 Date of Publication: 02 August 2021
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Chemistry national examination results consistently for two years has recorded low grades in WAEC and NECO examinations. The recurrent poor performance of secondary school students in Chemistry in Senior School Certificate Examination (SSCE) conducted by West African Examination Council (WAEC) in Nigeria is disturbing and embarrassing. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between students’ grades in WAEC and NECO Chemistry examination in Anambra State. Three research questions were raised while three hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Correlational research design was utilized for the study. The population of the study comprised 8012, 7628 and 7520 results of secondary school students who sat for WAEC and NECO Chemistry examinations respectively in Anambra State for the 2015/2016, 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 academic sessions. The sample for the study comprised 1800 results for the 2015/2016, 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 academic sessions obtained through stratified and multi-stage random sampling techniques. Data analysis was done using Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and Pearson Correlation Critical value table. The findings showed that a positive relationship existed between students’ grades in WAEC and NECO Chemistry examination across the years under review. Again, there is a significant relationship between students’ grades in WAEC and NECO examinations across the years under review. It was recommended in view of the findings that test developers should ensure that rigorous item analysis is done before the administration of questions papers for both WAEC and NECO exams. This is with a view to ensuring that a positive relationship exists between the performances of students in the both exams.
Page(s): 90-94 Date of Publication: 02 August 2021
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There is a growing interest among psychotherapists to treat emotional problems among workers in midlife around the world. This study investigated the perceived influence of mid-life crises on emotional adjustment of civil servants in Benue State, Nigeria. The study looked at the perceived influence of marital crises and declining health on emotional adjustment of Civil servants. Two specific objectives with corresponding research questions guided the study and two hypotheses were formulated. The study adopted a survey research design and was carried out in Benue State, Nigeria. The population for the study comprises 19,109 civil servants in Benue State. The sample size for the study was 392 civil servants in Benue State determined using Taro Yamane Formular and was composed via accidental or convenience sampling technique. The instrument for data collection was a self-structured questionnaire titled “Mid-life Crisis and Emotional Adjustment Questionnaire” (MCEAQ). The instrument was validated by three experts. The reliability of the instrument was established using Cronbach Alpha method and a reliability coefficient of 0.77 was obtained. Data collected was analyzed using Means and Standard Deviation to answer the research questions and Chi-Square statistic to test the null hypotheses at 0.05level of significance. Findings of the study revealed that, marital crises and declining health have significant negative influence on emotional adjustment of civil servants in Benue State. It was concluded from the study that mid-life crisis can be very overwhelming, leaving civil servants to handle negative emotional state of mind and a realm of feelings they might not have had to deal with. Based on the findings, it was recommended that, counselling should be given to middle aged couples by guidance counsellors to encourage them to develop patience, tolerance and understanding for each other which may in turn help to reduce marital crises; civil servants facing mid-life crises should be encouraged by guidance counsellors to establish a healthy work/life balance – putting aside time to relax and to do the things to enjoy.
Page(s): 95-100 Date of Publication: 02 August 2021
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This study examined firm specific characteristics and the voluntary disclosure of information of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The study collected its data from secondary source by means of the annual reports and account of firms under the study. The analysis was conducted on thirty-eight (38) out of the fifty-four (54) listed manufacturing firms in the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE) for a period of ten years 2009-2018. The firm specific characteristics such as firm size, firm age, leverage, profitability, liquidity and information and communication technology on the voluntary information disclosure of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria were used. 97 disclosure items were used as disclosure index drawn from the companies’ background general information, corporate strategic information, corporate governance information, financial performance information, risk management information, forward looking information, human intellectual information, the outlook of competitive environment and corporate social responsibilities. To achieve this objective, ordinary least square (OLS), generalized least square (GLS), descriptive statistics and correlation matrix were employed in carrying out the analysis, after the employment of the assumptions of regression model using STATA version 15. The findings of the study reveal that a positive and significant effect exists between firm size, firm age, leverage, and voluntary disclosure of the study firms. The study also shows a positive and insignificant association between ICT and voluntary disclosure. However, it recorded a negative and insignificant relationship between profitability, liquidity and voluntary disclosure of the firms under study. It recommended, among others, that the management of listed manufacturing firms should increase and expand their total asset by effective acquiring and efficient utilizing of its assets, maintained it sustainability to remain older in business, keep their leverage optimally for separation of risk, and upgrade their ICT.
Page(s): 101-108 Date of Publication: 02 August 2021
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Much work on smuggling have focused on smuggling as a form of organised crime as well as its economic implications. The study, however, focused on the social consequences of smuggling and its impacts on society using the Idi-Iroko border community as the study’s focal point. The study is exploratory research and data was collected through the qualitative method from officials of the Nigerian Customs Service. Findings from the study show that away from economic consequences, smuggling holds stiff social consequences which negatively impacts society. These include; crime and insecurity, moral decadence, negative attitudes towards education and vocational training, laziness and acceptance of smuggling as a way of life, drug and substance abuse and health challenges.
Page(s): 109-113 Date of Publication: 02 August 2021
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The COVID-19 Pandemic has continued to have, in its trail, seismic effects which cut across all stratum and sectors of human endeavor across the globe. While many studies have emerged in the medical and scientific fields regarding the causes, effects and nature of the coronavirus disease, studies aimed at understanding and unraveling the political, social and economic factors, impacts and trajectories of the disease are still unclear and gradually emerging. Therefore, this study has the aim of generally contributing to the debate and the findings on the socio-political and economic causes, impacts and effects of the virus across geographical spaces and within political delineations. Specifically, the available data on the spread and morbidity of COVID-19 across the different regions and states presents a myriad of picture which are in need of interpretation. Importantly this study shall examine the question of whether good governance had effect on the containment and the spread of COVID-19 as well as the rate of morbidity in Europe and Asia and the lessons Nigeria can learn from it.
Page(s): 114-119 Date of Publication: 03 August 2021
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This discussion paper reviews the African Union Commission peace and security achievements in 2020, and outlines the emerging issues in the Horn of Africa, The African Union Commission elected a new chairperson for the term 2021-2024 in February 2021 and the chairperson is expected to lead the continental secretariat towards achieving the 2021-2024 term plan in line with African Union Agenda 2063. In order to understand the achievements and emerging issues from the Horn of Africa during the period under study, data was collected using desk review and 3 key informant interviews (referred to as KII1, KII2 and KII3) from the Horn of Africa region, the African Union and Intergovernmental Authority on Development actors. Data analysis was done using themes. Amidst the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic, the Commission was instrumental in negotiating and requisitioning vaccines for the African Union member States. It has also continued to intervene in Somalia, South Sudan and Ethiopia to ensure peace and stability. However, the emerging issues such as border, and election-induced disputes, resource-based conflicts, upcoming volatile elections, and external actors in the Horn of Africa have slowed down Commission’s mandate. Based on data analysed, to achieve better results at the Horn of Africa, this paper recommends a strengthened political will among the leaders of the Horn of Africa and the empowering of the inter-governmental Authority to intervene in a humanitarian crisis with or without government intervention.
Page(s): 120-126 Date of Publication: 03 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5703Download PDF
Studies on community policing program philosophy have shown the model to be problematic and highly questionable and could not be transplanted to other societies without regard to their different environmental contexts. Studies in previous efforts to implement community policing in Nigeria show that these initiatives have not only been bedeviled by factors which have proven so troublesome for the community policing model elsewhere, but also by the socio-cultural ethos of Nigerian population, the territory’s unique political and economic position and the institutionalization of the Nigerian Police’s paramilitary traditions. This paper examines the experience of community policing in Nigeria as well as problems in implementing community policing program philosophy. The article not only provides a further illustration of the questionable nature of the community policing model, but also illustrates how and why policy making should always take into account local conditions instead of simply borrowing foreign models. The Nigeria Police Force (NPF) since1960s has developed along paramilitary structure
Page(s): 127-134 Date of Publication: 03 August 2021
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The reason for this study is to identify index of pornography consumption effect of Malaysian people. The data collected from 1340 respondent from the age of 15 years old to 40 years old in Malaysia from various states. Data interpretation was carried out using Factor Analysis (FA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA). Respondent was giving the pornography consumption effect scale (PCES) used to measure self-perceived effects of hardcore pornography consumption on participants’ sexual behaviors or sex life, attitudes toward sex, sexual knowledge, life in general, and attitudes towards and perceptions of the opposite gender contain in 33 question. Data is analyzed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA) which then computed to identify the most dominant factors whereas reducing the initial three parameters with recommended >0.50 of factor loading. Forward stepwise of DA show the total of groups validation percentage by 89.03% (19 independent). Result showed that the highest frequency of respondent index was at the moderate level (98.41% respondents). This showed that consumption effects on pornography are still in moderate level showing that respondent use pornography to gain knowledge on sex. This also affects how every respondent perception opposite gender on positive and respectful way. Although it gave a good impact but it also has to manage because it can lead to addiction toward pornography and giving hardship to respondent to manage.
Page(s): 135-141 Date of Publication: 03 August 2021
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Improvement in economic growth should take note of individual welfare in developing nations like Nigeria. Migrants’ remittance inflow and financial development are both needed to influence such desired growth. This study therefore, examined the effect of migrants’ remittances and financial development on economic growth in Nigeria from 1986-2019. The study obtained secondary data like real-GDP per capita, migrants’ remittance, financial index, real exchange rate and trade openness from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin 2019 and Word Bank Development Indicator, 2019. The Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillip Peron (PP) unit root tests employed confirmed that all the variable identified above were stationary at first level difference. Johansen Co-integration confirmed a long-run relationship among the variables. The lagged error correction (ECM) established that short-run and long-run dynamic was linked at an adjustment speed of 19.0% annually. Migrants’ remittance and trade openness were significant and directly related to real-GDP per capita; while, real exchange rate indirectly related to it. Also, financial index was directly related to it, but non-significant. The study concluded that impact of remittances on economic growth depends on the degree of liberalization of the economy; while exchange rate appreciation depresses it. Therefore, recommended that Nigeria government should put in place policies such as low charges on migrants’ remittance inflows in order to reduce inflow of such remittance through informal channel. Also, government must remove any trade barriers that could affect or reduce any form of free movement of remittance inflow.
Page(s): 142-147 Date of Publication: 03 August 2021
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Recently, the attention giving to Business Model Innovation (BMI) and also the amount of literature on BMI had been increased. However, controversies among scholars and business practitioners on the generic factors that drive BMI in firms mostly small businesses in developing countries are yet to be settled. Hence, this study sought to determine the key drivers of BMI in Nigeria’s small businesses. Survey research design was employed, and items of instrument developed by previous researchers were adapted. The respondents of this study were Micro and small businesses owners/representatives in the study area, and data from 142 of them were subjected to Principal Component Analysis. The study employed an Orthogonal method of rotation using the Varimax approach. This study finding revealed that customer satisfaction and retention, market opportunities, regular assessment of operations, employee’s capabilities, increment in revenue generation, and efficient channel functions are the key discriminating factors driving BMI in micro and small business enterprises (MSEs) in Nigeria. Thus, the study concludes that employing these attributes may influence performance-related outcomes in Nigeria MSEs. .
Page(s): 148-157 Date of Publication: 04 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5704Download PDF
Following the lockdown in Nigeria as a result of COVID-19 pandemic which affected academic activities, Bingham University in order to run an unbroken academic calendar adopted digital technology to deliver lectures to its students. This research assessed the use of digital media communication technology for delivering lectures by Bingham University during the Covid-19 lockdown. Survey research design was used for the study with documentary, questionnaire and interview as the instruments to elicit information from the respondents. Anchored on the Social Presence Theory, Media Richness Theory and the Diffusion of Innovation Theory, the study validates the assumptions of the aforementioned three theories of computer mediated communication (CMC) that digital media technology creates a considerable high level of social presence in a communication encounter, interactivity and the capability of the digital media to cater for every communication need in the 21st century. Further findings show that the use of online lectures was effective and it enabled Bingham University to complete its academic calendar for 2019/2020 academic session notwithstanding the COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria. Findings further indicate that both staff and students demonstrated positive attitude towards the use of online lectures by the University. The result of the study also established that both staff and students encountered many challenges such as insufficient proficiency and experience in the use of digital technology for teaching and learning, cost of data, poor internet connectivity and poor power supply among others. Based on the findings, it is recommended that both staff and students undergo further training to improve their skills in the use of digital media technology, provision of adequate power supply, internet facilities and a general enabling environment for virtual teaching and learning to thrive.
Page(s): 158-165 Date of Publication: 04 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5705Download PDF
Culture shock due to failure in integrating with people from different cultural backgrounds has frequently caused some students studying or doing an internship abroad to be so disappointed, frustrated, and even stressed or depressed that they fail in their study or internship. This study examines Bung Hatta University students’ culture shock, cultural intelligence, and the effect of the students’ cultural intelligence on the students’ culture shock, who did an internship in Japan. The study has the objectives to find the students’ culture shock and their cultural intelligence concerning their culture shock. This study posits cultural intelligence in the examination doe to that cultural intelligence can act to minimize the impact of culture shock. To achieve the objectives, the study applied a quantitative method with an online survey based on the theoretical concept of culture shock. The results were that the students had low culture shock. Most of them did not get the impact of culture shock in integrating with people from the Japanese cultural environment. The students’ cultural intelligence had a positive relationship with the low culture shock. Cultural intelligence could minimize the negative impact of culture shock on the students. Most of the students did not feel culturally socked from Japanese culture. In internship activity in Japan, they could act verbally and non-verbally in integrating with Japanese people.
Page(s): 166-170 Date of Publication: 04 August 2021
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This paper tries to identify the nature, reason and prevention laws of cybercrime in Bangladesh. The study followed the qualitative technique and data collected from secondary sources. Cybercrime is a worldwide social phenomena in present technological era as the scientists, engineers and law enforcing agencies are getting very serious regarding security and safety of mass use of technological apparatus specially computer and internet. It covers such a broad scope of criminal activity; the examples above are only a few of the thousands of crimes that are considered cybercrimes. While computers and the Internet have made our lives easier in many ways, it is unfortunate that people also use these technologies to take advantage of others in unfair ways. Even after taking many protective and preventive measures, the crime is out of controlled. Therefore, it is smart to protect yourself by using antivirus and spyware blocking software and being careful where you enter your personal information. Overall cyber means committing any crime by using computer, information technology or any act which is forbidden by law. The study may help the policy makers and government personnel who take initiative to protect and prevention the crime of a society.
Page(s): 171-178 Date of Publication: 04 August 2021
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The objective of this research is to investigate the factors responsible for youth radicalization in Yobe State, Nigeria. The study adopted social structure and anomie theory. A sample size of 315 respondents was selected through multi-stage sampling which includes; cluster sampling, purposive sampling, simple random sampling technique for qualitative data, and quantitative data were collected through questionnaire and in-depth interview respectively. Thus, the analysis was mixed method. The study found out that the extent of youth radicalization in Yobe State is very high because more youths are being recruited. Illiteracy, ignorance, poverty, religious manipulation, globalisation, unemployment, injustice and political interests are some of the factors that motivated the youths to join radicalized groups. Consequences of youth radicalization include; destruction of lives, valuable properties, displacement of families and widespread public panic. To address youth radicalization in Yobe State, the study recommended that education, enlightenment, provision of employment, protecting the youths from extremist views spread by less knowledgeable preachers, community policing, guidance and counseling of arrested radicalized youths and use of intelligence gathering safeguard the border from foreign influences.
Page(s): 179-190 Date of Publication: 04 August 2021
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With the emergence of coronavirus, online learning has become the promising solution for the tertiary educational institutes which are currently in an environment of intense change. Considering students’ readiness for online learning under this situation is important to continue education without interruption and for the success of students especially in tertiary education. One of the aspects of online learning readiness is technological readiness. Hence present survey investigated the technological factors, ICT skills, and competencies influencing readiness in online learning and challenges faced during online learning among diploma students at the selected HEI in Sri Lanka. A self-administrated online questionnaire (Google Form) was distributed among Accountancy and Business Finance diploma students in the selected institute during the period of closure. Results show that respondents rely heavily on smartphones (62.4%) and mobile data to connect internet (74.4%). The results revealed that the respondents are familiar and experienced with the required ICT such as basic and advanced computer skills, using online tools, and online communication. However, the students’ overall readiness for online learning is moderate. The biggest challenges for the students are a poor internet connection, high cost for data, and limited broadband data. It can be concluded that students are well equipped in using technology in formal environments and are ready to use these technologies to support and continue their learning.
Page(s): 191-197 Date of Publication: 05 August 2021
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Positive reinforcement works by presenting a motivating/reinforcing stimulus to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future. Classroom management is one of the most common problems facing by teachers because disruptive students take up valuable learning time. Students with disruptive, defiant, and disrespectful behaviors often make it difficult for teachers to teach and students to learn. The techniques based on positive reinforcement lack popular and professional acceptability because they are time-intensive, offer little compensation for educators, contradict popular views of developmental psychology, threaten special interest groups, are socially unacceptable, and demean humans. To investigate more on this area, the researcher identified positive reinforcement techniques applied by school teachers on primary students, the effectiveness of the reinforcement techniques for reward, and identified social work interventions to promote positive reinforcement. To conduct this study the researcher selected the Manmunai North zone from Batticaloa, Sri Lanka. This research study was explored through a mixed-method and sequential explanatory research design. The tools such as interview schedule and questionnaire were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS software and thematic analysis. The researcher was able to find the techniques under sensory, natural, material, generalized and social reinforcements. From the techniques most of the teachers agreed with positive reinforcement techniques from sensory, natural, material, generalized and social reinforcements, increase the desirable behavior high in the academic performances except two techniques from generalized reinforcement. The researcher found that the issues in promoting positive reinforcement techniques through the individual level, group level system level, and the social work interventions also found under in mentioned levels. From the overall findings, the researcher can able to induct a hybrid mixture of the explanatory model from the combination of reinforcement model and social interaction model in Social Work Practice.
Page(s): 198-219 Date of Publication: 05 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5706Download PDF
Organizational performance depends on the quality of its human resources and the human resources development strategy being an integral part of organizations’ strategic plan and its practicability. Hence, this study was aimed at assessing the effectiveness of human resource development on organizational performance at the United Bank for Africa (UBA). For this study, the scope was approximately 5 years and 100 employees who were randomly selected from a population of 135 to provide answers with the use of questionnaires and interviews, and also descriptive tools were adopted for data analysis. Findings revealed that over ninety percent (90%) of the respondents strongly believed that the bank has a training policy which show a commitment in training awareness in the bank and majority of these respondents believed that the trainings conducted are designed to support the achievement of the bank’s goals and strategy. The study further recommended that the Bank should capacitate employees in order to improve performance, and also adopt an attractive reward system to retain key staff.
Page(s): 220-226 Date of Publication: 05 August 2021
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The study investigated Analysis of Road Crashes and Categories of Vehicle Involved in Lagos Metropolis between 2010-2019. The researchers used survey design of the descriptive type of research for the study, the research instrument used for this study was a self-structured closed ended questionnaire designed by the researchers. Inferential statistics of Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used to test the hypotheses postulated at 0.05 level of significance. The researchers affirmed that there was a significant relationship between sports and class attendance, also it was established that there was a significant relationship between sports and educational aspiration among secondary school students’ in Ondo State. The researchers recommended that, there should be orientation programme organized for secondary school students in order to make them understand the benefits of participating in sports, state government should give scholarship to students who participate in sports so as to motivate and encourage them for better and greater educational aspiration.
Page(s): 227-232 Date of Publication: 05 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5707Download PDF
Using secondary sources of data including credible governmental reports, international policy groups data and newspaper analysis, this study explores the outcome of hegemonic competition between the western powers led by the United States of America on the one hand and China on the other hand – on the capacity of Kenya. It particularly focuses on the outcome of interactions of the two powers – US and China on Kenya. The study addresses two questions: i) To what extent has Kenya taken full charge of human development by providing an environment through which their citizens’ access to welfare needs are not undermined, in the wake of increased China-Africa infrastructure development? ii) How have responses by the U.S in war against terrorism and other security threats affected the capacity of Kenya to deal with security challenges in the nation? State capacity is defined as the ability of a respective state to responsibly fulfill security functions and provide an amicable environment through which their nationalities can meet their welfare needs reliably, and in a sustainable manner. High capacity states are able to provide public goods including human security, health care and the social and physical infrastructure that promote human development. Low capacity states are limited in their ability to provide these goods leading to low development levels and even state failure. The article concludes that competition of the foreign powers in the east African nations have undermined the implementation of their national plans. Notwithstanding the aid and developmental infrastructure that china is engaged in within Kenya, there are other enterprises that continue to overshadow the Kenyan based middle level income opportunities and the government needs to conform to reality for the survival of the people within the country, who are abandoned – which means that the government is no-longer properly in charge of key responsibilities of security and human development since entry of China in Africa
Page(s): 233-241 Date of Publication: 05 August 2021
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The performance of water projects can be influenced by project design approaches and community participation. Access to water is a basic human need and a fundamental human right that is key for human and economic development. The provision of sustainable water supply in terms of quantity and quality is a critical aspect in achieving socio-economic development. The Constitution of Kenya 2010, states that every person has a right to clean and safe water in adequate quantities, however, this has been impaired by the current poor performance of water projects across the world, which has been a result of project design challenges coupled by low community participation which has led to dismal performance of water projects. The main aim of this study paper was to review existing literature to establish the relationship among project design approaches, community participation, and performance of water projects. In project planning and management context, the performance of water projects can be either positive or negative depending on whether it was implemented within the triple constraint of time, cost, and quality to the scope and delivered sustainable benefits to the clients. The study utilised a desktop review to access the available literature on project design approaches, community participation in the performance of water projects across the world. The study was based on the systems and stakeholder theories and the following propositions were made;- availability of resources, project risk management,monitoring and evaluation, and community participation have a significant influence on the performance of water projects. The paper concluded that project design approaches and community participation influence the performance of water projects. The study recommended that availability of resources, risk management, monitoring and evaluation, and community participation should be clear in the project life cycle stages to enhance performance in the water projects.
Page(s): 242-250 Date of Publication: 06 August 2021
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Critiques of the misconstrued thesis of Garrett Hardin’s (1968) classic essay entitled The Tragedy of the Commons from the futility of technical solution for overpopulation crisis to concern of managing the commons are well documented. However, little is known of the remote and proximate causes of the pejorative confusion about the important essay. This article engages the discursive reconstruction of Hardin’s thesis focussing on the original intent, which is the unscrupulousness of unchecked human breeding as the critical factor in the tragedy of the earth’s commons. Deployed is an eloquent metaphor, the devil in the number, and thematic analysis of the (Hardin’s) essay and systematic review of relevant and related literature before and after the essay was published in 1968. The texts reinvent and reinforce the illogic of overpopulating the world while simultaneously pursuing the technocratic solutions to nature’s burden. The article reports four marked factors that swayed the perception of Hardin’s thesis. In effect, the attempt stimulates a discourse showcasing the significance of Hardin’s essay, particularly the global lackadaisical attitude towards overpopulation as a strategic, if not the single most important, factor in the overburdened ecosystem and, by extension, as the harbinger for the socio-economic and governance crisis across the global divides.
Page(s): 251-262 Date of Publication: 06 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5708Download PDF
It is absolutely necessary that each bank in Nigeria not only should put a code of corporate governance in place but must make sure it is observed by all the staff in the banks, inclusive of the board members whose duties is to ensure that the staff observe the code and to enforce sanctions should any staff goes contrary to the code of corporate governance. Therefore, it is germane to note that efficient corporate governance is necessary in the banking sector to survive and to be sanitized as it confers on the banks certain indisputable advantages such as increase in profitability, robust and sound cash flow, solid capital base, and ensuring that the interest of the staff is aligned with that of bank for greater productivity. Such banks engender the interest of the stake holders and confidentiality of the public which will in turn lead to the increase in depositors’ fund. A sound banking sector is absolutely necessary for development of financial market that will trigger economic growth and development. On the contrary, poor or lack of corporate governance on the banking sector may lead to the distress of many banks and impacting negatively on the economy. The thrust of the paper is to examine the impacts of corporate governance on the banking sector, the negative consequences of poor or lack of corporate governance on the banking sector will be subjected to deeper analysis and the paper will go a long way to proffer recommendations to improve corporate governance on the banking sector in Nigeria.
Page(s): 263-268 Date of Publication: 06 August 2021
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The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry has undergone unprecedented growth, making significant contribution to global trade and investment. Over the years, governments have developed plans to intensify investments in ICT in education. Most countries are now leveraging on the education and economic benefits on investing in ICT, as societies are increasingly gravitating from efficient to being knowledge based. This paper focuses on the challenges in investing in ICT infrastructure in secondary schools in promoting quality education delivery. Data was generated and gathered using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, using questionnaires (Teachers: N=360), semi-structured interviews (18 Ministry of Education Officials and 36 Head Teachers), Focus Group Discussions (324 pupils) and supplemented by document analysis. Participants were drawn from four provinces in Zambia: Lusaka, Copperbelt, Eastern and Luapula. The paper was anchored on The Theory of Capital Investment Appraisal Technique (CIAT). Quantitative data was analysed using SPPS using both descriptive and inferential statistics while qualitative data was subjected to thematic analysis. The paper highlights significant challenges in ICT, among others: load-shedding of power in most schools; inadequate infrastructure, which compromised the input, process and output to education. Due to lack of specialised computer laboratories, some schools converted classrooms into computer laboratories. Hence, affecting the lifespan of the facilities. The study concludes that most of the challenges the country had were a result of lack of an investment criteria and strategy in ICT for schools, making it difficult to monitor or attract support from other stakeholders. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations were made: This study proposes an investment framework in ICT (ICTCIF), under the PPP approach (BOT Model), to invest in ICT in education. Which the Ministry of Education, with support from other stakeholders, should test and assess its potential benefit to the Zambian education system.
Page(s): 269-279 Date of Publication: 07 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5709Download PDF
The paper attempted to establish the impact of alcohol consumption on cognitive and academic performance of students at David Livingstone College of education. The study used a qualitative type of research based primarily on materials collected by researchers from various literatures and the observation method was used to elicit data pertaining to student’s characteristics, behaviour and attitudes towards the academic performance. This study revealed that alcohol consumption by students at David Livingstone College of education has a direct adverse effect on the cognitive and academic functioning of the students as well as other characteristics of their social life. The study has also revealed that students who come from homes where parents drink alcohol are more likely to abuse alcohol than those whose parents do not drink and are very strict with their children when it comes to beer drinking.
Page(s): 280-286 Date of Publication: 07 August 2021
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Distributed leadership has become one of the most current architecture in education management. A review of literature reveals broadness in the manor and potential it has brought about in school improvement. While the concept of distributed leadership is regarded to be the most favoured normative model of education management, the understanding of its practices in education leadership discourse is still broad and contested. Distributed leadership entered the leadership and organisational theory discourse and clearly appealed to various scholars, policy makers and administrators and practitioners as a key leadership strategy to frame and promote their operations. Over the past years, distributed leadership has framed theoretical, empirical, and development work for education leadership. Despite frequently expressed reservations concerning its fundamental theoretical weakness, distributed leadership has grown to become the preferred leadership concept and has acquired an axiomatic status. The authors take a contemporary look at distributed leadership in practice by examining literature on the existing knowledge, theories and concepts focusing on distributed leadership in the education landscape. The authors draw upon a wide range of research literature to explore the available empirical evidence about distributed leadership and organisational outcomes. The authors address some common misconceptions that are associated with the concept of distributed leadership, how it can benefit the management of education institutions to improve the quality of teaching and learning and highlights future developments of distributed leadership. The authors argue that the distributed perspective in school leadership offer a new and important theoretical lens through which leadership practice can be reconfigured and reconceptualised. Hopefully, this article serves as a useful contribution to the on-going research and development work on school leadership to enhance the quality of teaching and learning from a distributed perspective.
Page(s): 287-295 Date of Publication: 07 August 2021
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This study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of communication channels on the diffusion and adoption of zero grazing farming method among dairy farmers in Bureti Sub-County of Kericho County. Mixed method research approach was adopted and data was collected using observation, focus group discussions and structured interviews to provide both qualitative and quantitative data. The sample size was determined by a simplified formula provided by Yamane (1967) to obtain a sample of 396 households at 95% confidence level. The study showed that radio, TV, internet, agro-vets and ‘other farmers’ were the preferred sources of farming information among dairy farmers in Bureti Sub County. The sources used by change agents – demos/workshops, meetings/barazas and extension workers were rarely used by farmers either as sources of farming information or for decision making in the adoption of zero-grazing method. In decisions to adopt zero-grazing, the radio, the TV and internet were the preferred communication methods
Page(s): 296-299 Date of Publication: 07 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5710Download PDF
The dairy industry in Kenya plays an important role in the creation of employment and food security. It is one of the major drivers which the country is using to achieve the Sustainable Development goals and Kenya Vision 2030. The success of the sector however, is dependent on the ability of the different firms to improve performance through gaining a competitive edge that is sustainable. The main purpose of this study was to find out the competitive strategies used by small and medium dairy processors in Nairobi County. The study used a descriptive survey research design, and a census of the firms. Questionnaire was the key instrument of data collection. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The summarized information was presented using tables and charts. The study found out that the dairy enterprises had adopted the differentiation strategy more than the cost leadership, cost focus and differentiation focus strategies as represented by 32% of the respondents. It is recommended that a longitudinal and inferential study be carried out on a larger study population of the small and medium dairy firms, which extends beyond Nairobi County. The study recommended that a replication of the study be carried out using more objective measures of performance like profits. The conclusions made from the study findings may be used by managers of both existing firms and new entrants into the industry, who may need to make decisions on what competitive strategies may be suited to their business in order to position themselves in the industry and to improve performance
Page(s): 300-309 Date of Publication: 07 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5711Download PDF
This study was conducted to find out the influence of sex education on abortion prevention among adolescents in High Level, Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State. The objectives of the study were, to identify the major factors responsible for lack of sex education among adolescents, to identify the various means of carrying out sex education among adolescents, to identify if adolescents have the right information about sex and sexuality, to identify the influence of sex education on abortion prevention among adolescents. Related literatures were reviewed. A descriptive research design was used to study 100 respondents which were selected from a target population of 200 adolescents. A simple random sampling technique was employed. The instrument used for data collection was a self-constructed Sex Education questionnaire (SEQ) and Abortion Prevention questionnaire (APQ). The results were analyzed and presented using tables. Findings of the study showed that, family settings, schools, culture, peers, mass media are some of the major factors responsible for lack of appropriate sex education among adolescents in High Level, Makurdi. Parents/guardians, schools/teachers, peers/friends, religious bodies are some of the means of carrying out sex education among adolescents. Some of the influence of appropriate sex education includes, abortion prevention, reduction in the rate of teenage/adolescent pregnancy and adolescent fatherhood, prevention of STIs including HIV/AIDs etc. Based on these findings major recommendations are that the government should create and fund effective sex education programs, seminars and sex education should be included in secondary school curriculum.
Page(s): 310-318 Date of Publication: 09 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5712Download PDF
The use of social media platforms is in a very low capacity in the provision of their services in university libraries of Sri Lanka. Though a very limited number of university libraries utilize social media concepts, they do not use it as a marketing tool. The library is the place where all new information and knowledge is deposited. However, most of the students are unaware of or have little knowledge of what is available in the library. Social media can be used to increase the awareness of the library’s services among university students. This paper attempted to introduce a social media-based solution for marketing library services in Sri Lanka. To support this, a research study was carried out to look into the possibilities of using social media to market university libraries. A survey method was adapted and questionnaire was used collect the data from the academic library professionals working under higher education institutions in Sri Lanka. A total of 123 library professionals (N) were invited to respond to a survey questionnaire that was given to them through email. The totally field completed surveys were returned by 113 library professionals (n) who work at various libraries. The study identified Facebook as the most important and powerful tool used by the library professionals in Sri Lanka. Facebook was also revealed to be the most effective platform for marketing university libraries. This positive attitude of academics on Facebook can be converted into a usable tool to market the services and resources in the libraries. A User-Librarian collaborative model which can be implemented to market university libraries in Sri Lanka through social media platforms was suggested as a result of the research findings of this study. The proposed model, connects the major parties of the library, users, and library management, efficiently and effectively to function daily activities of the system smoothly. Further, it would address the basic requirements that should be fulfilled and satisfied by both parties in the process. Additionally, the model provides some functions from both points of view.
Page(s): 319-326 Date of Publication: 09 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5713Download PDF
People who are living in the Begawan Solo watershed in Bojonegoro Regency were asked why they would not move even though they would face flooding every year, most of them felt fine with that. For them, they don’t mind because the flood is not dangerous. The answer comes from the construction they received from previous generations. However, later in the study it was found that they did not want to move because their house was difficult to sell. Residents outside the neighborhood do not want to buy, because they already know that houses in that location will be flooded every rainy season every year. The people living in the area are not able to solve their problems. Every year they will continue to experience flooding, without the participation of the district and provincial governments to overcome the problems they face.
Page(s): 327-330 Date of Publication: 09 August 2021
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The study was conducted on socio-economic status and constraints faced by the farmers in purposively selected five aspirational districts (as identified by the NITI Aayog, Govt. of India) of West Bengal. Respondents were randomly selected from each district with a total sample size of 4285 number of farmers for the present study. The data was collected with the help of a pre-tested structured interview schedule. The study of various socio-economic indicators suggests that the majority of animal husbandry and fishery farmers in the aspirational districts were illiterate and belong to the most active age group, Hindu religion, and with lower economic status. Cultivation was the main occupation of the majority of farmers to maintain livelihood security. The analysis also revealed that the majority of the farmers were also engaged in livestock rearing. Finally, it also depicted various constraints like lack of training facilities, education etc. These were the major drawbacks for the upliftment of the socio-economic status of the farmers in the five selected districts of West Bengal which might be very much informative in the formulation of specific animal husbandry development plan in the study area.
Page(s): 331-340 Date of Publication: 09 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5714Download PDF
As urban areas flourished, informal settlements doubled their numbers in slew. Its manifestation is the influx of urban poor living in environmentally risky parts of the city, such as coastal areas. Aside from having a compromised settlement, their vulnerability to different hazards was prevalent. This study unfolds the plight of the informal settlers in coastal areas of the barangays Cagangohan, J.P. Laurel, and San Pedro of Panabo City; and their coping mechanisms used in dealing with the challenges in their everyday life. This inquiry used the qualitative case study research method to describe, elicit discussion, and analyze a particular situation. This has been understood through in-depth interviews with the informal settlers living along the coastal area for at least one year; and series of analyses made by the researchers. Through the data gathered, there were six (6) emerging themes extracted. These themes were the living condition predicaments, environmental health risks, struggles in family and livelihood instability, practicality and resiliency, resources utilization, and emergency tactics. This study proposes a basis for the understanding of the life experiences of informal settlers and formulation of various interventions in response to the problems, and upgrading projects for the betterment of the informal settlers; that will be undertaken in the future.
Page(s): 341-349 Date of Publication: 09 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5715Download PDF
This study examined the relationship between interest rate and economic growth in Nigeria, using secondary time series data. Data was collected from various issues of the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and the National Bureau of Statistics. The study made use of the Augmented Dicker-Fuller (ADF) unit root tests and it was discovered that the variables were not in the same order at level, hence, the use of Autoregressive Distribution Lag (ARDL). The GDP was used to proxy economic growth as dependent variable, while Lending Rate (LR), Exchange Rate (EXC) and Treasury bill Rate (TB) were used as independent variables. It was discovered during the findings that there is a very strong long run relationship among the dependent and the independent variables and the speed of adjustment on equilibrium was set at 79.4%. The result also discovered that there is a negative relationship between the lending rate and the GDP though, statistically insignificant, while positive relationship exists between the GDP, Treasury bill rate and Exchange rate. The paper recommended that the Lending rate has some policy implication on economic growth in Nigeria and the monetary authority should handle it with care and the government should find a way of making the Treasury bill rate more attractive to the investing public
Page(s): 350-355 Date of Publication: 09 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5716Download PDF
The global pandemic has affected the Overseas Filipino Workers across the world. Digital technologies have paved way on coping up with the difficulties in the new normal. The study aimed to determine the significant difference in the use of digital technologies by the Overseas Filipino Workers in coping up with the global pandemic. The study used a descriptive research design and used non-probability sampling techniques specifically quota sampling. An adaptive research questionnaire and 55 OFWs answered the survey. Result revealed that majority of the respondents are female, 18 years old to 30 years old, and working for 1 to 10 years as OFW. Further, the confirmed that the level of the OFW in Dubai often use digital technology all the time to cope with the pandemic. The study concluded that there is no significant difference in the use digital technology all the time to cope with the pandemic when analysed according to gender, age, and year of experience. This study suggested the government specifically the POEA and OWWA to conduct trainings and workshops in the use of digital technology. This program will help enhance the digital competence of the OFWs specially in the use of digital technologies most especially in coping up with the pandemic.
Page(s): 360-367 Date of Publication: 09 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5717Download PDF
The study examined challenges Early Childhood Development teachers face in their endeavour to be effective instructors in inclusive ECD settings. Children with visual impairments need to enjoy the good intentions of Education for All (EFA) targeted at ensuring provision of equal and quality education to all children notwithstanding their disability. The study focused on the challenges encountered by ECD teachers in adapting the curriculum and employing technologies to ensure that visually impaired children’s unique needs are appreciated and realised. Qualitative case design study was employed. In depth interviews and observations were used to collect data from the VI specialist, three children and ECD caregivers. The study assisted in bringing to light how the challenges teachers encounter can be overcome. Teachers in regular classes are not specifically trained to teach VI children. The challenges encountered became opportunities to create strategies to overcome them. Among the strategies a VI inclusive education framework was designed to empower ECD teachers in regular classes with appropriate skills and attitudes to deal with the integral challenges of the VI children
Page(s): 368-376 Date of Publication: 10 August 2021
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The quality and quantity of research publications by academic staff play a major role in determining the performance of universities. In addition, research output is expected to provide solutions to challenges facing the society at large. Moreover, research productivity is a key measure of achievement as well as a key instrument in improving the quality of teaching and knowledge creation. This implies that a key priority for the academic staff in Kenyan universities is how to increase their research productivity. However, research productivity of academic staff in Kenyan universities is characterised by limited publications. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of dynamic capabilities on the relationship of social capital and research productivity of academic staff in Kenyan universities. This study adopted a correlational research design and sampled 392 academic staff members. Both regression and bootstrap analyses were used to test the hypotheses. The findings revealed that, social capital has a significant influence on research productivity of academic staff in Kenyan universities; however, the influence is not direct, but is partially mediated by dynamic capabilities. The study concluded that while social capital is a key knowledge-based resource necessary for improving research productivity, dynamic capabilities are also needed to deploy and reconfigure these resources. The study findings enlighten the academic staff on the importance of investing seriously in both social capital and dynamic capabilities to improve their research productivity. Additionally, the study outcomes inform the university management on significant antecedents of research productivity of academic staff.
Page(s): 377-385 Date of Publication: 10 August 2021
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ICTs are revolutionizing education by removing distance from education and making knowledge more accessible to every individual around the globe. Technology-enhanced learning will play a critical role in the development of a lifelong learning culture, and has the capacity to empower learners by providing them with multiple pathways that offer choices and channels to meet their education and training needs. It is not surprising, therefore, to see a growing interest in technology-based learning across the world. The automation of TVET workshop and machineries could be a turning point in educational system in Nigeria. The systematic approaches of using ICT-mediated learning in the classroom environment is to strengthening productivity, encourage self-employment for the youths and as well as contribute positively to the economic growth. Besides portraying the various ways in which the use of ICT promotes teaching and learning, it has become central to education in the 21st century. Unfortunately, TVET in Nigeria has been observed to be neglected and substandard due to non-utilization of ICT facilities to meet the need of modern day employers in the labour market. Thus the paper intends to examine the concept of ICT, utilization of ICT, concept of TVET, the necessity for utilization of ICT –mediated learning in TVET and what are competencies for 21st century? Additionally, the paper discussed the major challenges/.barriers on the utilization of ICT in TVET, application of ICT in TVET institutions in Nigeria, the theory of Digital Natives that is very relevant to the paper and as well as enormous benefits of ICT in TVET. It was concluded that the use of ICT is globally recognized as a veritable tool that should be employ for teaching and learning processes in educational fields especially in TVET. It was also recommended amongst others, that Nigeria government should provide the necessary ICT facilities in TVET institutions, as well as conscious effort should be made for adequate planning, financing, monitoring and implementation of the vision, mission and objectives to achieve the ICT policy document on TVET through effective management of limited resources.
Page(s): 386-398 Date of Publication: 10 August 2021
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From qualitative analysis, this article examines politics as the major conduit to social mobility in Liberia’s social stratification system. It argues that none of the traditional determinants of social stratification (income, wealth, education, power, prestige) are strong enough to influence social mobility at the apex of the social ladder in Liberia. Empirically, history has proven that majority of the elites arouse to the upper class through politics conceptualized as political positions characterized by elections and appointments. This article also argues that politics is an independent variable that influences income, wealth, power, and prestige simply because of the lucrative salaries and incentives associated with political positions in Liberia. For this reason, it is argued that the desire of those entering into politics especially in contemporary Liberia is to acquire wealth, not necessarily to serve the best interest of the state.
Page(s): 399-405 Date of Publication: 10 August 2021
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This paper highlights the implications of a reimagined African university on teaching and learning with special reference to institutions of higher learning in Africa. Interpretive research methodologies and critical inquiry have been employed to gather data. The main arguments advanced in this paper are firstly; higher education in Africa has the potential to make students understand and respond to the socio-economic, political and environmental problems currently confronting Africa as a continent. Secondly, how in becoming pedagogy can hold potentialities that can enable students to determine their own choices on how they co-belong. To achieve these, universities have to embrace active values of democratic citizenship in their teaching and learning. Precisely, universities in Africa should promote active citizenship in their teaching and learning programs as a way of preparing students to deal with violence and other problems confronting the continent. My research conclude that education policies in African universities are a mirror to the political and historical background of the continent and this is why I am calling for the reimagining of the African university pedagogy. Furthermore, I recommend universities in Africa to be pedagogical sites where deliberative and friendship encounters are cultivated and nurtured.
Page(s): 406-411 Date of Publication: 11 August 2021
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This study examined corporate communication strategy and sustainable community relations of Indorama Eleme Petrochemical Limited. To achieve this, four objectives were set with equivalent four research questions. Stakeholders’ theory and corporate community theory guided the study. The population of this study is 74,240 which is the sum of the respective populations of the six host communities of Indorama Elem Petrochemical Limited with survey as the research design. The researcher employed mixed method using questionnaire and interview as data gathering instruments. For the quantitative data, a sample of 382 was arrived at using Krejcie and Morgan sample determinant table and for the qualitative data; a sample size of 9 was used comprising 3 staff of corporate communication department of Indorama Eleme Petrochemical Limited and the 6 members of Project Advisory Committee (PAC). Respondents for the interview were purposively selected based on their knowledge of the subject matter and the fact that they can offer the needed answer to the study questions. The findings of the study show that corporate communication strategies of the company proved to be major contributory factor that enhanced sustainable community relations and ensured mutual understanding and harmony that currently exist between the company and host communities. The study therefore recommends that the Indorama Eleme Petrochemical Limited model of corporate communication strategies and sustainable community relations be adopted by companies operating not only in Rivers State but in Nigeria especially the 7.5% equity share to host communities. This is to ensure mutual understanding between companies and host communities.
Page(s): 412-419 Date of Publication: 11 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5718Download PDF
Terrorism financing and the ways in which it intersects with organised criminal activities including drug trafficking, arms trafficking, trafficking in persons/smuggling of migrants, and kidnapping-for-ransom is increasingly attracting the attention of scholars and the international community. What is less explored however are the ways by which cybercrime facilitates terrorism financing globally. This paper attempts to fill this gap by utilizing secondary data from international, regional and national organisations as well as scholarly articles on the subject through content analysis to explaining the nexus between cybercrime and terrorism financing with specific emphasis on Nigeria. Understanding the linkages between cybercrime and terrorism financing is important for developing effective policy measures aimed at preventing and mitigating the negative impacts of these innovative crimes. The analysis revealed the mysterious links between cybercrime and terrorism financing in terms of how the former is feeding the latter through multiple channels including supply of funds from proceeds of cybercrime, as well as by making funds transfer among terrorist groups easier. The paper also highlights potential vulnerabilities in Nigeria’s critical infrastructure including computer systems and networks, computer programmes, and communication systems; defence, banking, energy, and oil and gas, as well as potential vulnerabilities among individual internet users and the private sector which may be exploited by cybercriminals in conjunction with terrorist groups in the country. It concludes by proffering some policy options including boosting partnerships between law enforcement, the academic community and the private sector towards understanding and reducing cybercrime and terrorism financing in Nigeria.
Page(s): 420-427 Date of Publication: 11 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5721Download PDF
This study aimed at ascertaining the influence of cost leadership on organizational performance of private hospitals in Mombasa County Kenya. The study was guided by Institutional theory. The study utilized census and adopted a descriptive survey design. Using a target population of 52 respondents composed of Chief executives and Branch managers, the study employed quantitative research methodology and structured questionnaires was used to collect data. Pilot test was done to measure validity and reliability of research instruments. Descriptive as well as inferential statistics were computed to measure the relationship between variables. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between cost leadership strategy and the dependent variable organizational performance. In conclusion Cost leaders seek to improve efficiency and control costs throughout the organizations supply chain. The study recommended that Private hospitals should open more branches in different parts of Mombasa County.
Page(s): 428-433 Date of Publication: 11 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5719Download PDF
This study explored the experiences of Barangay Health Workers (BHW) in Geographically Isolated and Disadvantaged Areas (GIDA) amidst this new normal. This study used the Qualitative phenomenological method of research. This study was conducted in the selected GIDA barangays in Panabo City, Davao Del Norte, Philippines. It has seven (7) participants through purposive sampling, who are the BHWs among the selected barangays with one (1) year and above work experience. The researchers used a validated interview guide questionnaire. The results have revealed that barangay health workers in the new normal experience huge adjustments in rendering healthcare services during the pandemic. Also, the results exposed that barangay health workers experience deficiency of transportation and primary health care medicines and equipment. Moreover, the results disclosed that barangay health workers aspire to gain more importance, such as additional compensation and having complete medical healthcare equipment on their respective barangays.
Page(s): 434-442 Date of Publication: 11 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5720Download PDF
This article sought to explore the intricacies of the Bulawayo Music Festival, its underlying objectives, themes, approaches, significance and history. The Zimbabwean musical practices have always been diverse from region to region as a result of its multi-cultural society which includes nationalities from across the whole African content as well as foreign originating races and tribes from the colonial times. The festival, hosted in the centre of Zimbabwe’s Matabeleland Province, is unique for providing a platform that exposes the native people to exotic music through live performance demonstrations and educational workshops. The performers and audience alike, benefit immensely from these interactions, the former gaining exposure in the entertainment scenes and the latter gaining knowledge of music trends both local and exotic. Despite the outward appearance of fun and festivities that is apparent to the casual observer during the festival, there is actually more to it than meets the eye. It represents resilience of a people besieged by so many woes from so many angles and how they have all managed to thrive and eventually learning to work towards a common cause despite their differences. The Bulawayo Music Festival, just like any other social activity or trend, has evolved somewhat over the past decade however the underlying essence that prompted its inception still remains that it brings different people together through music. The article explores the essentials of the activities and significance associated with the Bulawayo Music festival both at its inception as well as in its progression over the years.
Page(s): 443-451 Date of Publication: 11 August 2021
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This study focused on how education can be used as a tool for resolving conflict between herdsmen and farmers in Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State in particular and Nigeria by extension. This was predicted by the spate of conflict and insecurity in the country and avoidable attacks of herdsmen on farmers resulting in not only displacement of hundreds of people and entire communities but compounding the poverty situation and the national development woes and the urgent need for proffering possible solutions. The descriptive expost facto design was adopted for the study. Three research questions and three hypotheses guided the study. The population of the study comprised all traditional leader, farmers and herdsmen in Ethiope East. The sample consist of 150 farmers (traditional leaders, opinion leaders, the elite, youths and women leaders) and 50 herdsmen (leaders of the groups within the area owners of herds and paid herders). The multi-stage sampling technique adopted. Consequently, the cluster sampling technique was used to group the people; from which were assigned to the group base of the stratified sampling technique. The accidental sampling technique was also adopted. The instrument for data collection was a 4-point rating structured in-depth interview guide developed by the researcher.200 respondents were interviewed in small groups of tens by the researcher and ten guide researcher assistants. Mean and standard deviation were used for data analysis and interpretation while t-test statistical tool was used for the test of hypotheses. Findings in the study revealed among others that: there are inherent conflicts between herdsmen and farmers as a result of perceived attack on cows by farmers on one side and attacks on farms and farmers resulting in killing of several people and sacking of entire communities on the other side complicated by lack of communication due to illiteracy and inability to speak English Language for expression. It was also revealed that education of the people through regular orientation, seminars and workshops on the need for harmonious relationship and coexistence could foster tolerance, understanding of the values of others, negotiation, dialogue and resolution of pending conflict. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that, Delta State government should as a matter of urgency set up a herdsmen/farmers’ conflict management agency and empower it to serve with all diligence, transparency and sincerity; and that government should regularly organize peace and conflict resolution seminars and workshops for farmers and herdsmen, not only in Ethiop East but across the state at large
Page(s): 452-458 Date of Publication: 12 August 2021
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This study examined the communication style as a determiner factors for marital adjustment among secondary schools’ teachers in Sokoto metropolis. Three objectives were raised to find if there difference between communication styles and marital adjustment, between communication styles of married secondary school teachers based on gender and difference between marital adjustments of married secondary school teachers in Sokoto Metropolis based on gender. Descriptive survey design was adopted. One thousand four hundred and thirty three (1,433) married teachers across the selected secondary schools in Sokoto Metropolis, out of which three hundred and six 306 married teachers were sample size based on research advisor table for determining sample size (2006). Adapted questionnaire on communication styles and marital adjustment among married secondary school teachers (QCSMAASST) were used for data collection with reliability index of 0.75. Chip-square was used to analyze the hypotheses. The result of the chip-square shown that there is significant difference in communication styles and marital adjustment of married secondary school teachers in Sokoto metropolis. Besides, there is no significance difference in the communication styles of married secondary school teachers based on gender. Based on the findings, recommendations were made these include, couples should use effective communication styles when communicating with each other. This could lead to mutual understanding and prevent marriage conflicts.
Page(s): 459-464 Date of Publication: 11 August 2021
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The Horn of conflict? The Horn of Africa comprises Ethiopia, Djibouti, Eritrea, Sudan, South Sudan, and Somalia, and by extension, Kenya and Uganda. The region is diverse in terms of geography, culture, religion, population, and politics. The region is known as a hotbed of conflicts due to its resource to cross-border to communal conflicts. The realist theoretical approach hold that states operate in a state of anarchy. They are after their self-interest and survival in the international system. This survival leads to a security dilemma. States will do what they can to secure their own security, which induces fear in others who, in turn, increase theirs. Ethiopia, the second-most populous country in Africa, is entrapped into different conflicts: interstate and cross-border conflict with Eritrea, conflict with Tigray People’s Liberation Front, and Nile water conflict with Egypt. Why is Ethiopia entrapped into these conflicts? What is the role of the leaders/political parties in these conflicts? What are the reasons behind these conflicts? How can Ethiopia settle these conflicts? In all these conflicts, survival is Ethiopia’s quest. This paper aims to respond to these questions using an interdisciplinary approach. Ethiopia is well placed to utilize the regional mechanisms to settle these conflicts. Otherwise, it will be a ground for complex conflicts that will spill over to other countries.
Page(s): 465-471 Date of Publication: 13 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5722Download PDF
I. INTRODUCTION Education has been given top priority in the affairs of many nations. Over the years, it has been the desire of man to acquire knowledge. The attraction which education enjoys stems from the fact that it equips one for life. Anugom and Obioha, (2010:15) assert that “it is through education that an individual masters his environment and acquires the necessary tools for living worthwhile life”. It also forms the basis upon which economic, social and political development of any nation is founded. Investing in education helps in fostering economic growth, enhancing productivity, contributing to national and social development, and reducing social inequality. Secondary education is defined as the form of education children receive after primary education and before the tertiary stage. Abolade (2003:34) describe secondary education level as probably “the most unique and precarious of all other levels of education”. This is because, he saw it as a pivot or junction box of all the subsets of the tertiary level. It is that junction where the different higher education takes off.
Page(s): 472-476 Date of Publication: 13 August 2021
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In Africa, while international terrorism has been a salient threat, it has been particularly pronounced in the Horn, West and the predominantly Arabic North. In the Western region of Africa, terror has assumed diverse dimensions. Against this background, this paper seeks to explore the causes and remedies of transnational terrorism in West Africa and the Sahel region. Specifically, the paper analyzes the geopolitical push and pull factors predisposing the West Africa and the Sahel region to transnational terrorism by examining how an inter-play of the state as a domestic player and the state as an international hegemonic pawn engage in actions that serve as a petri dish in which terrorism is cultured and perpetuated. Adopting a qualitative data collection method that relies mainly on secondary and current affairs data on terrorism in the West African region, the paper finds that domestically, terrorism in the West African and the Trans-Sahel region is a product of a decay in state-society relations. This decay a result from narrow definition of the state i.e., as a tool of regime securitization and perpetuation. Over time, this regime securitization and perpetuation agenda result in the neglect of the articulation of the aspirations of the citizenry in public policy which further alienates the state from the people thus allowing the organic maturation of terror. With regard to the state as an international actor, the paper finds that post-September 11 security arrangements that were forged as part of the globalized fight against international terror engendered the militarization of the state which inadvertently occasioned state excesses against the citizenry. The paper calls for the need to address the root causes of terrorism and militarism in the region; an exploration of “bottom-up” local solutions to the challenges of terrorism and violent extremism; enhancing state-society relations in the region and strengthening regional co-operation amongst the states in the West African and the Sahel region.
Page(s): 477-482 Date of Publication: 13 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5723Download PDF
The study sought to examines the utilization of e-learning Facilities for effective instructional process in tertiary institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria. E-learning has become a new paradigm and a new philosophy in library’ services as well as educational sector with a mission to serve as a development platform for present-day society based on knowledge. The study sought to ascertain lecturers’ proficiency in the use of e-learning facilities in teaching and learning; and to ascertain students’ proficiency in the use of e-learning facilities in teaching and learning. The design adopted for this study is descriptive survey design and was conducted in Port Harcourt in Rivers State. The population of this study comprised of all lectures and students of the tertiary in institutions in Rivers State. The instrument for data collection was a set of structured questionnaires titled Availability of E-Learning Facilities for Effective Instructional Process in Tertiary Institutions (AEFEIPTI). Data derived from the field were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. and statistical tools such as mean and standard deviation were used to analyse the research questions, while z-test was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance Findings from the study showed that there is significant difference between lecture and students rating regarding on the proficiency of lecturers and that of students in the utilization of e-learning facilities in tertiary institutions (z-cal = 20.86, z-crit = 1.96; df 769). Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that universities should liaise or register with organizations that have or publish educational resources or websites for easy access of educational materials from these websites, amongst others.
Page(s): 483-488 Date of Publication: 13 August 2021
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This study assessed the work life of differently abled public servants of Carmen, Davao del Norte. This study’s main objective is to unravel the experiences of local differently abled public servants. Further, assess the dimensions of their work life based on the principles of Person-in-Environment theory, including material well-being, interpersonal relations and social inclusion, personal development, and self-determination/actualization. This study used the qualitative-descriptive method to describe and clarify human experience as it appears in people’s lives. In addition, this study was conducted in the Local Government Unit of Carmen and employed a homogenous group sampling. Participants are differently abled employees in the locality served for at least six (6) months to a year. The researchers designed an interview-guide questionnaire that elicits the dimensions mentioned above. The result has shown that seven (7) emerging themes can be extracted from the work life of differently abled public servants. The first theme is the unstable employment of the participants. Another theme derived from this study is the existence of job insecurity in the sector. The study also revealed that differently abled government employees experience work impediments and work environment plight in their work life. Lastly, the study revealed the lessons and insights that we can derive from their work lives. The result of the study will aid in creating interventions and programs that best improve and impact the work life of differently abled government employees.
Page(s): 489-499 Date of Publication: 13 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5724Download PDF
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a triad of disabilities with individuals exhibiting challenges in Social-Communication, repetitive behaviors and restricted activities and interests. Its etiology is not clear but, researchers point at a complex interaction between genetics and environment. There are more boys with ASD than girls at a ratio of 4 boys: 1girl. The disorder has been in an unprecedented rate of increase in the last few decades. Currently 1 in every 59 children has ASD (in USA). One of the greatest concerns by parents, speech therapists and educationists is how to deal with challenging behaviors in learners with ASD. The main aim of this paper is to consolidate research work and expert’s opinion on what challenging behaviors entails and as well what intervention strategies exist. To achieve this, an in-depth review of research findings published in renowned journals was done. A qualitative research approach was assumed utilizing Google scholar search engine to search for terms ‘Autism Spectrum Disorders’ ‘challenging behaviors in ASD’ and ‘intervention strategies for challenging behaviors in ASD’. After this, the authors scanned through the abstracts of the articles to weigh their relevance in achieving the aim of the study. Only those articles that covered the relevant topics in an in-depth manner were considered for review. In this era of inclusive education, it is important that education is given a collaborative multidisciplinary team approach. Teaching learners with ASD or conducting therapy sessions can be difficult when challenging behaviors are exhibited. Behavior analysts are critically important in managing challenging behaviors but unfortunately we do not have enough of them to always be available when need arises. It is important to train related education stakeholders on how to identify and intervene when challenging behaviors are exhibited. A one ‘stop shop’ is necessary as provided by this article. Most common challenging behaviors include physical and verbal aggression, elopement, pica, noncompliance, property destruction, self-injury, and incontinence. From the review, contemporary intervention strategies include Applied behavior analyses, use of Picture exchange communication system and Prompting and prompt fading. The bottom line of behavior management entails laying down behavior expectations and positively reinforcing it. Inappropriate behavior cannot change unless an alternative one is introduced and reinforced.
Page(s): 500-507 Date of Publication: 14 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5725Download PDF
The global community continues to grapple with Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs) proliferation and their use in many conflicts. This phenomenon portends grave danger to world peace and security. This study seeks to achieve three objectives namely, trace the causes of small arms and light weapons proliferation in Nigeria, examine the security implications of the availability of SALWs in the country, and make a case for restructuring of the current security architecture. The study employs the desktop research design and, using content analysis of secondary data, including journal articles, agency reports, and seminar/conference papers, argues that the implications of SALWs proliferation on the nation’s security, such as terrorism, kidnapping, armed banditry, cattle rustling, are enormous and threaten the soul of the nation. It finds that porous borders, corruption, and globalization precipitate small arms and light weapons proliferation in Nigeria. It concludes that proliferation of SALWs is engendered by criminal networks operating in various shades and manners across Nigeria. Thus, to tackle the menace, the entire security architecture as currently composed should be re-structured by way of decentralisation and devolution of powers and authority to achieve optimal results.
Page(s): 508-516 Date of Publication: 14 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5726Download PDF
Ministry burnout is a global issue of concern among the Church ministers across the world. Studies have shown that the majority of Church ministers leave ministry prematurely due to burnout which in turn affects their commitment to the Church. The study objective was to examine the demographic differences of age, gender, level of education, country of origin and vocational identity with respect to prevalence of burnout of among Catholic religious men and women working in rural areas. The study adopted descriptive research design and phenomenological design. Using census and convenience sampling, a sample size of 131 participants were included which comprised the whole population of the study. Quantitative data was collected using standardized questionnaires and qualitative data was collected using Focus Group Discussion Guide. Pre-testing of standardized instruments was carried out before the actual data collection to ensure its reliability and validity. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics using SPSS Version 32 while qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Some of the study findings were: respondents’ level of burnout was above average, in terms of subscales, personal accomplishment had the highest (mean=30.61) followed by emotional exhaustion (mean=19.82) and level of depersonalization (mean=9.05).
Page(s): 517-528 Date of Publication: 14 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5727Download PDF
This study sought to examine organizational commitment among Catholic religious men and women. This was as result of the fact that organizational commitment could affect other psychological dispositions of these men and women which could affect their overall functioning in ministry. The study was guided by two theories: Maslach Burnout Model by Maslach and Jackson and Job Demands-Resources Model by Bakker and his colleagues. The study adopted descriptive research design. Using census sampling, a sample size of 131 participants was included in the study which comprised the whole population of the study. The data was collected using a standardized questionnaire. Pre-testing of standardized instruments was carried out before the actual data collection to ensure its reliability and validity. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics using SPSS Version 32. The study found that the level of organization commitment was high (mean=21.7608) among respondents. Specifically, the subscale of affective commitment had the highest score (mean=24.7405) followed by normative commitment (mean=22.9542) and continuance commitment (mean=17.5878).
Page(s): 529-536 Date of Publication: 14 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5728Download PDF
Tea consumption in Bangladesh is increasing 3 percent per annum but its production is increasing 1 percent only. Due to not increasing tea production with the pace of increase in consumption, the title of Bangladesh as a tea exporting country has already been changed to a tea importing country. Record says only 1.47-million-kilogram tea had been exported from Bangladesh in 2011 as against 25.43-million-kilogram tea exported in 1995. Till 2015 Bangladesh exported tea but the quantum was very negligible which is below 1 million kilograms. At present Bangladesh spends US$ 70 million annually to import 30 million kg tea to meet the deficit every year. Country may save the hard-earned foreign exchange through increase in tea production from present 85 million kg to 120 million kg in order to stop importing tea, rather export tea utilizing every hectare garden land under tea plantation properly to increase yield per hectare from present 1500 kg to 2500 kg per hectare. The study aims to picturize the scenario of Bangladesh tea in the context of world tea, export and import scenario of tea and consumption of tea products in different countries in the world.
Page(s): 537-541 Date of Publication: 16 August 2021
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The purpose of this study was to determine the Impact of Intangible Cultural Heritage in the City of Surabaya with the existence of CIOFF (International Council of Organization of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts). The research was carried out in the city of Surabaya, the data used included library sources relevant to the research as well as interviews with respondents who knew about the CIOFF. The results show that CIOFF has an impact on preserving, promoting the spread of folklore and contributing to cultural preservation
Page(s): 542-544 Date of Publication: 16 August 2021
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Sea piracy has been described as a global malady. Its occurrence today has become a threat not only on the sea but to mankind and the society as a whole. It has become a global threat that undermines the socioeconomic development of nations globally, thus warranting an empirical investigation to ascertain the extent to which piracy has affected economic growth of countries in the gulf of guinea using secondary time series data of piratical attacks, GDPs and GDP growth rates of countries in the gulf of guinea that were obtained from World Data atlas spanning from 1999-2018 and IMB Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships Annual Reports, 2003-2018. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics like tables and map. Findings from the study revealed that hostage taking, oil theft and armed robbery at sea have adversely affected the economic growth of countries in the Gulf of Guinea. The study recommends that countries in the Gulf of Guinea should enact enforceable maritime laws that will prosecute sea pirates and deter them from pulling down the economy of the countries in the region.
Page(s): 545-552 Date of Publication: 16 August 2021
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Qualitative data analysis requires some creativity in organizing a pile of raw data and can be a daunting task for educational researchers. The whole process of analyzing data involves breaking down raw data into manageable chunks. Effective qualitative data analysis plays a critical role in educational research outcomes. Well designed qualitative data analysis and use of computer packages is a pathway to increasing credebilty and trustworthiness in qualitative research. The goal of this desk top literature review is to elaborate on the usability, utility and processes of analyzing qualitative research data. An overview of qualitative data analysis is presented. In this article it is argued that statistical quantitative data analysis does not take full account of the many interaction effects that take place in social settings thus the need to use qualitative data analysis techniques in analysing educational research data. The main purpose of this article is to clarify the features of Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) and highlighting how it is utilised in conduting educational research.
Page(s): 553-558 Date of Publication: 17 August 2021
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Quality higher education and education for sustainable development is an indispensable part of the development equation. Higher education the world over is the key to better life and the foundation for every strong society. To eradicate poverty, boost shared prosperity and achieve sustainability and development, nations should adopt radical changes to ensure the achievement of sustainable goal (SDG) 4 on quality in higher education. Quality education for sustainable development should seek to ensure that all people gain knowledge, skills and values they need to live in dignity and to fulfil their potential and contribute to their societies as responsible citizens. With goal 4 on quality education, the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development seeks to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. In our study we argue that in the 21 century to attain Agenda 2030 and specifically Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) goals the SADC region must emphasise a pragmatic educational philosophy, empowered by technology and the needs of society. Our study focuses primarily on the challenges of achieving SDG 4 on quality in higher education. The authors draw on structure, culture and agency theoretical view point to offer deeper insight into the challenges of achieving quality and sustainable development in higher education, specifically focussing on three countries in the SDAC region. The aim of our qualitative study was to explore the complexity of raising higher education quality in the SADC region suggesting the need for multiple players to come together.
Page(s): 559-573 Date of Publication: 17 August 2021
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Arsenic contamination of groundwater has now resulted in world-wide human health problems affecting millions of people across a large number of countries such as India, Pakistan, Thailand, China, Nepal and also in Bangladesh. In 1998-1999, DPHE & BGS, United Kingdom conducted a study which identified 61 districts out of total 64 in Bangladesh as arsenic affected. In 2008, CUET and the IEBC have been made a joint survey in 41 wards of Chattogram city and they have been found arsenic in shallow tube well water in 13 city wards which exceed WHO guidelines values of 0.01mg/l for drinking water. The present study was carried out to identify the Arsenic (As) contaminated tube-wellsin 17 no West BakaliaWard under Chattogram City Corporation. This work was done using HACH EZ Arsenic Test Kit in the field and then compared with Bangladesh Drinking Water Standard (0.05 mg/l) and WHO guidelines value (0.01 mg/l). It is revealed from the study that mostly 69.23% tube-wells are deep and 30.76% are shallow. Maximum depth of tube-wells is 650 feet and minimum depth is 70 feet. Among 169 samples, Arsenic is detected in 2.36% water samples and remaining 97.64% are Arsenic free. The maximum value of arsenic is found in the range of 0.25~0.05mg/l at Police Bit, Rahatturpul area..
Page(s): 574-579 Date of Publication: 17 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5729Download PDF
The study centered on stemming the tide of political violence among youths and women in rural areas of Ebonyi State through work force development. It sought to enlighten youths and women, train them on saleable skills and carry out a follow-up of the youths and women for sustainability projects. The study focused on solar energy installation and maintenance, bead making/wiring, insecticide, rodenticide and pesticide production, cosmetology (hair products, detergents, perfumes, among others), car wash production, liquid soap production. The area for the study is Ikwo and Ezza South in Ebonyi State. 100 participants were chosen using stratified random sampling techniques to ensure that the communities were adequately represented. Data were collected using test-retest method and analyzed using SPSS version 20. The findings of this study revealed that participants had initial skills and knowledge between 1.04 and 1.79 in the areas covered in the training. However, after the training, the participants’ skills and knowledge increased to a level between 3.76 and 4.32. The researchers recommended that; more of this training should be carried out in other Local Government Areas of Ebonyi state, more skill areas of technology and vocational education should be included in future trainings among others.
Page(s): 580-586 Date of Publication: 17 August 2021
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English Medium Education (EME) has been in existence for several decades in many Universities in Sri Lanka. However, there is a scarcity of research on the challenges faced by the lecturers and students in the implementation of EME in the Universities. This study examines the challenges encountered by the Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) undergraduates and lecturers involved in the EME in the Faculty of Education (FoE), University of Colombo. It also examines the English Language Proficiency (ELP) needs of the students that hinder successful learning by investigating the perception of the students on EME and the emergent realities. The study was conducted as a survey by utilizing questionnaires, observations, interviews and documentary survey for collecting data and analysis was done using qualitative as well as quantitative methods. The key findings were that lack of ELP skills was the main challenge encountered by the EME students but the students had not perceived their language needs correctly. Lack of response of the students in the EME class was the greatest challenge lecturers encountered in the EME classroom which was due to the lack of ELP skills of the students but the lecturers avoided the language aspects because they were not aware of the EME methodologies of content and language integrated education. Therefore it is important to introduce strategies to develop the teaching-learning process in the EME by promoting collaborative teaching of language lecturers and content lecturers.
Page(s): 587-598 Date of Publication: 18 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5730Download PDF
The study examined the effect of manufacturing sector development on youth unemployment in Africa. The study made use of 33 African countries within the time frame of 2000-2018. Data was sourced from the world development indicators by the World Bank. The estimation technique used was the Panel Autoregressive Distributed lag which deals with the stationary series problem of different orders and allows us to study potential long term effects of structural economic policies. The variables used were in natural logarithms and they are Youth Unemployment, Manufacturing Value Added, Foreign Direct Investment, Gross Capital Formation and Domestic Credit to Private Sector. The result revealed a positive long run relationship among MVA, DCP FDI, GCF and YUEMP. In the short run, MVA and DCP showed a positive relationship to youth unemployment while FDI and GCF showed a negative relationship. The study recommended that to curb the menace of youth unemployment ravaging major African Countries, policy focal point should be directed towards the development of manufacturing sector, conducive economic environment to attract foreign direct investment, policies should be put in place to enhance capital formation with domestic credit being made available for new and existing entrepreneurs and industrialist.
Page(s): 599-606 Date of Publication: 18 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5701Download PDF
Naturally, Bangladesh has tremendous potential for both agricultural and tourism development. The present study reviewed literature in the sphere of Agro-tourism development, particularly in Bangladesh. Agricultural areas in this country have many tourist attractions which can form the basis for relaxation, enjoyment and education of tourist. In addition, the synergistic effect on national income would have resulted if both agriculture and tourism is practiced in an integrated approach. The study was undertaken to realize agro-biological aspects of Tourism, prospects, importance, challenges, and suggestion for the improvement in the present scenario of agro-tourism in Bangladesh. Agro-tourism in Bangladesh is in its very beginning and there are many weaknesses, challenges, and threats that retard the successfulness of Agro-tourism which need to be solved soon. Bangladesh has a lot of options when it comes to promote the concept of Agro-tourism and find new means that can contribute to its overall economy. After analyzing the relevance of Agro-tourism in Bangladesh, the possible promotional strategies have been suggested.
Page(s): 607-611 Date of Publication: 18 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5731Download PDF
The broad objective of this study is to empirically examine dividend policy as determinants of firm value of listed companies in Nigeria by employing apanel data of ten (10) year, from 2010 to 2019 time frame. To achieve this objective, we employed one notable measure of firm value (market to book ratio) and selected specific proxies of dividend policy which have been employed in related prior literature. To this end, we hypothesized that dividend policy measures which include; dividend yield, dividend per share and dividend pay-out ratio are no significant determinants of firm value across listed non-financial firms during the period under investigation in Nigeria. Robust least square regression analysis was employed to test the formulated hypotheses. Results obtained from the descriptive statistics revealed that dividend pay-out is an insignificant determinant of market to book value shown as; DIVPAY (Coef. = -0.0001, t = -0.34 and P -value = 0.737). Again, dividend per share has a significant positive influence on market to shown as; DIPS (Coef. = 0.7692, t = 61.98 and P -value = 0.000). More so, dividend yield has a significant (1%) negative effect on market to book value shown as; DIYD (Coef. = -0.0500, t = -5.63 and P -value = 0.000). From the findings, we conclude that dividend yield and dividend per share are determinants of firm value. However, dividend pay-out ratio is not a significant determinant of firm value in Nigeria. It is recommended that management should concert policies and efforts which will reduce profits share to investors and redirect those funds as retained earnings for the purpose of growing the company.
Page(s): 612-634 Date of Publication: 18 August 2021
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The civilization of the postmodernism society which is a collection of various narratives rejects the metanarrative of the journey of human life. In the era of modernity, the slogan breathed by God is dead, the struggle of humans to find what is lost in the root of the idea of philosophy’s affair with the Bible. Aristotle’s thought entered the Bible veritas and each became autonomous. There is no longer any connection between humanity and veritas. They were seen long ago in the philanthropic Job of the East, in the Samaritan woman and in the Ethiopian eunuch. This article is about the needs of postmodernism people in the framework of preaching grace where the epicenter is no longer human beings but Christ who has risen and is alive.
Page(s): 635-639 Date of Publication: 19 August 2021
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The study focused on the cultural ways of forecasting rainfall and drought in rural Zimbabwe through indigenous knowledge in Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe with reference to Makonde District. This study specifically probed into the part played by indigenous people in forecasting rainfall and drought in their local communities, through observing and interpreting celestial, biotic and physical environmental indicators. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, the researchers opted for a case study methodological approach that allowed the researchers to obtain detailed information about the study at hand. This is supported by Taylor (2003) who asserts that “a case study gives one the ability to obtain the causes and effects of research data”. In conducting this case study, qualitative methods were employed to explore the cultural methods of forecasting rainfall and drought in rural Makonde district of Zimbabwe using indigenous knowledge. The study employed face to face interviews and focus group discussions to collect data. The findings of the study revealed that in Makonde district, traditional cultural methods of forecasting rainfalls and droughts have proven to be effective in most cases, with limited cases of flaws that are also inherent in scientific climate forecasts methods used by Zimbabwe Meteorological department. Thus, for example heavy rains are sometimes reported late by the Meteorological office in Zimbabwe, long after the rains have destroyed crops, livestock, and people. Masara (2017) observes that the Meteorological department in Zimbabwe has become popular for dishing out misleading weather forecasts that have often left many farmers counting their losses. The study recommends that, there is need to document these cultural methods of rainfall and drought forecasting using indigenous knowledge in Makonde villages in order to cascade the knowledge and practices to future generations in our Zimbabwean communities. There is also need for reviving community meetings (dare raMambo) with the intension to share such vital indigenous knowledge to village representatives. Through such information sharing platforms, tacit cultural knowledge embedded in the village elders can be cascaded to the present and future generations of the Korekore and Zezuru clan. These, tacit cultural knowledge refers to the undocumented or unrecorded knowledge held by individuals in a community.
Page(s): 640-648 Date of Publication: 19 August 2021
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This study examined the relationship between parenting styles and EI in an adolescent population. The sample of this study consisted of 300 respondents, 166(55%) were females and 134 (45%) were males. The average age of respondents was19.10 years (SD = 1.956). Tools used in this study were Trait Meta Mood Scale -TMMS and Parental Authority Questionnaire – PAQ. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the predictive relationships among variables. Results revealed that parenting styles is a significant predict emotional intelligence among adolescents.. This study demonstrated that parenting styles contribute to EI development. The findings provide insight in the field of EI antecedents and underscore the potential significance of parents’ role in the development EI among adolescents
Page(s): 649-657 Date of Publication: 19 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5732Download PDF
The aim of this review paper is twofold: This paper reviews the concept of emotional intelligence and related terms such as emotion, intelligence, and emotional intelligence. A distinction will also be made between the different models of emotional intelligence, the one that emphasizes mental ability from those that combine mental abilities with personality traits. This paper maintains that the Mayer and Salovey definition of emotional intelligence lends itself to be model that can explain the adolescent emotional intelligence: that emotional intelligence as an ability to understand and regulate one’s emotions is an ability that can be learned and improved; that with age, an individual’s level of emotional competency progresses. The second aim of this review is to show and examine the existing literature on the relationship of emotional intelligence and mental health. Specifically, this paper reviews the literature on the relationship between emotional intelligence and anxiety; relationship between emotional intelligence and depression; relationship between emotional intelligence and resilience; and relationship between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy. This paper contends that emotional intelligence is negatively predicts anxiety and depression; and positively predicts self-efficacy and resilience.
Page(s): 658-668 Date of Publication: 19 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5733Download PDF
This study sought to explore the management of conflicts in Pentecostal and Charismatic Churches within the Cape Coast Metropolis of Ghana. Responses from 128 church members, including pastors and elders in 16 Pentecostal and Charismatic Churches within the Cape Coast Metropolis were analysed. Questionnaires were applied. Research approach was quantitative, research design was descriptive. Frequencies and percentages were used to analyse the data. The investigator found that the conflict management strategies adopted by Pentecostal and Charismatic Churches operating within the Cape Coast Metropolis were prayer alone, prayer and fasting, compromise, collaboration, arbitration, and avoidance or separation. The investigator concluded that elders, pastors and members of Pentecostal and Charismatic Churches within the Cape Coast Metropolis used a number of strategies to manage conflicts that occur amongst them. It is recommended that Pentecostal and Charismatic church elders should organise seminars to educate church members and pastors on the management conflicts. These seminars should be initiated by the church headquarters at least every quarter of the year.
Page(s): 669-675 Date of Publication: 19 August 2021
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This study sought to as certain the differences in conflict management strategies between Pentecostal and Charismatic Churches within the Cape Coast Metropolis. Responses from 128 church members, including pastors and elders in 16 Pentecostal and Charismatic Churches within the Cape Coast Metropolis were analysed. Questionnaires were applied. Research approach was quantitative, research design was descriptive. Frequencies and percentages were used to analyse the data. The investigator found no significant difference in conflict management strategies between Pentecostal and Charismatic Churches within the Cape Coast Metropolis. The researcher concluded that conflict management strategies employed by Pentecostal and Charismatic Churches within the Cape Coast Metropolis are similar. However, both denominations are deficient and need to be adequately equipped in dealing with conflict. It is recommended that Pentecostal and Charismatic churches leaders should learn to share their experiences and conflict resolution mechanisms with each other so that important lessons can be learnt for the future well-being of their churches and church members, as a whole.
Page(s): 676-682 Date of Publication: 19 August 2021
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The main objective of the study was to determine the effects of complaint handling on customer loyalty. The study was a survey research design. The questionnaire was structured using five point likert scale. The population of the study was 173 subscribers from the different service providers in the south East. The hypotheses was tested using simple regression analysis which was facilitated by statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20.The reliability of the scale was accessed by the use of Cronbach’s Apha which yielded 0.86.The findings of the study revealed that complaint handling has significant and positive relationship on customer loyalty. This means that Subscribers will stay with their service providers as long as their complaints are promptly attended to. That failure to attend to their complaints can lead to switching which has adverse effect on the firms’ performance. The study recommended that the network providers should develop some complaint handling techniques that will attract and hold subscribers for a long time. Such techniques include offering high quality services, prompt attention to service failures, providing affordable services, and providing customer satisfaction that will improve the firm’s services. The provision of such techniques will help those who have been assessing their customer care units to have solution to their complaints whenever such complaints arise. Prompt attention to these objections will bring closer relationship with the subscribers and their service providers. The service providers should intermittently conduct research to identify the various needs of the subscribers to attract, hold and maintain long term relationship with their subscribers
Page(s): 683-687 Date of Publication: 20 August 2021
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The overemphasis of human capital for addressing societal needs has driven education systems globally to reorient education systems towards empowering the young with vital competencies for suitability in the job market. In Kenya, such an approach has led to overemphasis of grades, thus void of Values for societal change. However, other approaches like social change perspective that advocates for the transformation of the person for societal change prioritizes the “common good” as vital element for change. In addition, it allows state and religious organizations to influence education curriculum, aims and objectives for societal change. This study critically examines the salient features of Thomas Aquinas’ Theory of education and establishes whether Thomas Aquinas’ philosophical ideas can facilitate the realization of responsible citizens in Kenya.. The study recommends for a multidimensional approach in handling discipline issues, curriculum formulation and implementation and finally embracing a thomistic tradition for reforming education in Kenya for holistic training.
Page(s): 688-693 Date of Publication: 20 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5735Download PDF
The main purpose of this paper is to review literature on the emergence of the contemporary Social Studies on a global scale. It has been established that there is a controversy among Scholars on the global emergence of Social Studies, its definition, content and purpose. The paper has also established that Social Studies was being taught by teachers who are specialised in other social science subjects such as History, Geography, Civic Education among others. It has also been noted that Social Studies teachers face a number of challenges during their course of duty such as lack of teaching and learning materials, marginalisation of the subject by relevant authorities, limited instructional time and substandard text books used among others. Therefore, the established challenges have even contributed to poor academic performance of learners in Social Studies which is being experienced globally more especially in developing countries. Consequently, it is recommended that the government through Ministry of General Education (MoGE) should train and recruit qualified and competent Social Studies teachers to teach the subject at junior secondary school across the country to mitigate the challenge of the subject being taught by teachers trained in different subjects. Also, the MoGE and the Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) should collaborate and allocate more periods to the subject from the current 6 periods per week. Furthermore, it is recommended that the MoGE should strengthen Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities in schools in order to reinvigorate pedagogies among Social Studies teachers. In addition, the government through the Ministry of Finance (MoF) should allocate more financial resources to the MoGE so that teaching/learning materials are procured for various schools across the country. Lastly, it is recommended that Social Studies teachers should integrate a variety of methods, techniques and strategies during the teaching process to enhance subject delivery.
Page(s): 694-703 Date of Publication: 20 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5736Download PDF
Poverty and unemployment are the major problems of any under developed countries, to which Zambia is no exception. The rate of growth of women and youth employment in less developed countries is very low. This is because of the low growth rate of new and productive employment. However, the more attractive scheme trying to solve poverty matrix with less effort is “Self Help Group” (SHG). Self Help Group is a tool to remove poverty and improve the women entrepreneurship and financial support. It is a small economically homogeneous affinity group of the rural poor women voluntarily coming together to save a small amount of money regularly, which is deposited in a common fund to meet members emergency needs and to provide collateral free loans decided by the group. Self Help Groups enhances the equality of status of women as participants, decision-makers and beneficiaries in the democratic, economic, social and cultural spheres of life. This study is mainly focusing on the Self Help Group formation, women entrepreneurship and economic empowerment of women after them joining Self Help Groups in Katete district, Eastern Province – Zambia. Katete district women development association (KDWDA) is one of the pioneers for the implementation of the development of women in Katete rural areas. Presently there are 7 Clusters in Katete district consisting of 70 Self Help Groups. Of these, the best five villages were selected for this study, because the SHGs in these villages were functioning in a very successful manner. There are 1, 190 members from 70 Self Help Groups in Katete district. Among them, a total of 80 respondents were selected based on 5 members from each SHG of the selected four clusters by using convenient sampling method.
Page(s): 703-714 Date of Publication: 20 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5737Download PDF
This paper analyzed the financial performance of the general insurance companies of Bangladesh over the period 2003-2020 by studying 18 general insurance companies out of 46 (including the only government owned company Sadharan Bima Corporation, SBC). In terms of net premium, the study found no definite industry trends; but, the only nationalized insurance company (SBC) has around 1200% higher premium earnings than the private average. Also, SBC has the highest figures for both investment and investment income for the studied period. Average investment has increased in the private insurance sector steadily during 2003-2007, then onward there was sharp ups and downs; but SBC’s investment growth has been steady all through. In the studied period, the net claims of most private insurance companies have increased significantly with an overall rising trend. SBC has been incurring the most net claims and its average is 2543.18% more than private insurance companies’ average.
Page(s): 715-726 Date of Publication: 20 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5738Download PDF
Branding has developed in the minds of customers a strong and positive perception of a company’s products or services. However, most of these businesses struggle to use branding strategy to differentiate themselves from competition and grow sales. The goal of this study is to assess the impact of brand association tactics on the sales growth of flour milling enterprises. The major technique of data collection was administered questionnaire to the sales and marketing employees of the selected flour milling enterprises in Lagos State. The findings indicated that brand connections have a positive and considerable impact on sales growth. The study recommends that brand managers should also ensure that customers’ interactions with the brand remain consistent in order to generate sales growth.
Page(s): 727-731 Date of Publication: 21 August 2021
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The employees are identified as the main drivers of organizations, as they give life to the organizations and provide goals, however, leadership is provided by managers who are expected to influence the employee in achieving organizational set goals and also boost employee’s performance. This research is therefore aimed at assessing the extent to which leadership influence the productivity of workers. To achieve the set objectives, the researcher evaluated the impact of leadership on the productivity of workers, the researcher also examine if relationship exist between leadership and workers’ productivity. Survey research design was used for this study, through the use of questionnaire, where respondents’ opinions were sought and evaluated for possible inferences. The researcher was able to establish a significant relationship between leadership and worker’s productivity as leaders-worker’s relationship was considered a vital tool in achieving success in productivity of an organization as it creates an enabling environment for the workers. Hence, a good leader-will serve as a form of motivation for the workers, thereby motivating their level of productivity.
Page(s): 732-737 Date of Publication: 21 August 2021
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This study assessed the impact of a global crisis on the economic sustainability of Nigeria. The present study explored the effect of the exchange rate, oil price, and investment rate on the financial sustainability of Nigeria. It adopted the qualitative and quantitative research design in its approach. The study gathered quarterly time series data spanning from 2016 Q1 to 2020 Q2. Econometrics estimations, including ARDLco-integration analysis, parsimonious error correction model, and other post estimation tests, were used to analyze the study data. Findings from the study revealed that in the long run, exchange rate, oil price, and investment rate exert a positive impact on economic sustainability, and in the short run, exchange rate and oil price exert s negative impact on financial sustainability, while investment rate impact positively on economic sustainability. Following these findings, the study suggested that the Central Bank of Nigeria should maintain the stability of the exchange rate. The Government of Nigeria should switch the economy from a single or mono-economy, and the Central Bank of Nigeria should further improve financial inclusion.
Page(s): 738-745 Date of Publication: 21 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5739Download PDF
This study aims to reveal the image of Makassar women contained in the novel entitled Natisha Persembahan Terakhir (NTA). The data collection method used in this research is the literature study. The data analysis method in this study is qualitative descriptive in manner. The data presented are regarding the image of Makassar women contained in the NTA by Khrisna Pabichara. The results showed that the image of Makassar women was seen in two domains, namely the domestic sphere and the public sphere. In the domestic sphere, it is characterized by women staying at home, women being obedient and emotional, women choosing partners, and women in the household. The image of Makassar women in the public sphere is marked by women in education and women in society.
Page(s): 746-752 Date of Publication: 21 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5740Download PDF
Researchers have indicated that executive coaching can help senior executives identify leadership failures due to personality factors defects by exposing these attributes of effective executive decision-making in the organization. Thus, proving the bright side of personality versus the dark side of the personality has various dimensions based on failed companies’ experiences, cultural aspects, cognitive and executive skill transfer, and the longitudinal nature of leadership development. The participants included 124 executive decision-makers from the United States, the United Kingdom, South Africa, India, and Singapore completing an online survey. Resulting in 3 variable models being significant; focus, ethicalness, and leadership. Found decision making scores to be higher for respondents significantly contributed to the model.
Page(s): 753-764 Date of Publication: 21 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5741Download PDF
University of Nairobi is in a race to become internationally and academically viable to an increasingly interconnected world. Its rankings have gradually become an issue of concern in its management of academic stratification in a globally competitive community. Several mechanisms with different methodologies by these ranking systems have been developed to rank the university. Ranking of University of Nairobi (UON) has been done qualitatively and quantitatively. While most of the ranking systems are qualitative, there are those that are quantitative and this study makes a comparison of a qualitative and quantitative assessment of UON through two ranking systems while drawing a correlation with other ranking systems to establish the trajectory of such ranking system and identifying academic bias in their assessment. To achieve this, the study uses a qualitative review to highlight a number of inconsistencies in the methodologies applied to rank UON. Five main ranking tools commonly applied to the world’s universities are reviewed, namely Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), Webometrics ranking (WRWU), Times Higher Education (THE), U.S News.com and Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU). The study established that bias exists in the rankings thus causing inconsistencies in UON’s placement in different rankings. Suggestions for academic transparency through timely publications and quick access to departmental and institutional data for better ranking exercises are proposed.
Page(s): 765-772 Date of Publication: 23 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5742Download PDF
One of the main changes to the education sector organizational context that took place with the advent of the COVID 19 pandemic is the change in work practices. Sri Lankan educational institutes shifted the normal work practices into work from home (WFH) practice. The human resource practitioners identified a challenge when measuring employee engagement in work from home setting. Even though employee engagement has been widely researched, only a few pieces of research can be found on employee engagement in work from home settings during the COVID 19 pandemic. The survey was done with the selected 150 employees, using Simple random sampling. The questionnaire survey was done through email. The collected data was analysed using SPSS and followed the descriptive and regression analysis. The study reveals that the most significant factor which positively impacts employee engagement in the work from home concept is Technological Readiness. The second most significant factor is Empowerment and it proves that the empowered employees are more engaged. In addition, employee engagement can be increased by enhancing Learning Support, Reward, Recognition, Organizational Procedure, Leadership, Job Security, Safety, and Trust. The Rewards and Recognition are identified as the least endowment in work from home setting. The higher the number of years of service period is revealed the higher employee engagement in the work from home concept. Therefore, the length of the service period is recognized as a moderating variable in the Aon Hewitt Employee Engagement model. Thus the organizational policies and investments to increase employee engagement should be executed based on eight determinants namely; Technological Readiness, Empowerment, Learning Support, Reward – Recognition, Organizational Procedure, Leadership, Job Security – Safety and Trust.
Page(s): 773-778 Date of Publication: 23 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5743Download PDF
: The development of the Taẖfîzh al-Qur’an House (RTQ) has been quite significant in Indonesia in the last decade. Many of them became embryos for al-Qur’an boarding schools. However, not all RTQs can develop, not even a few are then “out of business”. It is assumed that one of the driving and inhibiting factors in this dynamic is the education management (Islamic) factor applied by each RTQ. Therefore, this study attempts to conduct an in-depth study of the objective conditions of the implementation of the Islamic Education Management System (MPI) implemented by the three RTQs in Tangerang and the theoretical constructs offered for its development. This research revolves around the following issues: 1) The objective conditions of MPI implementation from the three selected RTQs, 2) Fulfillment of the SNP of the three RTQs, 3) The driving and inhibiting factors of MPI implementation, 4) the advantages and limitations of the MPI implementation, and 5) The theoretical offer of MPI development on the three RTQs. To analyze this problem, the researcher uses the theory of “Islamic Education Management” and the theory of “Management of Quality Control and Assurance” of Islamic education. This study is a qualitative research approach to cross -sectional survey design, that’s Tudy at one point through cross-secational data in short time. The results of this study conclude several things. First, the three RTQs implement a simple MPI, which is based on figures, not yet on the system. The simpler the management is, the slower (difficult) for the three RTQs to develop their programs and institutions. The indicators are changed planning, minimal organization of human resources, limited movement, and limited evaluation. Consequently, program and institutional developments are static and slow. Second, if measured by the National Education Standards formulated by the BSNP, the Islamic education management implemented by the three RTQs has fulfilled all the elements of the SNP, but on a small (micro) scale. Third, each RTQ has factors that encourage and hinder the implementation of its MPI. The driving factor for RTQ-MH and RT-KD Daqu is the founder’s popularity which allows full-trust to the institution, while the obstacle is relying on the founder’s charisma which will be an obstacle in the future. Whereas in RTQ-BU, the advantages are the solidity of the management and militancy of supporters, while the weakness is ideological exclusivity. Fourth, each RTQ also has its advantages and limitations in the implementation of its MPI. The advantages are in the passion of the managers, while the limitations are in human resources and infrastructure. Fifth, the various advantages and driving factors of the three RTQs can be maintained, while a number of potential weaknesses and limitations, especially in terms of post-Taẖfîzh quality can be adopted from the post-tafizh character strengthening program developed by the Bayt al-Qur’an Islamic boarding school. The more open and standardized the management is, the more opportunities for program and institutional development, as well as being able to maintain the quality of its outputs and outcomes. .
Page(s): 779-783 Date of Publication: 23 August 2021
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The objective of this study was to examine the effect of Undugu Basic Education Programme on retention rates in public schools in Nairobi County. The study employed a descriptive survey research design. This is in the light of the fact that retention of pupils in quality education and training forms the basis upon which economic, social, technological, ethical and political sustainable development of any nation is founded. Globally, governments use education as a means for fighting diseases, ignorance and poverty. The research instruments employed for data collection were questionnaires for teachers and head teachers, interview guide for the director and focus group discussion guide for UBEP pupils. By means of a descriptive research design, data was collected from director, head teacher, teachers and students in UBEP programme. A census of 20 teachers, 4 head teachers and 1 director were considered. The pupils who participated in the study were 100 of which 25 each came from Mathare, Ngomong, Kibera, and Pumwani. The study findings showed that 95.8% of the respondents agreed that retention in UBEP schools increases the opportunity of vulnerable children to acquire concepts, skills, and attitudes to form the foundation for future learning scores. The result further shows that 76% of the pupils in Ngomongo do repeat class while 24% proceed to the next class. Also, Pumwani pupils and Kibera pupils do not repeat classes instead, they all proceed to the next class. The study concluded that Undugu Basic Education Programme influences retention rates in public schools in Nairobi County.
Page(s): 784-790 Date of Publication: 23 August 2021
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The study examined strategic management and decision making in Nigeria with an appraisal of #ENDSARS protest in perspective. Theoretically, the study evaluated the impact of strategic management on the decisions taken by both the State and the Protesters on the conflict. Adopting secondary data and content analysis as methods of data collection and analysis and human resource-based theory as a theoretical framework, the study observed that good strategic management was not employed by both partings in managing the conflict and recommended that decision makers should be transformational and strategic in making decisions. It also recommended that the state should create jobs for the army of unemployed youths, and improve the condition of service and welfare of the Nigeria Police, amongst others.
Page(s): 791-800 Date of Publication: 23 August 2021
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The impact of globalization and organizational performance in Nigerian deposit money banks in Lagos State, Nigeria was examined in this study. The specific objectives of this study were focused on economic, cultural, social, technological, and political globalization on organizational performance in Nigerian deposit money banks in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study adopted survey design and Primary data was collected using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire as a tool for gathering of data from a sample of 129 employees drawn from four deposit money banks (First bank Plc, United Bank for Africa, Guaranty Trust Bank and Zenith Bank) in Lagos State, Nigeria. Validity results of KMO and Bartlett’s test of sphericity indicated that the constructs are highly significant, and principal component analysis was suitable at (0.828). The result of reliability reported a reliability index of (0.898). Multiple regressions analysis was used to analyze the data and using SPSS software version 21 at 95% confident level. The findings of the research study revealed that the dimensions of globalization adopted in this study such as economic (58.2%), cultural (62.2%), social (54.6%), technological (53.6%), and political (60.1%) all have positive and significant effect on organizational performance variables such as profitability, operational efficiency, market share, and productivity in Nigerian deposit money banks. Hence the study concluded that there is a positive and significant influence between dimensions of globalization and organizational performance in Nigerian deposit money banks. Based on the findings and conclusion drawn, it was recommended among others that to enhance the benefits of globalization on the organizational performance of Nigerian deposit money banks, management of deposit money banks while making decisions on the operations of their banks should understand that banks originating from the relatively more economically globalized countries tend to perform better in terms of higher profitability due to wider market coverage of the banks in that economy whether locally or internationally.
Page(s): 801-813 Date of Publication: 23 August 2021
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The paper examined the extent to which democracy has been able to enhance the socio economic and political development of the people in Benue State and Nigeria at large. Methodologically, the paper used secondary sources of data through critical review of literature and adopted elite theory as a framework of analysis. The paper argued that the problem of development in Nigeria has much to do with the crisis of the state itself. This is a state that is characterized by poor leadership, bad governance, weak institutions and fragile economic foundation. The paper therefore recommended that democratic institutions in Nigeria needs to be strengthened to enable them act and work in cooperation to bring about good governance which herald development. By so doing, the tenets of democracy such as freedom of expression, respect for the rule of law and social justice which are the cardinal principles that govern a true democratic state will be adhered to. More so, political parties should set in motion mechanism that would ensure that only those with clean political dossier who are intellectually sound and capable of delivery the desired development when finally voted into power that should be their flag bearers. More importantly, god fatherism should be jettisoned in Nigeria and Benue political equation such that only those with clear vision and mission find their way into governance. This will no doubt discourage attempt by political heavy weight to insist on unpopular candidate during elections.
Page(s): 814-822 Date of Publication: 24 August 2021
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There is a strong link between the physical domains under which there is development of fine motor skills that influence writing outcomes of preschool children. This has probed the need to look at the association between fine motor proficiency and writing outcomes. The purpose of this study was to establish the link between fine motor proficiency as a predictor of writing outcomes among pre-primary 1 learners. The study aimed at establishing the effect of fine motor proficiency on pen-handling, the influence of fine motor proficiency on writing legibility, as well as identification of the relationship between fine motor proficiency and letter formation among pre-primary 1 learners in Kakamega East sub-county, Kakamega County, Kenya. The theoretical framework incorporated two theories; the sociocultural theory of writing and Kepharts theory of visual motor development due to inadequacy of one theory to outline both fine motor proficiency and writing outcomes. The study adopted a survey research design as a means of establishing the relationship between the independent and the dependent variables and the study instruments used were preschool learners’ questionnaires which were filled with the help of their parents, teachers-in-charge interview schedules, observation checklists, and document analysis guide. The target population included 6 public pre-schools with 6 ECDE teachers-in-charge who were purposively sampled and 385 pre-primary 1 learners who were sampled using the proportionate sampling method. There was piloting of the study instruments to test for the research protocol. Validity was tested using the content validity method while reliability of the study instruments was tested using the test-retest method. Quantitative and qualitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, frequencies and their percentages and means from the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SSPS). Linear regression was used to determine the relationship between the dependent (pen-handling, legible writing, and letter forming) and independent (fine motor proficiency) variables. Data gathered from the research instruments was presented in form of scatter graphs and tables. The findings of the study involved the importance of fine motor proficiency in learners letter formation hence recommendations of the study were the need for teachers and caregivers to ensure learners fine motor proficiency for better handwriting through provision of appropriate materials promoting fine motor skills. The findings and recommendations may be used by education policy makers and the Ministry of Education to come up with appropriate curriculum that will cater for the fine motor skill needs of pre-school children so as to enhance their writing outcomes
Page(s): 823-829 Date of Publication: 24 August 2021
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This study aims to reveal the exploitation of children in Tempurung, a novel by Oka Rusmini. The data collection method used in this research is the literature study method. The method of data analysis is the qualitative method. The types of data that will be used in this study are from the novel. The results showed that there were two forms of child exploitation carried out by the parents in the novel. The forms of exploitation that are intended are (1) forced marriage of children, and (2) the sale of children in places of prostitution. The results of this research indicate that the father’s act of forcibly marrying his daughter, and then exploiting his biological child, is immoral and condemnable. The implications of this research will inspire everyone to protect their children and not to do things that destroy the future of the child.
Page(s): 830-835 Date of Publication: 25 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5744Download PDF
Herders/Farmers conflict in Nigeria is a vexed national question that is threatening nation building. Though the conflict is historically an old one spanning pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial epochs; the Nigerian State is yet to find a remedy to the crisis. The patterns of the conflict have also changed. The conflict has metamorphosed from a local community conflict to a large scale conflict using sophisticated weapons and involving the sacking of settled communities on their ancestral homes. This development has ignited debates as to the real motives for the persistence of the conflict. Indeed, the lethality of the contemporary pattern has left damnable implications for nation building and begs for thoughtful policy interventions. This paper historicizes the patterns of herders/farmers conflict in Nigeria since 1914 and highlights the implications on nation building. It contends that herders/farmers conflict is escalating the bound of a local resource conflict to a politicized ethnic and religious one. The implications of this development on nation building and human security are damning and capable of degenerating into a wide scale civil war just as the experiences of Somalia and Rwanda depicts. Thus, the paper proposes thoughtful policy prescriptions to tame the gradual slide to State failure. The analysis in the paper is laced in a historical methodology using primary and secondary sources.
Page(s): 836-840 Date of Publication: 25 August 2021
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Self-concept among adolescents is dynamic because of the struggle to find true identity while maintaining social acceptability. Social media may be seen as a social laboratory providing freedom to experiment with different presentations of self. The study examined the relationship between selected social networking sites (WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram) and the adolescents’ self-concept in public mixed day secondary schools in Kajiado County, Kajiado North Sub-county Kenya. An embedded mixed methods research design was employed to enable the researcher establish the relationship between the selected Social Networking Sites and self-concept among adolescents. Simple random sampling was employed to the selected 4 schools for this study. Probability sampling technique was used to select a sample of 265 respondents from the 4 selected secondary schools as sample size for the study. Data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings indicated that Facebook was the most preferred social media site among the adolescents. The self-concept level among the adolescents was at a moderate level indicating that the adolescents are aware of their self. The study found a negative weak correlation between WhatsApp and self-concept among adolescent; a negative weak correlation between Facebook and self-concept among adolescents and a negative weak correlation between Instagram and self-concept among adolescents. Self-concept among the selected respondents was not significantly affected by the selected social media applications. The study recommends harnessing of social media platforms as a socializing tool among adolescents since no significant correlation was found between social media and self-concept of adolescents despite the existing ban of use of mobile phones among this population in Kenya. .
Page(s): 841-847 Date of Publication: 25 August 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5745Download PDF