This study examined the relationship between the Intercity Bus Performance and Corporate Social Responsibility of operators in the capital cities of South South, Nigeria. The operation/management activities of Intercity Bus Service are carried out in a place owned and/or inhabited by people. These activities most times adversely affect the people and the place(s). The host communities expect some compensation for the consequent hazards or ill-experiences they and their environment suffer. This is the community perspective of performance, which unfortunately are often overlooked when business concerns are assessed in the developing countries, like Nigeria. A potent strategy by which the community perspective can be effectual or realised is the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility. In our study of 94 Operators, selected based on experience and functional Bus fleet, oral interview and observation formed the Primary data sources; while published-scholarly works and unpublished operational records at the operators’ head offices and outstations were the main sources of Secondary data. Analysis of data gathered were done descriptively. It was found that, although there was evidence of the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility projects; the host communities through their leadership, felt that the CSR projects were inadequate, less impactful, unsustainable and unsatisfactory. Conclusively, it was noted that, undermining the community perspective of performance could be tantamount to insensitivity, injustice, cruelty and unfairness to the dignity and welfare of the citizens; the growth and health of the environment of the host communities. Therefore, it was recommended that CSR implementation be more defined and made enforceable by law, amongst other things.
Page(s): 01-07 Date of Publication: 02 June 2021
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Nigeria, a land that is highly blessed with human and material resources is facing the challenges of bad governance and corruption. These factors are responsible for the high level of under development, economic stagnation and high poverty rate. Corruption has ruined and destroyed all sectors of Nigerian including the education sector which was expected to produce transformed citizens and provide answers to societal challenges. The education sector has failed in her responsibilities to produce individuals who are morally upright with the right types of values and behaviours. Hence, the vicious cycle of corruption and poverty. This paper therefore focused on education and the fight against corruption with a review and discussion of the concept of education, corruption, good governance and its benefits, and the roles of education in fighting corruption. The study concluded that our governments and our educational system have failed us in the fight against corruption and this calls for a rethink on how to start all over again with dedication and passion to save Nigeria from total collapse. The researcher therefore suggested the following among others as the way forward: a change of the mindset of the citizens through the education system and the national orientation agency; stringent punishment for public officers convicted of corruption including naming, shaming and publishing their names in black book to serve as deterrents to others.
Page(s): 08-13 Date of Publication: 03 June 2021
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The main objective of the study is to determine which domain of working conditions best influences the performance of tertiary teachers. The quantitative non-experimental design utilizing correlation technique was used in the study. The respondents of the study were the 45 tertiary teachers of UM Panabo College. Mean, Pearson-r and Regression Analysis were the statistical tools employed to interpret the data gathered. The findings of the study revealed a high level of working conditions of tertiary teachers at UM Panabo College. It was also revealed that the level of performance at UM Panabo College was very high. The test of relationship between variables confirmed significant relationship between working conditions and performance of tertiary teachers at UM Panabo College. Based on the results, there was no specific domain on working conditions that best influences the performance of tertiary teachers of UM Panabo College in its singular capacity. However, all indicators are needed in combination to significantly influence the performance of tertiary teachers at UM Panabo College.
Page(s): 14-21 Date of Publication: 04 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5501Download PDF
The performance of Ghanaian Languages (GHLs) during the post-colonial Ghana has been in the hands of political parties and their ideological orientation. This paper looks at the trend of performance of the GHLs during the colonial era and arguably challenges the efforts of the successive military and democratic governments over the sixty four years of independence. The declaration of independence and freedom from the colonial masters was expected to grant performance rights to the languages. The paper found that governments paid leap services to the promotion of the GHLs as compared with the Guggisberg’s colonial era. Participation in the enactment and implementation of language policies has been limited to only government appointed elites. The general society equate success in education, employment, respect and prestige to the ability to speak English hence not giving due credit to the GHLs. The paper concludes that Ghana as a sovereign state has not done much after attaining independence though some improvement has been chalked. The paper hence suggest among others, the passing of a bill in parliament which becomes a legislative instrument for the language policy to put finality to the struggle. This instrument will further enjoin the legislature, the judiciary, the executive and the citizenry to perform various roles to ensure better performance of the GHLs in education and media.
Page(s): 22-30 Date of Publication: 04 June 2021
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This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of relapse among substance abuse patients in Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Calabar between 2015 and 2019. Having obtained approval from ethical team of the hospital, the study was conducted. Two (2) research questions were raised to guide the study. A retrospective cohort study design was adopted to study a total of 139 substance abused patients’ record from the research area, which was selected using systematic random sampling procedure. Data was collected using a self-developed and validated checklist by Nursing Department of the institution. Data obtained were analyzed using frequency counts and simple percentages, while the association between variables was achieved using Chi-square statistical analysis significant at 0.05. Findings from the study revealed that the prevalence of relapse among the patients in Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Calabar between 2015 and 2019 is 23 per cent (n=32) indicating that in every 100 substance abuse patients admitted in the Hospital within these period, 32 experienced relapse. Within this period, the highest occurrence of relapse was recorded in 2016. Also, majority of patients with relapse were male, age ranged between 20 – 29 years, and were re-admitted in the Hospital for 2-3 times. The demographic characteristics that significantly associated with relapse within the period under study were; sex, age, marital status, educational level and occupation. Based on all these findings, it was recommended that clinicians and educators should work together to develop appropriate treatments strategy and after-care programs that will address the issue of substance use, relapse and prevention. .
Page(s): 31-41 Date of Publication: 08 June 2021
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The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of political interest relationships with political competence and political awareness among millennials in Indonesia. Employing a quantitative explanatory method with a survey, 121 female students in 2020 at As-Syafi’iyah Islamic University were involved as the respondents. Further, data analysis used the descriptive analysis of the mean and multiple regression analysis supported by the SPSS program. The results revealed that: a) the average score (mean) of political interest (Y) of millennial young women was still low (2.4475). The average level of political awareness (X1) was relatively moderate (2.9876), and political competence (X2) arrived at a low level (2.3034), with the score range of 1-4; b) political awareness and political competence simultaneously correlate with political interest is positive and strong (R=0.723), that mean political awareness and competence also simultaneously contributed 52.2% to political interest. The other 47.8% is influenced by other factors; c) the mathematical model to boost the political interest of millennial young women by using the factors of political awareness and political competence was Y = 0.610 + 0.286 X1 + 0.427 X2; d) political competence had a higher influence sensitivity than political awareness on the increasing political interest of millennial young women; e) the improvement of political competence of such women in the digital era should utilize technology-based media, namely Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and the like.
Page(s): 42-47 Date of Publication: 08 June 2021
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Technical, Vocational Education and Training (TVET) could be a veritable instrument for national economic development in Nigeria. The growing awareness of the need to adapt TVET to meet the rapid global economic requirement is absolutely essential. Thus, TVET is a mechanism that could help for improving the quality of workforce by humanizing their mobility, adaptability and productivity. TVET indirectly could contributes to the enhancement of firms’ competitiveness in the globalized world. This is so because one of the most important features of TVET is its orientation towards the world of work and the emphasis of its curriculum on the acquisition of employable skills. Unfortunately, it is sadly to note that, after many years of existence of Nigeria as nation is seriously threatened with unemployment, poverty, social and economic instability, insecurity, corruption, insurgents, banditry, underdevelopment and unscrupulous leadership amongst others. Nigeria will continually remain a technologically backward and dependent nation if this negative attitudes and ugly trends are not reversed. In order to bring lasting solution to these dreadful and horrible situation in Nigeria. It is important that government should focus on acquisition of employable skills for the youths so as to divert there attention from these social vices that have bedevil the nation. Thus, it is absolutely essential to examine the issues, challenges and strategies to strengthen TVET in Nigeria. It was concluded amongst others, that Nigeria government should look inward and recognize the fact that TVET as the bedrock for meaningfully technological growth and national development. It was recommended that the government, stakeholders, policy makers and TVET providers in Nigeria should focus on TVET quality assurance best practices that have worked in advanced countries around the world. Also the government should adequately fund, plan, implement, and manage TVET programmes in technical institutions in Nigeria. Finally there should be a synergy between the schools-industry linkages where students are trained, mustbe a replica of the environment in which he/she must subsequently work.
Page(s): 48-59 Date of Publication: 08 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5502Download PDF
This research attempt to find the level of community participation in the tourism industry at the micro level. Due to the sensitive nature of the research mixed method was used since each correct the anomaly of the other to make it a whole. The analysis was conducted by using descriptive statistics and mean for quantitative method whilst individuals who were opinion leaders were interviewed through recording and later transcribed. The results of the study revealed that as the tourism industry of Ghana becomes more formalized and institutionalized, more local community members gain exposure and proper insights to develop an in-depth understanding of its economic base and potentials. Alsothe results demonstrate that governance and local community’s participation are important component of the tourism development in every community.
Page(s): 60-66 Date of Publication: 09 June 2021
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This study was conducted to determine the significant influence of service quality on customer satisfaction among beauty salons in a certain municipality of Davao del Norte, Philippines. A quantitative non-experimental descriptive-correlational design was employed in the study utilizing a convenient sampling technique among respondents distributed from six beauty salons each with a quota of 50 customers to rate for year 2019. Mean was used to measure the level of service quality and customer satisfaction while linear regression analysis was used in determining what domain of service quality significantly influence customer satisfaction among beauty salons. As a result, service quality was in high level which while customer satisfaction was in moderate level. It was also found out that there is a low positive significant relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction among beauty salons and that 9.06% of the customer satisfaction can be attributed to service quality. Further, only tangibles domain significantly influences customer satisfaction while the rest did not. Thus, service quality is recommended to be enhanced to achieve a high level of customer satisfaction.
Page(s): 67-72 Date of Publication: 09 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5503Download PDF
The greatest challenge in the contemporary world today is living a virtuous life. Aristotle provides an approach of engaging children through habitual training in virtue in an organized educational system. Therefore, Education is crucial in orienting the young towards being responsible citizens to contribute to economic, social and political development of the state. In Kenya, educational system has focused all along in providing Religious Education of the mainstream Religions i.e. Christianity, Islam, Hindu towards attaining sound morals and religious values. However on assessing the products of 8.4.4 and critically examining the situations within the educational set up for instance: Indiscipline, Riots, Drug and substance use, arson, Teacher attacks by student, radicalization etc., there is need to critically question the goal of education in order provide insights that can inform the theory and practice of pedagogical ethic, student-teacher relationship with the aim of attaining holistic education and training for responsible citizenship. Thus, the paper analyzed the national goals of education, traced the philosophical assumptions on human nature towards achieving the goal, analyzed moral education and religious education. It is therefore recommended that education in Kenya should embrace a multidimensional orientation that ensures the moral development, intellectual growth and skill empowerment of learners towards self realization, an informed freedom and self empowerment to act responsibly as valuable citizens
Page(s): 73-77 Date of Publication: 09 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5504Download PDF
The purpose of this study was to investigate interventions measures and teaching strategies enhancing mathematics teaching to dyscalculic learners in public day secondary schools in Kericho county. Guided by Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, the study adopted a descriptive design which used mixed model research with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The study was carried out in Kericho County. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data for the study. The study was carried in 35 randomly selected public day secondary schools in different localities within the County to effectively analyze the methodologies of teaching the subject in the region. Data from the research instruments, namely mathematics teachers’ questionnaires and mathematics students’ questionnaires was coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25) to obtain descriptive statistics. To ensure validity, face and content validity was conducted. Also, the Cronbach Coefficient Formula was applied to guarantee reliability. The findings revealed that 19 out of 300 randomly sampled students, which represent 6.3% of the total sampled students, suffered from dyscalculia. Also, reviewing the previous lessons and maximizing the use of homework were some of the major interventions that helped in enhancing dyscalculic learners’ performance. The study recommends that the government should ensure a conducive classroom environment to enhance performance of dyscalculic students. It should also ensure that schools have enough teachers with special needs skills in all the schools.
Page(s): 78-87 Date of Publication: 09 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5505Download PDF
This study was conducted in 2018 in distance learning students. The objectives of the study were to: identify the views on the importance/usefulness of Online Supplementary Components on educational experiences of the students at Level 3 (First Year) of the Faculty of Natural Science B.Sc. Degree Programme, identify the student participation in Online Supplementary Components offered by the Faculty of Natural Science at Level 3 in the B.Sc. Degree Programme, identify any associations between Leaner Support Programmes and student participation in Online Supplementary Components at Level 3 of the B.Sc. Degree Programme, identify any associations between geographical regions and student participation in Online Supplementary Components at Level 3 of the B.Sc. Degree Programme. This is a telephone questionnaire based sample survey, using closed questions. The population of the study was the 1327 students who enrolled to the B.Sc. Degree programme(BSDP) in the academic year 2016/2017 (conducted from 1st March 2017 to 21st February 2018 in the regional centres at Colombo, Kandy, Matara, Jaffna, Anuradhapura, and Batticaloa) in the Faculty of Natural Sciences in the Open University of Sri Lanka. In this study, the On-Line Supplementary Components (OLSC) offered in the discipline based courses at Level 3 in the BSDP were considered. The faculty learner support progamme – Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) was conducted, in all disciplines only in Colombo and Kandy regional centres. Randomly selected 107 students, who were active learners, comprised of 42 students (Kandy -12, Colombo -30) who attended the PASS and 65 students (Anuradhapura -3, Batticaloa -4, Colombo -30, Jaffna -5, Kandy – 17, Matara -6) who did not attend the PASS, were interviewed. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select the sample. Overall, 94% students agreed that OLSCs are important/useful for their educational experiences. Therefore developing OLSCs for more courses in the BSDPs has to be encouraged. However, majority of students have used the OLSCs to ‘download the past papers’ (82%) and ‘Scheduling /Administrative matters’ (67%). The online participation to some of the activities such as ‘using online supplementary materials’, ‘answering of quizzes’, ‘interacting with the teacher for academic matters’, ‘interacting with the peers for academic matters’ are not at satisfactory levels. Large scale studies are recommended to find out the hidden factors curbing the online participation in these activities and take measures to mitigate them. Found statistically significant positive associations with the Learner Support Programme, PASS and utilising the OLSC (P < 0.05). Further, introducing online components to Leaner Support Programme designed to motivate the students in developing the necessary skills and using educational technology are recommended. Difference in participation of students in OLSCs was evident between regional centres at Colombo and Kandy (p = 0.035). Since the study indicates less online participation in regions away from Colombo, necessary measures, including providing accessibility to communication infrastructure and making awareness on technology, have to be adopted to address the online learning participation of the students in regions remote from the main city
Page(s): 88-93 Date of Publication: 09 June 2021
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The study leadership from a gender perspective in a rural context in Zimbabwe. The study investigated the challenges faced by female school heads because of their gender in one rural district. Grounded in the qualitative paradigm and using the social realist theoretical analytical framework, a thematic approach was used in analysing qualitative data gathered through semi-structured interviews with ten female school heads. Findings from the study showed that female school heads were not perceived as incompetent and unable by male colleagues only, but also by female staff colleagues as a result of an entrenched culture of male dominance. Among the challenges faced by female principals included: negative attitude from some parents and teachers undermined because of their gender and lack of confidence. The study recommends the mounting of gender awareness workshops with both parents and teachers to sensitive them on gender equity issues. In addition the study calls for mentoring and networking workshops, in service training opportunities and role modelling to be given to female teachers who aspire to, and have potential in leadership so that these female teachers can feel empowered and see that they have the potential executing leadership roles.
Page(s): 94-101 Date of Publication: 09 June 2021
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A traditional criticism has been made, that pragmatics does not have a clear cut focus and in early studies there was tendency to assort those topics without a clear status in linguistics pragmatics. Some complained why that pragmatics is not eligible as an independent field of learning since meaning is already dealt with semantics. However, there is consensus that pragmatics as a separate study is more than necessary because it handles those meanings that semantics overlook. This paper therefore, attempts highlighting the meaning and scope of pragmatics. The paper is generally sub-divided into the following sections: introduction, meaning of Pragmatics, Scope of Pragmatics and Conclusion.
Page(s): 102-105 Date of Publication: 10 June 2021
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The integration of digital technology in book publishing has positive implications and benefits that far outweigh whatever fears and disadvantages that print publishers associate it with. Also, the fact that contemporary information users are largely making use of digital resources is glaring and cannot be disputed. Digital publishing improves book publishing process from the initial stage of text creation to the final stage of distribution and access by readers. Regardless of these benefits, partial or wholesome transition to digital publishing among Nigerian book publishers is hazy. This article is a review of digital publishing in Nigeria; its adoption, benefits and challenges as well as the way forward for indigenous publishers in Nigeria.
Page(s): 106-110 Date of Publication: 10 June 2021
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This study is to analyze the role of the International Organization (CIOFF) in the conservation of intangible cultural heritage in the city of Surabaya from 2016-2019. The study used a qualitative descriptive method, the data used is based on what is found that describes an event that occurred in accordance with the facts.The results show that the CIOFF plays a role in preserving, promoting, spreading folklore and culture, contributing to the preservation of intangible cultural identities around the world, one of which is in Surabaya and implementing UNESCO programs related to traditional culture.
Page(s): 111-113 Date of Publication: 10 June 2021
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The world is washed by the waves or tides of armament. The demand to own weapons of mass destruction in which nuclear weapon is inclusive, is on high increases. Simultaneously, the states in the international system are yearning for the controls of arms which to them will help in the cushioning of war and related security problems in the international system. As a result, many nations have entered in agreement and signed a number of arms control treaty either bilateral or multilateral. With the present of United Nations and other Regional Governmental organizations that serves as an agent of implementation of these treaties and agreement, there is still high proliferation of weapons in the international system which has also increase the rate of insurgency and terrorism. What could be the reason behind this problem despite the arms control international security policy? The answer is within the economic, military and political issues. The paper argued that nations believed that their ability to secure and obtain a weapon of mass destruction and other related weapons is signifies their military strength and therefore, they can go to any length to achieve such an aim. It was also discovered in this research that some nations find it difficult to adhere to the policy of arms control due to internal/domestic political issues. Additionally, it was argued in this manuscript that some nations’ economy depends to a certain level on the production of weapons and military hard-wires. Telling such nations to reduce the or stop that activity is like telling Nigeria and other nations who heavily depend on oil to reduce or stop the production of weapons. In conclusion, it was recommended in the paper that for arms control to take it full cost in the international system, there is need for states to fully cooperate and obey the terms and conditions of treaties of arms control irrespective of the interest in domestic political and economic issues.
Page(s): 114-119 Date of Publication: 10 June 2021
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Youth owned Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play an important social and economic role among the Kenyan Youth who are unable to find salaried employment in the formal sector. The performance of the sector is therefore a great concern. While there are other factors that contribute to business performance Entrepreneurial Orientation(EO) is recognized among the important factors in business performance and profitability yet it has not been given consideration among the youth owned SMEs interventions. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Performance of Youth owned funded small and medium sized enterprises in Chuka Town of Tharaka-Nithi County. The study used descriptive survey design. The target population was 146 businesses funded and registered by Chuka Youth Office. Respondents were sampled from 48Youth owned SMEs which were funded in food processing with 41 who responded in Chuka Town. Data was collected using a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire to gather perception from the respondents. EO was measured using a scale based on previous studies with innovation, risk taking and pro-active as part of EO dimensions. The study generated both qualitative and quantitative data. The collected data analyzed using inferential and descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that owner/ managers of good performing businesses were supportive and encouraged new ways of doing business and that in the past severalyears businesses had pioneered the development of innovations in the business with respondents’ having introduced new products / services over the past three years implying that the businesses have not only been innovative but also risk taking. On the basis of these findings the following recommendations were made: business should embrace entrepreneurial mindset, CEOs and founders to create necessary environment that would encourage and reward those working in the business to be more innovative, creative, risk taking and persistent in their business pursuit for improved performance and become more competitive. The findings therefore suggest that innovation which is the driving force in entrepreneurship is key to good business performance and development and that funding alone without innovation will not guarantee business growth. The study therefore concludes that entrepreneurship and business training is necessary before funding for the youth to acquire necessary skills and embrace innovation in their business practices.
Page(s): 120-127 Date of Publication: 11 June 2021
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Although organizations are started for the purpose of achieving some set objectives, this is not always the case with performance being cited as one of the challenges facing them today. Theological training institutions that are affiliated to Africa Inland Church have not been spared from this challenge of under-performance. Some of the areas that these theological training institutions have not performed well are in the declining number of students joining themand lack of reward system for both students and employees. Other challenges are lack of resources such declining financial support from donors besides lack of information technology infrastructure. This study was anchored on organizational resource portfolio which is an aspect of strategic leadership theory to determine its effects on organizational performance in Africa Inland Church theological training institutions in Kenya. Data was collected using both open and closed ended questionnaires from 219 management members, employees and third year students of Africa Inland Church theological training institutions in Kenya. The study made use of experimental research design while respondents were sampled using multi-stage sampling technique. The study established that organizational resource portfolio had a negative correlation with organizational performance (R=-0.145, p>.01) and contributed to 2.1 percent of the performance in Africa Inland Church theological training institutions in Kenya.
Page(s): 128-134 Date of Publication: 12 June 2021
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The study sought to investigate factors influencing ICT integration in Resource planning in secondary schools in Mashuuru district, Kajiado County. Specifically, the study sought to establish the availability of ICT infrastructure and the level of training personnel, all in the integration of ICT in resource planning. The study employed descriptive survey design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches targeting 13 secondary schools, 13 school principals, 226 teachers. A sample of 88 respondents was randomly selected and interviewed for argumentation purposes of the study findings. Data was mainly collected using a questionnaire tool. Structured interview were also used in collecting quality data from the Principals. The study established that most schools had desktops, phones, television, laptops, DVD players, projectors and radios. Based on linear regression, availability of ICT infrastructure, R-Squired was 0.224 which explained (22.4%) of the factors influencing integration of ICT in resource planning in schools. The study found out that most teachers were well trained in Microsoft word, emails, Google search and excel with mean average of 3.22, 3.15. 3.30 and 2.73 respectively. Training in power point, access, office tools and quick books showed a low level training with mean average of 2.51, 2.38, 2.19 and 1.83 respectively. The sum mean average for all the variables was 2.66 implying a moderate level of training. This indicates that, in average, teachers in Mashuuru district were moderately trained in ICT use. The regression mode is adjusted R-Squired was 0.145 which explain (14.5%) extent at which training factors influenced integration of ICT, in resource planning in schools. Based on the findings, many schools in Mashuuru district had quite considerable enough ICT infrastructure that can necessitate the utilization of the same resource planning in schools. Quite a good number of teachers were also trained in ICT and this is attributed to the fact that most of the teachers were young. They had the prerequisite skills needed in the use of ICT in schools.
Page(s): 135-143 Date of Publication: 12 June 2021
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This study aimed to explorethe relationship between the personality disorders and five factor modeland their factor structures in a Filipino non-clinical sample. The participants were 828 respondents from various areas in the Philippines. 35.5 % males and 64.3% females. The average age of respondents is 20.29 (SD = 4.83). The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) and the Neuroticism, Extraversion and Openness Personality Inventory – Revised (NEO-PI R) were used as assessment measures. Eight factors were extracted from a varimax principal components analysis including the 30 NEO-PI-R facets and the 14 PD scales. The results show that the five-factor model is modestly related to personality disorders as described in the DSM IV. There is a modest correspondence between personality disorder and NEO dimensions and facets. Regression analyses showed that NEO domain and facet scores explained a fifth to a third of the variance in PD dimensions.The results lend measured support to the correspondence of personality disorders and FFM theory of personality, however, the breadth of personality disorder pathology is not completely covered by the NEO. It seems then necessary to use additional clinical material, beyond the NEO, to describe personality disorder dimensions.
Page(s): 144-153 Date of Publication: 14 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5506Download PDF
This study is investigated how the body image of adolescents is affected by gender and body mass index and the interaction of both. The respondents of this study were 60 College freshmen undergraduate students. Convenience sampling was used in this study to get a preliminary gross estimate of results. Judgment sampling was also used in this study. To investigate the effects of gender and body mass and their interaction effects to body image, two-way analysis of variance was used. The results of this study supported the hypothesis that gender has an effect on body image regardless of body mass index. The resultsdid not support the hypotheses that body mass index has a significant effect on body image regardless of gender as well as the effect of gender on body image depends on body mass index. It is suggested that other anthropomorphic measures may be used, gender differences in body image also be further examined
Page(s): 154-161 Date of Publication: 14 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5507Download PDF
This study seeks to answer this question: Does gender predict emotional intelligence among adolescents? There were 300 study participants by random sampling. Of the 300 respondents, 166(55%) were females and 134 (45%) were males. The average age of respondents was19.10 years (SD = 1.956). Emotional intelligence is defined from the standpoint of the Mayer and Salovey EI model: as the ability to “perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional meanings, and to reflectively regulate emotions to promote both better emotion and thought” (Mayer & Salovey,1997, p. 5). The trait meta-mood scale was the first assessment measure developed by the authors who first identified the EI construct. The TMMS was designed to measure individual differences in the processes of emotional regulation, which includes emotional awareness that further involves monitoring, evaluation, and management of feelings. For total EI score, female respondents (n= 166) obtained mean score of 87.64 (SD= 8.87), whereas male respondents (n=134) obtained a mean score of 87.37 (SD= 9.38). For EI subscale emotional attention, females obtained a mean score of 44.67 (SD= 5.68); whereas males obtained a mean score of 43.51 (SD= 6.29). For subscale emotional clarity, females obtained a mean score of 24.20 (SD= 3.85), whereas males obtained a mean score of 25.77 (SD= 3.96). For subscale emotional repair, females obtained a mean score of 15.68 (SD= 2.62), whereas males obtained a mean score of 15.28 (SD= 2.64) . To test if gender significantly predicts the level of emotional intelligence of college respondents, multiple regression analysis was used. The results of the regression indicate that gender does not explain any of the variance in emotional intelligence (R2=.000, F(1,298)=.070, p=.792). Gender does not significantly predict emotional intelligence among adolescents (β= -.015, p= .525).
Page(s): 162-167 Date of Publication: 14 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5508Download PDF
The purpose of this study was to find out how Kenyan Religious parents perform in providing sexual-related information to their children. A survey, involving 322 secondary school students in Kiambu County, Kenya was carried out, on five basic sexual-related questions. The students responses on their source of sexual related information was cross tabulated with the demographic information of parents religious denominations. The respondents were asked from which source they learnt names of sexual organs in mother tongue where only 9.6% learnt from parents, 2.8% from religious sources, 6.8% from the school curriculum, 6.8% from the media,26.7% through self-discovery and 47.2% from the peer group. Out of those 9.6%, 1.9% were Catholics, 1.2% were Muslims, 3.1% Pentecostals, and 3.4 Protestants. The second question was the respondents’ source of information about how babies are made, and only 9% and 2.2% responded on parents and religious sources consecutively. The rest 61.5% cited school curriculum, 11.2% self-discovery, 10.9% peer group, and 5.3 % media. Out of the 9% parents, 3.1% were Catholics, 3.1% Protestants, 1.6% Pentecostals, 0.9% Muslims and 0.3% SDAs. The third question was respondents’ source of information about wet dreams where only 2.8% named parents and 3.1% religious sources. The other55% learnt through school curriculum, peer group 22%, self-discovery 14%, and media 3.1%. Out of the 2.8% parents, 0.6 Catholics, 0.9% Protestants, 0.9 Pentecostals and 0.3, Muslims. The fourth question on sources of information about menstruation showed the school curriculum rank highest 56.8%, self-discovery 16.5%, peer group 9%, parents 8.1%, media 6.2% and religious sources 3.4%. Out of the 8.1% parents, 3.4% were Protestants, 2.8 % Catholics, 1.2%Pentecostals and 0.6% Muslims. The fifth question was on the source that calls for abstinence. As expected, Religious leaders led with 35.4%, the school 21.7%, parents 20%, self-10.6%,with media among the lowest at 6.8% and peer 4.6%. Out of the 20% parents 8.7% were Protestants, 7.8% Catholics, 2.8% Pentecostals and 1.6% Muslims. The findings led to the conclusion that although the parents supported by their religious faiths have all the primary rights to inform provide sexual-related information to their children, very little if any is provided. School curriculum provides only what is allowed and it is evident that students continue to source for what they lack from alternative sources like media and peers. It is also clear that media and peer are not encouraging abstention. The study recommends that stakeholder be involved in developing a comprehensive sexuality education program and incorporate it the school’s curriculum for teachers to handle. Failure to do so leaves the youth vulnerable to negative consequences of sexual behavior that hampers self-development and educational goals of the society.
Page(s): 168-177 Date of Publication: 15 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5509Download PDF
The Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector plays a significant role in the growth development of the Kenyan economy. The ASM sector act as a major source of livelihood for both men and women who engage in the sector. However, women are yet to fully benefit from this sector due to socio-economic factors such as cultural practices, legal framework as well as access to finance constraints. Nevertheless, while empirical evidence seems to be conclusive concerning socio-cultural factors, limited studies have focused on the issue of financial access-the focus of this investigation. We apply a cross-sectional survey design with a target population of 230 women working in ASM sector within Taita Taveta county. Stratified sampling was adopted to select 146 women from whom data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires. We establish that accessibility to mining tools and equipment, skills and knowledge on finance affects women participation in the ASM negatively. Provision of credit and knowledge of financial management is very critical towards enhancing women participation in the ASM sector in Taita Taveta.
Page(s): 178-184 Date of Publication: 15 June 2021
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Bringing the world close to universal literacy has been a major legacy of the twentieth century. To realize this agenda UNESCO has been at the forefront since 1946. Its focus has been to advance the vision of a literate world for all. Nations worldwide inclusive of multilateral organizations considers Literacy as a driver for sustainable development in that it enables greater participation in the labour market; improved child and family health and nutrition; reduces poverty and expands life opportunities. Beyond its conventional concept as a set of reading, writing and counting skills, literacy is now understood as a means of identification, understanding, interpretation, creation, and communication in an increasingly digital, text-mediated, information-rich and fast-changing world. In light of this, a number of Global policies on Literacy have been formulated. Agreement on the best means of achieving this goal, however, has been very difficult to come by, and a number of literacy program have been shaped by internal and external politics as well as by local exigencies. This article outlines how literacy policies have evolved since the 1990 Jomitien Conference discussing their idealistic aims and intentions. The write up provides an analysis of their impact in relation to enhancing literacy levels and outlining the strength and weaknesses of the policies by focusing on their strength and weaknesses.
Page(s): 185-189 Date of Publication: 16 June 2021
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People around the world have been directly and indirectly affected due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Its spread has heavily impacted global health and mental health. The rapid spread, uncertainty, and high death rates due to the corona pandemic created huge fear and panic all over the world. With physical isolation, people heavily rely on social media to seek information regarding this pandemic. This paper presents how social mediaaffected on spreading of fear and panic during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka. An online questionnaire (Google Form) was prepared and conducted with a sample of 102 participants from the Western province in Sri Lanka. Correspondently, data were analyzed using SPSS software. The study reveals that social media has a significant impact on spreading fear and panic related to the COVID-19 outbreak in Sri Lanka, with a potential negative influence on people’s mental health and physical well-being. Facebook is the most used social media network for spreading fear and panic about the COVID-19 outbreak in Sri Lanka. In conclusion, can say that social media has played a crucial role in creating and spreading fear and panic about the COVID-19 outbreak in Sri Lanka.
Page(s): 190-196 Date of Publication: 16 June 2021
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The Covid-19 pandemic has impacted the global, regional and national strategic environment. the economic sector is an area that is greatly affected as a whole. The current condition must immediately find an effective and efficient solution so that it does not become a more serious threat to the defense of the State. The method used in this paper is descriptive qualitative phenomenology using the theory of defense policy implementation by Lukman Yudho Prakoso which states that defense policy implementation can run well if you pay attention to the factors of Integrative, Interactive, Transparency, Controling and Accountability (IITCA). The results showed that the economic handling between the central and regional governments had not yet been integrated, interactive communication was still a major obstacle, with the arrest of the Minister of Social Affairs showing that there were still major problems related to transparency, controlling and accountability factors. The tourism village is one of the programs initiated by the government in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic, which is expected to cause economic activity, especially in the field, so that this program is considered optimal as well to equip the state defense program for all parties involved, so that it is not vulnerable to being infiltrated by parties – irresponsible parties. The conclusion of this paper is in accordance with the theory of Kasih Prihantoro, so that the tourism village program with the character of defending the country as the foundation of the defense economy can run well, an effective and efficient netwok must be built and there must be a party acting as a driver force
Page(s): 197-201 Date of Publication: 16 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5510Download PDF
This study has critically assessed the institutional and legal mechanisms for combating drug trafficking in Nigeria with special attention on the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA). It is worthy to note that drug trafficking remains one of the badly organized crimes that involves individuals of different nationalities with its attendant effects on national and global peace and stability. Drug traffickers no doubt constitute socio-economic cum environmental threats to Nigeria in particular. The quantum of damages has necessitated the need to raise some pertinent questions; what are the major causes of drug trafficking in Nigeria? What are the institutional frameworks that have been put in place to combat the menace of drug trafficking? How can the institutions be strengthened to tackle drug trafficking? To answer the questions, the paper relied on both primary and secondary sources of data. Questionnaires were administered to 386 purposively sampled respondents with 74per cent duly retrieved for analysis. The structural-functionalist theory served as the framework of empirical assessment. In the course of the research findings, it was discovered that the nations of the world have identified drug trafficking as an international crime that requires institutional and legal collaborations to combat; hence the role of the NDLEA in this regards in invaluable. The agency has been in the business of elimination and preventing drug addiction and safeguarding the health of the nation. The laws and institutions to combat drug trafficking are not just of national importance but also, of international necessities. It has been recommended among others the need for an amendment of the NDLEA laws to accommodate the dynamics of the drug trafficking menace, the agency should embark on massive enlightenment campaign to forestall drug trafficking and quackery.
Page(s): 202-207 Date of Publication: 17 June 2021
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Financial literacy has become an important concepts in the modern global economy. Because of globalization all countries and nations can be deal with each other easily. Having good knowledge about financial concepts is essential to deal with each other in the present economy. The study intends to examine the factors effect on personal financial literacy in Sri Lanka. Data were collected using questionnaire from 125 undergraduate students of five different faculties in University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. The study finding reveals that total financial literacy of undergraduates is low. There is a strong positive relationship only between parents’ education level and personal financial literacy.
Page(s): 208-215 Date of Publication: 17 June 2021
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The study focused on the impact of teacher remuneration on the provision of quality education in secondary schools of Zimbabwe. It looked at a single ignored but most important quality education component: Teachers’ salaries. These salaries in many African countries are way below prevailing inflation rates. In this study the major argument is that, if education is perceived as a key institution for social-political-economic and technological development of any country underpinning sustainable living, why are people who provide such a vital commodity left at the periphery of empowerment? Research findings suggest that, Zimbabwe will never effectively achieve sustainable development goals and quality education if it does not considerately remunerate its teachers, who are in turn when well motivated are capable of being agents of change. Research findings argue that teacher remuneration is interrelated to all aspects of quality education, such that choice to ignore it affect costs and benefits of education in very complex ways. The content of the entry is based on theoretical analysis of published literature sources. Synthesis of analysed information led to the conclusion that, education is key to development but also a very costly enterprise. Within that pivotal enterprise teachers represent the single most important variable to the achievement of functional literacy which is a cornerstone for sustainable development. The study recommends finding mechanisms to improve teachers’ remuneration an obvious centrality for sustainable development.
Page(s): 216-221 Date of Publication: 18 June 2021
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Mangrove forests degradation is happening globally at an alarming rate since the 80’s. Land conversion for human activities is one of many reasons contributing to the issue. The access the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) on the function and conservation of mangrove, data was collected in Kuala Langat, Selangor within the vicinity of Sijangkang Mangrove Recreational Park using in-depth interviews (N = 100) and analysed using using ANOVA and linear regression. Results revealed that the respondents understand the importance of mangrove forests with high total mean knowledge score (80.93±7.77), attitude (75.83±8.51), and average on practice (55.95±11.44). Education is an important indication; resident status will determine the attitude towards the knowledge on the mangrove conservation. The linear regression depicts positive correlation between KAP variables where any changes will affect other variables.
Page(s): 222-235 Date of Publication: 18 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5511Download PDF
One of the goals of the establishment of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia which was formulated in the preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The aim of advancing the general welfare which is formulated in the preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and described in the chapter on state finances and the chapter on the state economy and social welfare is in line with the basic principles of democracy. The practices of corruption, collusion and nepotism in the administration of the state and government are suspected to be one of the causes of the fragility of the joints of the life of the nation and state. The political and economic policies of the New Order government emphasized the aspect of growthversus equalization. This research will examine efforts to eradicate corruption in Indonesia in terms of the design of political-law policies that are associated with the effectiveness of law enforcement based on components of legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture. Look at the background to these problems. This research uses normative legal research. In order to obtain scientific answers to the legal problems being studied, this study uses several approaches. The government of the Republic of Indonesia has shown a real and serious effort in eradicating corruption through the design of legal political policies / development of legal policy directions that enable the eradication of corruption to be carried out effectively, both through the formation of laws and regulations (legal substance) and the formation of state institutions has a role and function, directly or indirectly, in relation to efforts to realize a clean, transparent, accountable, and corruption-free governance. Then the implementation of legal politics to eradicate corruption in Central Sulawesi Province can be seen by the prosecution of a number of cases involving local government elites, both from the executive, legislative, and private sectors. In the aspect of prevention, it is carried out by law enforcement officials through assistance and consultation in the management of national strategic activities / projects. Including the socialization that was carried out to the ranks of local government in order to have an understanding and awareness of the importance of realizing a government that is free of corruption..
Page(s): 236-243 Date of Publication: 19 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5512Download PDF
Indonesia as an archipelagic state has an open sea area and the existence of the Indonesian Archipelago Sea Channel (ALKI) which creates vulnerabilities to various possible threats. Balitbang Kemhan RI has developed a passive radar detection tool that can be used for sensing all activities deemed necessary in national defense, especially for preparation in case of universal war. This paper will analyze the implementation of the existing early detection system using the theory of Lukman Yudho Prakoso (2016) which states that public policy in the defense sector can be achieved well if Integrative, Interactive, Transparency, Controling and Accountability (IITCA) factors are respected. The writing method used is descriptive qualitative literature study. The next writer will formulate a strategy so that the total war strategy can be optimal by operating an early detection system using passive radar. The results showed that the IITCA factor had not been fulfilled in the implementation of the existing early detection system operation defense policy, so that the formulation of a universal war strategy with passive radar operation that would later be implemented had to be integrated, interactive, transparent, had a control system and had to be accountable. As a conclusion, the universal war strategy with the operation of passive radar made by the Indonesian Ministry of Defense Balitbang, is very effective in achieving defense objectives in maintaining and protecting the sovereignty of the country, the territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia and the safety of the entire nation from all forms of threats
Page(s): 244-249 Date of Publication: 19 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5513Download PDF
Organizations in their quest to enhance work-life balance have been admonished to institute many human resource interventions including flexible and alternate work schedules. Meanwhile, promoting policies and interventions that facilitate work-life balance require a deeper introspection of effectively diagnosing and assessing the sources of stressors that tend to obstruct this optimal balance. The overarching question underpinning this study is: how does the context of women professionals serve as a ‘catalyst’ or ‘obstruction’ to competing work-life balance? Taking inspiration from the work-life border theory, the study designs a comprehensive framework to assess the sources of work-life conflict among women administrators from three selected public universities of Ghana. Adopting a case study design within qualitative research approach, a total of the 74 respondents are selected, 22 are sampled from each of the three institutions (making a total of 66 from the three institutions), while eight (8) are selected from national institutions and associations. Elite interviews and focus group discussions are the main instruments of primary data collection. Among its key findings, the study underscores how the socio-contextual forces, economic and physiological factors could help serve as a catalyst or obstruction to work-life balance. Beyond these forces which occur on the part of the individual employee, organizational forces and demands of the particular job could help compound or lessen the plight of women administrators in their quest to maintain work-life balance. It is important for organizations and their human resource management outfits to take into account the human resource management information systems very well in all their personnel policies especially how they react with different people.
Page(s): 250-258 Date of Publication: 19 June 2021
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This study focused on establishing how records were being managed in the absence of a registered professional association of records management. In came as a result of evidence that in Zimbabwe there was no registered professional association for records management raising questions on how were ideas shared amongst records and archives professionals. The study is qualitative in nature and convenient sampling technique was used to obtain views on how records management activities were operating in an environment where they do not have a registered professional body. The study probed further to establish what records and archives profession was missing as a result of not having a registered professional body. Study findings showed that records management practices were being conducted guided by the National Archives of Zimbabwe (public sector records) while private organisations had the records personnel deciding individually on records management issues. The study also showed that there was lack of a platform to organise effective seminars and workshops that would discuss issues relating to ethics and professional conduct, curriculum development and continuing professional development. The study went on to establish that the absence of having a registered professional association was affecting the growth of the profession, training of records and archives students and the professional progression. It was recommended that there is need for the existing informal professional associations to register and be the mouth and ears of the records profession in Zimbabwe
Page(s): 259-263 Date of Publication: 19 June 2021
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Stress in the university has a wide-ranging and negative impact on the well-being of a teacher and his or her day-to-day functioning. This is evident in many aspects: physical, psychological, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of functioning. This study examined the combined effects of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy on occupational stress; the relative contribution of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy to occupational stress; and the effect of self-efficacy on the relationship of emotional intelligence and occupational stress. Emotional intelligence is a cross section of inter-related emotional and social competencies, skills, and factors that determine how effectively a person understands and express him/herself, understand others and relate with them and cope with daily demands. Self-efficacy is the belief that one can perform a novel or difficult tasks, or cope with adversity — in various domains of human functioning. Occupational stress, the physical, mental and emotional wear and tear brought about by incongruence between the requirement of the job and the capabilities, resources and needs of the employee to cope with job demands. This study is a descriptive-correlational study. The results showed consistency with the research hypothesis: EI and self-efficacy has combined effect on occupational stress. The results showed a negative significant correlation between EI and stress, and between self-efficacy and stress. Self-efficacy was found to predict significantly occupational stress, but emotional intelligence did not contribute independently to the prediction of stress. This study demonstrated the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the association of EI and occupational stress. The understanding of the role of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy in teacher stress may lead to preventive intervention efforts to enhance teacher EI and self-efficacy to effectively deal with stress of academic life.
Page(s): 264-276 Date of Publication: 19 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5514Download PDF
This study attempts to find out and assess the post-pandemic threats of food security in Bangladesh pinpointing the key challenges and potential areas for future development. Bangladesh is a densely populated country with a large number of people living below the poverty line. The main challenge of the Government is to feed them meeting their hunger. Though enough food is nowadays available because of sufficient food production in the country, the accessibility of food or proper maintenance of quality of the food or equal distribution of food to all cannot be maintained properly. Besides, COVID-19 pandemic created the situation of food crisis due to lack of accessibility, stability and proper utilization of food. A number of threats from both internal and external sources hamper the desired food security in Bangladesh. Both empirical and secondary data has been analyzed in qualitative method conducting this study. The primary data is collected by conducting Key Informant Interviews (KII) related to food security in Bangladesh. And the secondary data is collected from the previously done literature in relevant field including research articles, books, policy reports, newspapers and so on. This study is attempts to contribute to the policy making and to combat threats towards sustainable food security in post-pandemic situation in Bangladesh.
Page(s): 277-284 Date of Publication: 21 June 2021
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The field of public administration has gone through some evolution and still going through such paradigmatic shifts. Going beyond the traditional public administration, which had been underpinned, by bureaucracy and the quest for democracy and rules, the field evolved to public management with its most popular variant new public management, which puts greater emphasizes on market orientation and adoption of private sector management principles into the public sector. However, to what extent is public management dissimilar with the traditional notion of public administration? Is public management significantly different from public administration? Is it a genuinely new area of academic enquiry or is it merely an old subject that is being dusted off and recycled? Does public management designate a coherent theoretical and methodological approach? Adopting content analysis of extant literature, these cross-cutting questions are adequately addressed in this paper with an emphasis on the nexus between public administration and public management. The paper concludes with the interconnection between the public administration, public management and the emerging approaches.
Page(s): 285-292 Date of Publication: 21 June 2021
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Patriarchal culture Indonesia in Indonesia has influenced many aspects of life, including the way of resolving family disputes in the judicial system. The patriarchal mindset is also assumed by most judges (men and women) in the Indonesian courts. This paper aims to critically examine the position of women in mediating family disputes in the Indonesian court-annexed mediation and how patriarchal values influence the conflict resolution processes and outcomes for all parties, particularly women. The studies were taken in two provinces of Indonesia, West Java and West Sumatra.
Page(s): 293-297 Date of Publication: 21 June 2021
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The purpose of this review is to determine the effectiveness of interpersonal communication of the principal In context of the world. This research uses compare journals related to the effectiveness of interpersonal communication in the sphere of education. Based on the results of a literature review from various countries in the world, the authors found that interpersonal communication can help the school principal in carrying out their duties by communicating in interpersonal with anyone. Therefore, the principal is expected to communicate well in interpersonal to create relationships, openness and trust within the scope of the organization Communication that can be done by the principal is interpersonal communication to create the relationship and trust are invited to communicate. Interpersonal communication can be effective if communication is conducted face-to-front and two-way with openness, clarity, transparency, brief, kindness, concrete, consideration. The importance of the effectiveness of interpersonal communication in education attracts researcher to examine, and this article is to test how the effectiveness of interpersonal communication of the principal in the organization. With the expectation of the principal can develop continuously interpersonal communication to build relationships and trust to anyone.
Page(s): 298-303 Date of Publication: 21 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5515Download PDF
This article is anchored on a study that evaluated the management of Art and Design in selected schools in Chongwe and Rufunsa districts of Zambia. The overarching goal of the study was to establish what else could be done for children to benefit fully from the subject as they play and make art. The theoretical framework was on the Social Development Theory of Learning, which was developed by Lev Vygotsky. The latter fundamentally proposed that social interaction profoundly influenced cognitive development of children. Based on this understanding, this study demonstrated that through play with art and design, children are likely to develop traits such as creativity, inventiveness, critical and analytical thinking. These traits could equip them for survival in their natural environments as well as instill values in them that would make them good members of their communities. To arrive at this conclusion, questionnaires were used to collect data, which was mainly qualitative. Consequently, thematic analysis was employed to interpret the findings.
Page(s): 304-309 Date of Publication: 21 June 2021
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This article aimed to analyse the use of indigenous languages on social media in South Africa. The objective was to establish if the use of indigenous languages is promoted on social media. A qualitative approach was used, and a survey was employed for data collection purposes. A sample size of 150 respondents was purposively selected and the respondents were from KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, and Limpopo provinces of South Africa. Five indigenous languages were targeted for the study: isiZulu, siSwati, Sepedi, Tshivenda, and Xitsonga. The findings revealed that people’s interaction on social media has contributed to the promotion of indigenous languages as more and more people use these languages. It was also found that while most of the respondents prefer using the English language on social media, they code-mix or code-switch between English and their indigenous language. Interestingly, this has resulted in new meanings being assigned to some existing words, and some ‘new’ words being created which are a result of the interface between English and indigenous languages. Another finding was that access to websites that support indigenous languages is limited due to irrelevant and insufficient content on these websites.
Page(s): 310-314 Date of Publication: 21 June 2021
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Emotional Intelligence (EI) plays a significant role in creating leadership skills and making an effective workplace. Positive work environment will enable everyone to understand each other, manage their own emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, and help to manage relationships within the organization. The objective was to explore the association of emotional intelligence in leadership and organizational success among the study participants. Observational study was done among participants for a period of six months. The study was conducted among healthcare professionals, bank employees and self-employed workers in the city of Batticaloa, Sri Lanka (n=9). Two physicians and one nurse were considered in Health care workers. Among bank employees, two of them were in the manager positions and one of them worked in customer service. In self-employed workers’ different categories and stages of employees were considered. One of them was a lawyer, one private tutor and one retail businessman. Content analysis was done manually. Themes identified were career satisfaction and having work-life balance. In all categories of career, stage and nature of career had an influence on career satisfaction and work life balance. Career satisfaction was measured by achieving the targets and feeling peaceful at work place. When we considered career satisfaction 100% of self-employed workers had it and 70% of Health-care workers and Bank employees expressed it. When considering the work life balance 70% of the self-employed workers had work life balance and in other professions less than 50% of them had a good work life balance. It was proved that employees with higher Emotional Intelligence had career satisfaction; good work life balance and they could lead the organization in a successful way.
Page(s): 315-318 Date of Publication: 22 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5516Download PDF
This paper focuses to appropriate and apply the concepts of “container- contained” and “holding and holding environment” theorized respectively by Wilfred Bion and Donald Winnicott, across the nature of Alicia’s relationships with her father and husband to understand the resultant silence after her husband’s murder in the novel The Silent Patient. The objective of this paper is to explore and investigate how the nature of child Alicia’s relationship with her father impacted her childhood psychic development and how this leads to her husband’s murder from psychoanalytic perspectives of Bion and Winnicott. The childhood development of Alicia has been traced and explored deploying various concepts developed by Freud, Bion,Winnicott and Lacan using in-depth qualitative methods like content analysis and textual analysis. The paper finds that, the nature of Alicia’s relationship with her husband and the murder has interconnectedness with the nature of relationship Alicia had with her father. Alicia didn’t get a containing and holding environment during childhood. The importance of this paper lies in its scope and spectrum of revisiting the reinforced focus on having a contained and safe childhood development.
Page(s): 319-324 Date of Publication: 22 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5517Download PDF
This study assessed the extent of capabilities and exploredthe encountered difficulties of barangay officials on the local budgeting process in the Municipality of Santo Tomas, Davao del Norte, Philippines. This study used the descriptive method of research with 126 respondents. The research instrument is anchored in the Department of Budget and Management Manual, wherein its reliability was tested through pilot testing. The study revealed that barangay officials can properly perform local budgeting duties and functions along with preparation, authorization, execution, and accountability processes. It also revealed a significant difference in the extent of the capability on local budgeting process of the non-degree holder and degree holder barangay officials. Furthermore, several problems encountered by barangay officials on the local budgeting process were also revealed. This study would serve as a basis for the higher authorities in fiscal administration, particularly those who are responsible for barangay governments in improving the processin budgeting.
Page(s): 325-335 Date of Publication:22 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5518Download PDF
Risk perception of climate change has believed to be the first step to tackle climate change problems globally. There are many factors to cause people to be aware of climate change risks. However, research on cultural dimensions has rarely been done. This research examines the correlation of cultural dimension uncertainty avoidance, collectivistic, and long-term orientation with risk perception of climate change. The research was conducted in Indonesia as the country with a high score in uncertainty avoidance, collectivistic, and long-term orientation. Data was collected using an online survey Qualtrics and shared in several cities in Indonesia such as the capital city Jakarta, Riau (Sumatera), South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, West Java, East Java, and Jogjakarta (Java). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted on 562 respondents in the survey and found that risk perception of climate change positively correlated to the cultural dimensions of uncertainty avoidance, collectivistic, and long-term orientation. Demography variables such as age, gender, education level, and disaster experiences have no relation to the risk perception of climate change. The result enriches the contribution of cultural dimensions in shaping the risk perception of climate change, and the description of Indonesia’s cultural dimensions and risk perception of climate change..
Page(s): 336-345 Date of Publication: 23 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5519Download PDF
Musical types and their performances are means by which artistes in such professions make their living. But in the Logba Traditional area in the Volta region of Ghana where the people are so much enthuse with art and cultural related events, women seems to have been left out or disadvantage when it comes to the performance of some traditional musical ensembles such as Akpi and Adevu. The study sought to find out the barriers that hinder women artistes who want to go into performance of those musical types. The study adopted the qualitative design and made use of interviews and participant observation as some of the tools for gathering data. Sampling methods that were equally used covered purposive, Snowball and Random. The target population for the study comprises music students in the area, cultural coordinators, traditional musicians, and women with musical talents. The study revealed some of the social barriers hindering women when it comes to the performance of Akpi and Adevu musical types as Taboos, superstitions and marital ties. The study is useful to society as it could serve as a reference material for musicians, anthropologies as well as policy makers in the country. The study equally recommended that, cultural festivals should be instituted in the area to help explore talents among all genders. In addition, traditional authorities should perform their rites to eliminate the superstitious and taboos barring women from engaging in the performance the traditional musical types. Besides, music in general should be giving a priority in the educational curriculum so that, it would be well appreciated in society.
Page(s): 346-352 Date of Publication: 23 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5520Download PDF
Older woman/ younger man romantic relationships are also referred to as ‘May- December’ relationships because one partner is younger/ the younger man while the other partner is older/the older woman. These relationships are now a social reality in both rural and urban societies. No wonder, scholarly interest has been increasingly gaining ground around the subject for the purpose of understanding this social phenomenon. However, evolution and survival of these relationships remain unclear in academic circles. The objective of this study was to find out how large age gap romantic heterosexual relationships involving an older woman and a younger man develop and survive under harsh societal opposition. Using a cross-sectional design with a qualitative approach, the study was conducted in Chipata-Zambia between December 2020 and March, 2021. A total of 10 participants stratified as: 2 younger men married to older women, 4 younger men with a history of intimate relationship with older women, 2 females with relatives/neighbour who were hooked up with older women and 2 males whose younger male friends were cohabiting with aged women. The study used in-depth interview to collect data from participants. This study found that majority of these relationships developed coincidentally. Except in one case, the study found that older women did not pose as ‘assertive seductresses’ ready to defy social norms in order to date younger men. The study however, found that older women’s invitational or male-ego-challenging words, actions and non verbal language influenced the course leading to the formation of romantic relationships with son-like figures. The study also found that age-descripant couples stuck together despite harsh stereotypes when their relationship was characterized by respect, love and appreciation for each other.
Page(s): 353-359 Date of Publication: 24 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5521Download PDF
After twenty-one years of military dictatorship, the central government of Somalia collapsed in 1991. The country witnessed severe civil war and led to human suffering. After years of tremendous efforts, the Somali political stakeholders with the support of the international community succeeded to establish a federal government. However, since the adaptation of the federal system in 2004, very little have been achieved in the federalization of the country. This is because of the widespread misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the federal system.. The misunderstanding stems from the strangeness of the system in Somalia, where since the independence Somalis have been familiar with a unitary central government. Sixteen years since the system is officially embraced, the federal constitution is not finished and very significance issues for federation are yet to be agreed upon. This has created continuous conflict and power struggle. For theoretical contribution, this study applied the basic concepts and components of Malcom M. Feeley and Edward Rubin’s theory of “Federal Theory: The political identity and Tragic Compromise” to the Somalia case. The study examined the politicized clan identity and the relative geographical distribution of clans and how these factors compelled to a federal system after the breakout of the civil war.
Page(s): 360-371 Date of Publication: 24 June 2021
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In this study, a cross-section of 197 civil servants in Katsina State Nigeria was used to determine whether parental involvement predicts children’s future economic opportunities. Focusing on current employment and two strands of parental involvement, and using the binary logit regression, it was found that both parental status and parental style are good predictors of employment. Family income, child’s education, marital status and age were found to be positively related to employment, while gender and level of parental education were found to be insignificant in predicting the employment potential of their children. The study draws attention to the centrality of parental involvement towards improving the future economic opportunities of their children.
Page(s): 372-377 Date of Publication: 24 June 2021
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Developing countries are endowed with abundant natural resources. They are also more reliant on natural resources given their limited technology and inadequate infrastructural development. Despite the abundance of such resources, many rural communities are struggling over access to natural resources including fish. Fishing households are faced with ever-declining fish catches and combined effort of overexploitation. The impacts have been severe, especially among small scale fishing households. Many artisanal fisher folks have lost their mainstream source of livelihoods and have had to struggle with meeting their daily subsistence.Onedominant sources of fishing livelihoods have either collapsed or proving unsustainable for manyhouseholds. Fishing households are adapting to the declining livelihoods by diversifying and complementing their traditional fish-based livelihoods. Furthermore,the available formal institutions either facilitate or impede full realization of the potential of other sectors. The study examined the coping strategies of artisanal fishing households living on the shores of Lake Victoria, Kenya amidst declining fish stocks. It concludes that many small-scale fishing households have adopted various livelihood strategies such as increased effort in fishing, migration, reliance on remittances, subsistence farming, targeting fish species, sand harvesting, wage employment and localized credit mobilization in form of merry-go-rounds.The study recommends that the government needs toput in place sustainable livelihood opportunities to assist fishing households along the shores of Lake Victoria to diversify their survival.
Page(s): 378-382 Date of Publication: 24 June 2021
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Media plays an important role during and after conflict. It reveals the society sufferings from the conflict, either between different countries or sects. This paper analyzed the role of journalism during the 2014 war in Gaza. It explores the content and the opinion of two newspapers, Al-Hayat Al Jadeeda and Al-Resalah, regarding the conflict and war between Palestinians and Israel. The data collected from the official websites of these two newspapers. The content analysis of conflict related reports was conducted to explain the newspapers roles played during the war. Also, some differences in words were analyzed. The results showed that the 2014 war on Gaza was not the first war. The newspapers were satisfied with publishing facts to inform people of what was happened in addition to standing as a witness to the post-war recovery process. Despite the difference in the views of the two newspapers, they both the main goal, which is to expose the practices of the Israeli occupation towards the Palestinians.
Page(s): 383-385 Date of Publication: 24 June 2021
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Teachers have a critical role in the implementation of mathematics curriculum that has an impact on the quality of education for individuals and national future scientific development and innovation. The purpose of the study was to investigate on teacher: pupil ratio and teaching of primary school grade three mathematics concepts in Magarini Sub County, Kenya. The constructivism theory by Jean Piaget’s (1973) guided the study. The study employed descriptive study design. The study had a sample of 12 head teachers and 68 teachers form a target population of 114 head teachers, 180 teachers and selected through stratified and simple random sampling technique. Data was collected by use of questionnaire, interview schedule and observation guide. A pilot study from the neighbouring Malindi Sub County was employed to as certain the instruments validity and reliability. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics; frequencies, means and standard deviation and findings presented in form of tables. Qualitative data was analysed in prose and narrative. The study established thatmost primary schools have a high teacher: pupil ratio that affects the teaching and acquisition of mathematics concepts among grade three pupils.Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) establisheda mean differences between teacher: pupil ratio and the teaching of primary schools pupils grade three mathematics concepts that were statistically significant; implying that teacher: pupil ratio has an influence on pupils acquisition of mathematics concepts. The study recommended that teacher training colleges should emphasize on equipping teachers with required skills, knowledge and attitude in order to improve their professional efficiency and to enable grade three pupils to acquire the desired mathematics concepts. The study suggested a further study to be conducted at other levels of learning on factors affecting performance of mathematics.
Page(s): 386-390 Date of Publication: 25 June 2021
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This paper examined the Influence of University Administration on Human Resource Utilization and Quality Education Delivery in State Universities in North Eastern Nigeria. Two purposes of the study and corresponding research questions and hypotheses guided the study. The population of the study comprised of 30 academic staff working in the State Universities in the North Central. Proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used in selecting the sample of the study. The instrument used for data collection was “Influence of University Administration on Human Resource Utilization and Quality Education Delivery Questionnaire for Academic Staff” (IUAHRUQED). The reliability of the instrument was 0.791. The findings of the study revealed that there was high positive relationship between improving quality education delivery with low level of human utilization in administration among State Universities. Conclusions and recommendations were made among which arethere is need for the Federal, State and local government to provide adequate class size in order to avoid class over load and excessive assignment for lecturers in order to enhance effectiveness in teaching and learning in the state universities.
Page(s): 391-396 Date of Publication: 25 June 2021
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R.A 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991 led to the creation of local economic enterprises whose major purpose is to augment the income of LGU and at the same time support the needs of its local populace. This Case study aimed to determine and compare the management practices in the implementation of the local economic enterprise (LEE) program of the Municipality of Braulio E. Dujali with respect to the policy framework of the LGC of 1991using primary and secondary sources. Descriptive-narrative analysis by Reissman (2008) was used to analyze the data. Braulio E. Dujali is managing three (3) economic enterprises; the Public Market, the Slaughterhouse, and the Public Terminal. Results showed thatin the operation, LEEO ensures quality and people management through weekly regular monitoring. In the marketing aspect, one of their means for market sustainability is to encourage potential investors, both local and non-resident of the municipality. In the financial aspect, the LEE office of Braulio E. Dujali is already financially self-reliant section which means that the expenses in maintenance and operation, including the salaries and wages for their personnel, are already taken from their generated income. Furthermore, the result also pointed out that there is a gap between the implementation of the LEEs and the framework of the DBM- LEE Manual. The lack of manpower resources, small number of customers, and tenants’ inability to pay are three of the major challenges they encounter. The need to come up with a 5-year business plan (BP) is key to address these challenges.
Page(s): 397-404 Date of Publication: 25 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5522Download PDF
This study aims to elaborate on the environmental education reflected in the novel The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett. Thisresearch uses qualitative methods and applies the perspective of environmental education to construct positive values of the close relationships between children and animals. The data derived from the novel itself were to determine environmental education, which contains ethical values towards the environment. This research indicates that educational values performed in this novel provide positive action and behavior of the characters, such as protecting and feeding animals. In addition, allof these activities are positive activities that are able to educate readers about having environmental behavior.
Page(s): 405-409 Date of Publication: 25 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5523Download PDF
The solar energy sector has been performing poorly in recent years. This poor performance has been attributed to factors such as making poor decisions, implementing inadequate strategies, and ineffective communication. Managers can perform their duties and responsibilities through effective communication. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between communication practices and the effectiveness of communication in solar companies in Kenya. A descriptive research design was adopted for this study through which information from demographic groups was gathered. A sample of 293 respondents drawn from a target population of 1224 was surveyed using a structured questionnaire to collect data. Data analysis was done using SPSS on both descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. The study revealed a β=-2.179, Wald =31.683, df=1, which is associated with a p-value of 0.001 and Exp (B) = 0.133 for the Communication channel.It is concluded that communication channels significantly influence the odds of communication effectiveness in solar companies in Kenya. It is recommended that the solar companies use reliable and high-speed communication channels to enhance communication effectiveness among solar companies.
Page(s): 410-415 Date of Publication: 25 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5524Download PDF
In the last hundred years, Africa has remained the axiom for coups d’état and civil conflicts. The insistence of democratically elected leaders to hold on to power has, in some instances, hugely influenced this trend. This article will analyze cases of constitutional violations by African presidents. It attempts to examine the motivation for this prevalent trend. It shall also analyze civil conflicts in African states, examine its possible causes, and identify the linkage between constitutional violations and coups d’état.
Page(s): 416-422 Date of Publication: 25 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5525Download PDF
Given Nigeria’s continued preference for telecommunications services and a rise in teledensity, the Nigerian economy remains plagued by low growth, high unemployment, and high business costs and it is against this context, that this study used a dynamic descriptive analysis with the help of the covariance correlation technique to examine the economic effect of telecommunication industry in Nigeria. Empirical investigations on the effect of telecommunication industries operations in Nigeria were conducted based on the concerns raised in the literature review. Results showed that the percentage contribution of telecommunication to GDP, teledensity, and the Consumer Price Index positively influence the Nigerian economy more than foreign direct investment, while manufacturing value added negatively influences the Nigerian economy. The study concluded that, in order to achieve high and sustainable growth, governments and telecommunication industry stakeholders should closely monitor the trend of telecommunication, teledensity, and economic growth in order to formulate and implement policies that will checkmate the downward trend that causes economic growth distortions, and that policy formulations in the midst of other internal and external macro-economic shocks.
Page(s): 423-431 Date of Publication: 26 June 2021
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The paper presents findings on strategies used by teachers in Chiredzi District-Zimbabwe to assist Early Childhood Development learners with special education needs. A mixed methods approach was used to gather data for the study. To gather data questionnaires, interviews, observation schedules and document analysis were used in twenty sampled early childhood development centres attached to primary schools. In the findings teachers were employing a variety of strategies such as differentiated instructions, small groupings of mixed learners, story games and songs to accommodate learners with special education needs. ECD teachers made attempts to modify teaching instructions and learning media in trying to assist learners with learning challenges, still they faced a lot of challenges in the process. Major barriers to inclusive education were large enrolments and lack of teacher competencies to offer expert assistance to learners with special education needs. The study recommends that the government set policies that enforce schools to stick to small teacher-pupilratios. Furthermore, extensive in-service and pre-service teacher training programmes that empower teachers for inclusivity are a critical requirement.
Page(s): 432-441 Date of Publication: 26 June 2021
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The issue of border porosity is something that scholars of international relations, contemporary studies, international communities, and international law are focusing on. This is because all the countries in the world within their territory share their boundaries with one or two countries. This also does not change in the case of Africa, rather, Africa’s borders are those that are demarcated without considering that maintaining their porosity is difficult. This is as a result of the balkanization of Africa into smaller nations by the Europeans, where they did not consider the interrelationship between the neighbouring countries; the shared culture, and values that have been in existence before the European’s invasion into Africa, where it has been practiced in a single form. This paper studied the effect of border porosity on Nigeria’s national security: A study of Nigeria’s northeastern border to Cameroon. In doing that, the paper aimed at examining the effect of border porosity on Nigeria’s national security. Adopting a qualitative approach to study, this paper adopted a secondary method of gathering data; where data was gathered from textbooks, journals, articles, published and unpublished works, and the internet. In conducting this research, the securitization theory was adopted to explain why states have to deal with issues that constitute national security threats and challenges. The major finding of this paper is that; border porosity led to food scarcity in the northeast, which in the struggle for food people get into serious crises. Also, the level of kidnapping and insecurity has increased in that region.
Page(s): 442-450 Date of Publication: 29 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5526Download PDF
This study investigated the teaching of Civic Education and how it serves as a tool for conflict resolution in the community. Qualitative case study design was used and 12 participants (8-Civic Education teachers and 4-deputy head-teachers) from four selected secondary schools in Lusaka Province of Zambia were purposively selected through homogenous sampling. One-on-one interviews were used to collect data from both teachers of Civic Education and deputy head-teachers. Thematic data analysis was used in this study. The study established that Civic Education provides awareness to citizens on fundamental rights and freedoms; empower citizens for effective participation in decision making, produce critical thinkers, impart learners with conflict resolution skills, used as a strategy for curbing social challenges and helps in the appreciation of cultural diversity in communities. Civic knowledge, skills and values embedded in Civic Education have a potential to transform a violent to a peaceful community. The study recommends that Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities such as Lesson Study Circle, Cluster Meetings and Professional Subject Associations Workshops must be strengthen in schools to revive Civic Education teachers with new knowledge and skills in teaching Civic Education for conflict resolution in communities. Further, the government should come up with a clear policy that will empower young people through the teaching of Civic Education to organise school associations aimed at promoting peaceful core-existence in multicultural communities as outline in the 2013 Zambia education curriculum framework. This study act as an eye opener to policy makers and implementers to use nonviolent approaches such as teaching of Civic Education in secondary schools in denouncing conflict in communities.
Page(s): 451-460 Date of Publication: 29 June 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5527Download PDF
The main focus of this research is to examine how media reporting on child sex offenses take place specifically in the Sri Lankan legal context (with reference to the Penal Code (Amendment) Act No. 22 of 1995).There are several socio-legal and consensual approaches to the definition of child. These approaches are primarily based on the relationship between a person’s age and role. Especially those under the age of 18, are internationally recognized as children. However, Child abuse, has been a threat that has spread secretly in the society for centuries.But in recent decades it has been recognized as a serious social problem and has received enough attention to oppose it.
Page(s): 461-466 Date of Publication: 04 March 2021
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This study examined the role of emotional intelligence to mental health. In this study, the identified mental health components are anxiety, depression, self-efficacy, and resilience. This correlational research used regression analyses were conducted to examine the correlational relationships among variables The results showed the EI is negative predict anxiety and depression, and reactivity, a component of resilience. EI was shown to positively predict self-efficacy and resilience among 300Filipino adolescents. These results provide support for the idea that emotionally intelligent individuals are more likely resilient, have sense of self-efficacy and, are less anxious, less depressed, and less reactive. The results then demonstrate the adaptive value of emotional intelligence, that is, it allows an individual to positively cope and adjust to his/her environment.
Page(s): 467-481 Date of Publication: 01 July 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5528Download PDF
The role of the family in the life of an individual child cannot be overemphasized. Available studies globally have shown that family dynamics have a significant influence on reading readiness of pupils at the early years of school. Many attempts have been made by the government and different organizations to improve reading but not equal effort is put to promote reading readiness. This study therefore explored family dynamics that influence reading readiness among pre-primary school pupils in rural pre-schools in Siaya, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design which allowed for in-depth exploration of the study variables. This study was guided by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory. The dependent variable for the study is pre-primary pupils’ reading readiness while the independent variables were family dynamics. The target population of the study was pre-primary school pupils in Siaya County. The study adopted stratified random sampling to sample schools as public and private pre-primary schools while purposive sampling was used to select Siaya County for the study. A sample of 96 public pre-primary school pupils and 16 private pre-primary school pupils were sampled for the study. Questionnaires and reading readiness checklists were utilized for data collection. Reading readiness test/checklist analyses gathered pupils’ reading readiness data while questionnaire was used to collect data from the parents. Data collected was analyzed using inferential and descriptive statistics with the help of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20. Pearson product moment of correlation was used to test the null hypothesis at p≥0.5 The key findings showed that parental socio-economic statuses significantly influenced pupils’ reading readiness. The main recommendation was that the government and the county government specifically should promote parents’ economic status to promote reading competence levels among early grade learners which can be a great boost for the overall academic performance in higher grades.
Page(s): 482-484 Date of Publication: 01 July 2021
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This paper considered applying technology innovation to education to bridge the knowledge gap occasioned by COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Nigeria. The paper qualitatively discussed challenges that technology innovations have had during the pandemic hence the design adopted for this study is descriptive research. Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus, its pandemic status and the consequent introduction of lockdown measure to forestall its further spread, several societal sectors have been negatively affected especially the education sector. With regards to how the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown negatively affected the education sector, it is glaring that students and pupils stopped learning; students and pupils were missing the camaraderie; schools lost a whole period of two terms/semesters; intellectual or academic activities which include trade fairs, workshops, seminars, symposia and academic conferences were halted; school proprietors could not pay salaries to their staff because schools were shut-down due to the coronavirus pandemic lockdown measure. The position of this paper is that these adverse effects of COVID-19 on education could be averted if digital education system is being implemented. The study concludes that digital education has the capability of carrying on learning irrespective of distance. In other words, e-learning, online learning, virtual learning, virtual conference, etc. can hold during the pandemic lockdown. To this end, it was recommended among other things that budgetary allocation to the educational sector should not be below 26 percent of the Country’s annual budget; devices for digital education should be provided by education sponsors; computer education should be made compulsory at all levels of education in Nigeria.
Page(s): 485-490 Date of Publication: 01 July 2021
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Community policing was introduced in April 2005 with the aim of improving relations between community and the Police Service and help in fighting increasing crime and terrorism in Nairobi City County. The use of “NyumbaKumi” initiative was adopted after its successful implementation in the neighboring country of Tanzania. Monitoring and evaluation techniques have been used to improve the success rate in project management and their application in community policing programs hold a promising future for the sustainability of such projects. The main purpose of the study was to assess the impact of technical expertise on the implementation of community policing programs in Nairobi City County.The target population comprised community leaders, National Police Service, citizens, religious leaders, business community and households that have been impacted by the community policing programs. The study made use of a descriptive survey research design. The study made use of both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire. The data was then analyzed using SPSS software. Statistical measures and frequencies were utilized to provide insights about the data. A regression model was also run to be able to provide information about the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables. The study established that technical expertise had a positive and significant effect on implementing community policing programs in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study concluded that enables the employees gain self-confidence that they have the knowledge and competence to perform their daily tasks to the best of their ability for effective implementation of projects. The study recommended that the project managers involved in the implementation of community policing must be highly organized and able to keep meticulous track of every aspect of every project.
Page(s): 491-495 Date of Publication: 02 July 2021
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The study examined strategies for enhancing administrative cohesion and cooperation among universities for sustainable development in the North Central region of Nigeria. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. Survey design was adopted for the study. A self-constructed questionnaire titled; Strategies for Enhancing Inter-Institutional Cohesion and cooperation for sustainable Development (SEICSD) was used for the collection of data. The collected data was analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions and chi square test of goodness-of-fit was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The population of the study was 1124 top University Management Staff across the Universities in North Central Nigeria. A sample of 295 of the staff derived through Taro Yamene Computation was proportionately sampled and used for the study. The result of the study showed that inter-institutional linkages and diplomatic negotiations are great strategies for enhancement of administrative cohesiveness and cooperation amongst Universities. This no doubt results to sustainable development. It was therefore recommended that; the Visitors of the universities shouldencourage the Managements of their Universities to adopt inter-institutional strategies of linkages and diplomatic negotiations for the enhancement of social and economic cooperation among universities for sustainable development.
Page(s): 496-500 Date of Publication: 02 July 2021
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Land degradation as a result of long-term land use changes can result in disruption of the water cycle. The research objectives were to determine: 1) soil quality index that occurs as a result of changes in forest land use, and 2) important factors affecting land degradation in the Lindu Catchment Area. The research was conducted from December 2016 to June 2017 in the Lindu Catchment Area, Sigi Regency, Indonesia. Information on physico-chemical properties is used to construct a soil quality assessment model. Discussions with stakeholders from government and private institutions were used to identify important factors affecting soil-water conservation policies. The results showed that changes in land use types from primary forest to secondary forest and mixed plantation caused the soil quality index to drop sharply. Important factors that can be used as a basis for formulating recommendations in the formulation of soil-water conservation policies include: changes in land use types, population migration, restrictions on village road accessibility, and soil-water conservation practices.
Page(s): 501-509 Date of Publication: 02 July 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5529Download PDF
This anthropological experimentation illustrates the cause and consequence of how triple roles of working mothers in Bangladesh become their utmost burdens. By emphasizing their life experiences through interviewing and case studies, this paper depicts how the recent COVID-19 pandemic, in turn, creates an unreported devastation in their lives. In relation to the study objectives, women from different occupations and age-groups are chosen to demonstrate the background of this study. Traditionally, women perform triple roles including reproductive works by bearing and raring children, household chores, maintaining workplace and community activities. Although these activities require significant amount of time, energy and dedication, they are highly undervalued, unpaid and unnoted. At the same time, these are merely considered as ‘real works’. Moreover, the resent coronavirus issue makes the situation even worse for them. More precisely, this study focuses on an untold affliction of bearing triple burdens of working mothers in this developing country.
Page(s): 510-518 Date of Publication: 02 July 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5530Download PDF
This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between strategy implementation and performance of businesses owned by women in Kano metropolis. The study targeted the businesses owned by women both registered and non-registered. Primary data was collected by structured questionnaire that was distributed to the women in businesses. Out 200 distributed copies, 181 were retuned and all used for data analysis. The result of study indicate that there is the significant relationship between strategy implementation and performance of businesses owned by women. The study therefor concluded that strategy implementation has a significant and positive effect on the performance of businesses owned by women in Kano metropolis.
Page(s): 519-520 Date of Publication: 02 July 2021
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This study investigates Yoruba Indigenous knowledge (IK) mode of acquisition, storage access, transmission and identify the revitalizing role of knowledge management (KM) principles on preservation of Yoruba indigenous knowledge. This research project is anchored in Smith‘s (1999) anti-colonial and African/Black feminist research methodologies because researchers are allowed to effectively engage the research objectives and the research questions. Face-to-face interviews were primary source of data. Researchers interviewed a diverse group of custodians of Yoruba IK and at least one of their children. While 8 participants agreed to participate in this research, in the end there were five custodians of different Yoruba IK that were separately interviewed. Each interview session lapses between 45-60 minutes and was digitally recorded and took place in person. Findings from research shows that Yoruba indigenous knowledge finds application and relevance in all spheres of human endeavor ranging from indigenous knowledge in medicine, crafts, bids making, manufacturing, drums making, drum playing, technology to manufacturing. The paper concluded that KM principles when applied to Yoruba IK could help to revitalize it and make it accessible to whosoever is interested in them. The research recommends that efforts and policy should be in place to compensate and protect the interest of the authors and ownership of Yoruba IK who are willing to decentralize their knowledge to encourage them to part with such IK.
Page(s): 521-529 Date of Publication: 02 July 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5531Download PDF
It is legally established that every event or incident in the universe or matter in the world that pertains to human beings has a legal ruling before the Almighty Allah. Some people know the rulings about those events and incidents while others are ignorant about their rulings. And it is the duty of the Muslim scholars to explain and make these rulings clear to Muslim Ummah. In fact, it is their obligation and duty for them to do so because this act is neither limited nor confined with time and duration and does not end with progress and development. The texts contained in the Qur’an and the Sunnah to explain the legal rulings are limited and restricted, while the universe’s events that relate to human beings in different times and places, and with the development of life, the advancement of science, and the advancement of nations and civilizations are neither limited nor restricted hence it becomes inevitably for both Qur’an and Sunnah to become a legitimate and acceptable source that clarifies the rulings on incidents in which there is no text. This will ultimately help Islamic laws “Shari’ah” to be compatible with the society and make Muslims being part of it instead of being isolated and becoming strange in their own land. The revelation from the Almighty Allah in the form of Qur’an and Sunnah was completed and stopped with the demise of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Ijtihad, however, continues and this is the source or methodology which gives Islamic law, its adaptability to new situations and capacity to tackle all new issues and problems. The various sources of Islamic law that feature next to the Qur’an and the Sunnah are all demonstrations of ijtihad. In this way, Ijma, Qiyas, Istihsan, etc., are all interrelated and come under the main heading of ijtihad. Ijtihad in its widest sense means the use of human reason in the elaboration and explanation of the Shari’ah.
Page(s): 530-537 Date of Publication: 03 July 2021
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Service quality assessment is a key and significant issue in library management since it gives criticism to libraries to enhance on services delivery to their users. This study presents LibQUAL+TM tool and SERVQUAL gap analysis by measuring the perception and expectation of the quality services provided by academic libraries from the point of view and experiences of international students in Jiangsu University. The 22-item LibQUAL+TM instrument, measuring the three service dimensions of Affect of Service, Information Control and Library as Place, was administered to the international students, with 201 respondents based on simple random sampling. The researchers used analysis method like descriptive statistics, reliability analysis and exploratory factor analysis. The study revealed that international students who are users of the Jiangsu University Library have high expectations of service quality at Jiangsu University Library whiles perception of services delivered by Jiangsu University Library was a mixture of both low and high across the three dimension of service quality based on the LibQUAL+ TM instrument. In addition, the results show that there is negative gap for Affect of Serve (-0.62) and Information Control (-0.54) dimension and a positive gap for Library as Place (0.07) service dimension. Even though, the library has high perception for one of the dimensions, the overall level of service quality (-0.44) is low and negative. This study therefore fills in as a guide for various libraries to utilize while leading service quality appraisal for their users and furthermore makes recommendation for libraries to consider in the provision of services for their users particularly international students.
Page(s): 538-546 Date of Publication: 03 July 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5532Download PDF
Several years after independence land related conflicts still hovers in Mwea area. Despite the creation of a National Land Commission to handle land issues by Kenya’s 2010 constitution, the issue of land use and ownership remains a major cause of conflict between communities notably the Agikyu, Aembu,Mbeere and Akamba. The roots of these conflicts dates back to colonial times. After alienating African land, the colonial state embarked on creating reserves to accommodate African communities. However, the so called African reserves were haphazardly established without consideration to such factors like fertility and future rise in population. Consequently, by 1920s the reserves were overcrowded, terribly denuded and could hardly support African productive capacities resulting to agitation for more land by African ethnicities. Surprisingly, up to 1930, the government of the day did little if any to redress land problems afflicting African population. In 1932, however, the colonial administration constituted the Kenya Land Commission (hereinafter KLC) to look into the land question and suggest a lasting solution to land grievances in the colony. The recommendations of KLC impacted heavily on land use and ownership in Kenya. This paper therefore, examines the implications of the Kenya Land Commission on the Mwea land question.
Page(s): 547-554 Date of Publication: 03 July 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5533Download PDF
Entrepreneurship basically is a medium for self-development into a strong and stable financial position through a mental conscious, creative and idealistic means of production and service rendering. This study majored at one of the approaches for which this self-development state can be embraced and improved on by means of Electronic Behavior (EB) as a concept. The study adopted a survey design method and correlational statistic specifically, Spearman correlation coefficient statistical method, with the aid of statistical package for social service (SPSS) version 25 to analyze responses elicited from questionnaire administered to 76 Entrepreneurs drawn from Rivers, Bayelsa, and Akwa Ibom States. Findings revealed a strong positive correlational relation between the set hypotheses tested, meaning that, spearman, t-test ratios and the mean score were greater than the probability measure given. Conclusion was reached from the findings that, as the environment changes with its opportunities for both increasing and decreasing efficiency of a business, so it is required for entrepreneurs to electronically behave. The recommendation was that, the gap between entrepreneurs and customers created by the environment would be closed up through the concept of EB, and entrepreneurs’ responsiveness is a significant measure to gain a lead in the competitive market.
Page(s): 555-558 Date of Publication: 03 July 2021
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Socio-economic activities of smallholder farmers have been shown to have either negative or positive contribution towards achieving food security. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of socio-economic factors on household food security in West Pokot County, Kenya. The study was carried out using pluralistic approaches where pragmatism drawing from both qualitative and quantitative research approaches was used. Multi stage and systematic random sampling techniques were used to determine a sample size of respondents in respective locations. This study adopted an explanatory research design and employed mixed methods approach. The researcher also drew philosophical inspiration from pragmatic worldview that is problem centred and more focused on real world issues. The target population comprised of 78,946 smallholder households in West Pokot County with a sample size of 297 respondents. Questionnaires, interview schedules and observations were used for collecting data. The collected data was analysed using both and inferential statistics. Qualitative content was achieved through content analysis. The study found out that socio-economic factors including household income, education level, land ownership and household decision making had significant positive influence on the household food security with r2= 0.349. The study therefore concluded that socio-economic factors influenced positively household food security. The study recommended that approaches that would ensure smallholder farmers are able to access credit and financial support so as to invest in farming needs to be availed.
Page(s): 559-564 Date of Publication: 07 July 2021
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