: This study investigated the relationship between public debt and domestic private investment in Nigeria from 1980 – 2018. The objectives of the study are: determine the extent to which external debt significantly impacts on domestic private investment in Nigeria, examine if there is any significant impact of domestic debt on domestic private investment in Nigeria; ascertain the extent at which debt servicing significantly impact on domestic private investment in Nigeria and explore if there is any significant causal relationship between public debt and domestic private in Nigeria. The paper applied the following statistical and econometric tests: stationarity test, co integration test, VECM test and VEC Granger causality. Results indicated that external debt has negative significant impact with domestic private investment, domestic debt has negative significant effect on domestic private investment. Debt servicing has a negative insignificant impact on domestic private investment. And there is no directional causality between public debt and domestic private investment. Some of the implications of the results is significant unproductive influence of public debt on domestic private investment, as such most borrowed fund are not invested in choice investment. Sourcing fund for private investment is compromised by high level of government involvement in loanable fund, meaning that since domestic borrowing is mostly done by government due to their trusted repayment plan, domestic private investors will be left with unattainable or difficult conditions that will not allow access to those credit facilities. The researcher concluded that public debt crowds out domestic private investment in the long run in Nigeria within the period of the study.
Page(s): 01-08 Date of Publication: 26 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5301Download PDF
This study explains how the socio-demographic factors influence residents’ attitudes towards tourism impacts in Pasikkuda. A questionnaire survey was conducted to examine the effectsof socio-demographic factors on residents’ attitudes towards the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural impacts of tourism. The survey was conducted with a stratified random sampling of 124 residents in Pasikkuda. The study found that residents’ socio-demographic factors had an important influence on perceptions of tourism impacts. The results indicate that the socio-demographic factors have both a positive and a negative effect on people’s attitudes towards the impact of tourism. The residents who believe that tourism is profitable and important to economic development are aware of substantial positive impacts but don’t vary from others as to the negative effects of tourism. The attitudes of residents are greatly influenced by factors such as the educational background, place of birth, and years of residency in the community. The respondents with fewer years of residency expressed a more positive attitude towards the impact of tourism. Finally, residents’ attitudes towards tourism impacts in Pasikkuda led to prepare the residents’ profile. Comprehensive education and awareness campaigns will be an effective way to boost the tourism industry’s understanding among the residents in Pasikkuda.
Page(s): 09-16 Date of Publication: 27 March 2021
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The determination of the influence of age and gender on the relationship between human resources training and job performance of workers in the hospitality industry is the purpose of the study. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, two research hypotheses were adopted for the study. The instrument used for the study is a questionnaire which was the tool for collecting data from a sample of (250) workers engaged in rendering services in the hospitality sector in the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja. Analysis of variance and independent t – test were the statistical tools used to analyze the data collected from the study. The results of the study indicated that age has a significant influence on the relationship between employee training and job performance. The study also indicated that gender also has a significant influence on the relationship between employee training and performance. The study based on these findings concluded that age and gender should be given due consideration when employee training is being planned in order to achieve optimal employee’s performance (productivity, service quality, and job satisfaction).
Page(s): 17-21 Date of Publication: 30 March 2021
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This research intended to establish the extent of citizen’s compliance with Republic Act 9514–the 2008 Fire Code of the Philippines, and introduce intervention strategies for its implementation. The study was a univariate-descriptive approach that utilized secondary data, a consolidated accomplishment report on fire safety evaluation and inspection by the fire stations in Davao City from 2016 to 2018. A total of 115,089 data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to realize the objectives of the study. Results showed that only the business and mercantile structure owners have the highest percentage of compliance at about 45 percent, compared to the rest of the structure owners. Moreover, the data exposed a decreasing trend in the Fire Safety Inspection Certificates (FSIC) issuances from 2016 to 2018, which suggested that more and more building owners did not comply with the fire code every year. Overall, the data implied a high risk of fire occurrences in the city, considering the high percentage of non-compliance with the fire code. Hence, the researcher calls for adopting the proposed intervention strategies recommended in this study to optimize compliance with RA 9514.
Page(s): 22-30 Date of Publication: 01 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5302Download PDF
In Kenya, the building construction sector has been facing a myriad of challenges leading to project failures. This research study determined how construction projects are influenced by risk management in Machakos County. This research focused on quantitative risk analysis and risk response as the main objectives and its influence on performance of construction projects in Machakos County. This study was guided by uncertainty theory. 585 National Contraction Authority registered contractors were the target population and a sample size of 232. The sample size was calculated from formula taken from Kothari which was representative of the whole population. The study used descriptive research survey design. The data was analysed and presented in frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation were tabulated and analysed from quantitative data. Fishers test was computed to examine the variable relationships. The finding led to the conclusion that quantitative risk analysis and Risk Response had a significance influence on performance of construction Projects by factor [0.412 and 0.271] with (P = 0.000). (P=0.000<0.05) The p<0.005 therefore the null hypothesis was rejected meaning that there was positive relationship between Quantitative Risk Analysis and Risk Response. The study recommends further research to be done in other areas in Kenya in order to establish whether the explored factors can be generalized to influence the performance of construction projects.
Page(s): 31-39 Date of Publication: 01 April 2021
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Recently, e-government has attracted attention of many scholars. This has led to a growing scholarly literature on the importance and the factors that facilitate e-government implementation. However, despite the increased interest in e-government adoption, there is lack of information about the latent factors that affect e-government in the public sector. Most of the research has focused on observable determinants such as availability of resources, training and support. The latent determinants of e-government adoption therefore remain highly unknown in the existing literature. Due to this research gap, this study conducted an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with an aim of identifying the latent determinants of e-government adoption, with a reference to the Kenya’s public sector. The findings indicated that perceived trust, compatibility, usefulness and satisfaction are the latent determinants that influence e-government adoption in the public sector.
Page(s): 40-44 Date of Publication: 03 April 2021
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The surge of Covid-19 pandemic had forced the governments all around the world to declare lockdown and other preventive measures to limit the spread of the virus. Although the outcome of such initiatives has positively contributed towards communities, it has also taken a disproportionate toll on women and girls in terms of their health and rights. The finding of this study is premised upon the interpretation of information from different relevant secondary sources. This review article explores the situation of women and girls during Covid-19 in a developing country like Bangladesh. The findings of the study suggest that, women and girls are the worst sufferer of COVID-19 pandemic. The societal constructed gender roles along with historical inequality and systematic disenfranchisement have added to their vulnerability substantially during this dire time. Women and girls have suffered both socially i.e., domestic violence; economically i.e., unemployment; and physically i.e., unaddressed sexual and reproductive health needs. However, the article also suggests plausible solutions to overcome the undesirable situation through undertaking a holistic approach towards safeguarding the health and rights of women in Bangladesh. Measures like economic empowerment through stimulus package, social protection through safety net programs along with need based innovative interventions from government, non-government and private agencies are expected to put a break on the ongoing gendered mishaps and augment the position of women and girls in the society.
Page(s): 45-52 Date of Publication: 03 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5304Download PDF
Social stratification categorizes society into social classes. The choice to use either a luxury Public Bus Transport or an ordinary lower-class Public Bus Transport is purely individual. But social analysis traces the choice to the social class to which an individual belongs. The objective of this study was to explore views and opinions over choice of Public Bus Transport of travellers from Eastern Province to Lusaka-Zambia. The Study was conducted between June 2019 and November, 2020. Data collection was done through observation and a single-interview-per-participant. A total of 26 participants participated in the study. Participants were sourced from luxury Public Buses and ordinary lower-class buses travelling to Lusaka from Eastern Province and vice versa. The study found that travellers who chose and used luxury Public Buses cited efficiency, comfort, safety, reliability, and convenience as qualitative factors behind their choice. Travellers riding ordinary lower-class public buses cited an atmosphere for kinship relationships that prevailed in lower-class buses, cost negotiability, flexibility of drivers to stop anywhere, anytime when a traveller submitted a request and that lower-class public buses provided a sense of freedom and liberty for individual’s self-expression. So long social stratification exists; the upper class will continue to enjoy privileges of comfort, safety, convenience of transportation for sound health and general well-being, self-fulfilment and cost-effectiveness. The lower class on the other hand, unless, they make bold and defying decisions, their choice of Public Bus Transport shall linger around unreliable, congested, second-class Public buses with poor ventilation, uncomfortable seats hence they risk poor health, injuries, costly travel expenses due to unnecessary bus delays and increased stress.
Page(s): 53-69 Date of Publication: 04 April 2021
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This study set out to explore the role of SADC in combatting the effects of climate change among small-scale farmers using the case study of Zambia. The methodology adopted was an explorative qualitative design. A qualitative thematic analysis that involved building a thematic coding frame based on the key research question was used to analyse the study. The findings show that SADC has developed and implemented a series of projects to help small-scale farmers combat the effects of climate change. SADC also established the Plant Genetic Resources Centre (PGRC), among other initiatives relating to mapping out related projects in soliciting funds. Therefore, this research recommends: integrating SADC programmes with government programmes at the national level to ensure that all agricultural extension officer’s capacities are built and developing a regional authority responsible for generating climate finance.
Page(s): 60-69 Date of Publication: 07 April 2021
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This study aims to analyze and to describe waste management in Makassar City from the ACM perspective, seen from the twelve dimensions of ACM, namely bridging organizations, conflict, enabling condition, incentives, knowledge, leadership, learning, networks, organizational interactions, strength empowerment, shared responsibility, and trust. The goal of this study is also to find an ACM model in waste management in Makassar City.This research used a qualitative approach applying a descriptive method. Sources of data are obtained from key informants who are directly related to waste management (primary), and from various literature, articles, journals.. Methods of data collection were observation, interviews and literature review. Data analysis techniques were carried out by (1) data condensation, (2) data display, and (3) conclusion overview/verification.The results showed that 1) five of twelve dimensions studied needed serious attention to be optimized since they have a major influence on the success of ACM, namely the dimensions of liaison organization, possible condition, knowledge, leadership, and learning. Meanwhile, the other dimensions had run even though it was not optimal. 2)The finding of the paper is the design of the ACM n approach model to be used in solving solid waste problems in Makassar City.
Page(s): 70-77 Date of Publication: 08 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5303Download PDF
The researcher sort to establish practices of the Pentecostal Assemblies of God church theology that address Gender Based Violence. The study was exploratory in terms of design. The study sample consisted of two (2) Pastors, two (2) church elders, four (4) church deacons, two (2) representatives from the Evangelical Fellowship of Zambia (EFZ)- a mother body of all Pentecostal churches in Zambia and ten (10) lay members from the church under study. Purposive and convenient sampling techniques for participants were used to sample participants from the population under study. The key finding of the study was that the church’s intervention in addressing Gender Based Violence (GBV) came through couples’ meetings, premarital and post-marital counselling, participation in campaigns against GBV and being an active voice against GBV. Based on the findings, this study recommends that the church should introduce awareness and rehabilitation programmes specially designed to help both perpetrator and the victim of GBV. Secondly, the researcher recommends that the Church should employ strategic plans to curb the vice by forming more support groups with the help of the government in order to address GBV. As a suggestion for future research, the study recommended that a study in the future be undertaken to determine the success and challenges of the Church’s anti-GBV activities.
Page(s): 78-85 Date of Publication: 08 April 2021
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This study investigates barriers to inclusive education practices as it affects children with disabilities in Imo state based on ideas of the social model of disability. Specifically, the study explores the fundamentals of successful implementation of inclusive education. Two research questions have been formulated. Identified government owned special basic schools within the 3 senatorial zones in Imo state is selected for the study. The zones include, Owerri, Orlu and Okigwe. The study participants generally, include children with disabilities, teachers, inclusive education consultants and policy makers- involving particularly officials of the Imo State Universal Basic Education Boards- IMSUBEB in the sampled state. Descriptive and qualitative survey will be used for the study. Questionnaire, interviews and focus group discussions will be used to gather data.
Page(s): 86-94 Date of Publication: 09 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5308Download PDF
The issues in the achievement of an economic performance are underpinned by the success of different actions that are employed by the nations and its regional groups. In line with this goal, different economic schemes are applied to address the needs of growth performance. Therefore, it is important to understand the different challenges that can affect economic performance of a country and the issues of trade liberalization. This research examines the influence of openness to trade and growth performance. Thus, in this scenario the paper looked at different papers that analyses countries trading policies and the various strategies under liberalisation plan and its effect on economic growth. The empirical findings from various studies indicated that trade openness canaffect negatively economic growth, although, it showed that having a strong manufactural sector and industry, may create a positive impact on growth.
Page(s): 95-101 Date of Publication: 09 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5305Download PDF
Purpose of Comparative Education Research: Comparative education research helps to understand educational processes between the countries where the analysis is carried out. Mainly comparative education research helps understand other countries’ education systems. It also helps to draw some lessons to improve the education system. Besides, Comparative education research, many cases may generate new knowledge and contribute to the theory. Comparative education research contributes to improving the desired aspects of the education process through three specific following ways: 1. Understanding the countries themselves 2. Using the knowledge gained from the examples of the two countries to generalize to others and contributing to the theory Understanding the countries themselves Through the use of comparative analysis, African sub continent countries will appreciate their education program. The conditions of the educational cycle and the other essential elements of comparative education research should be described. Besides, they should also consider each other’s structures and gain lessons to develop their systems. In particular, the government authority can often use comparative education research findings as evidence to identify its potential areas for improvement. They should build on others’ related perspectives to adapt them to their issues to incorporate appropriate solutions.
Page(s): 102-107 Date of Publication: 09 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5306Download PDF
In this study we explored the disablers in Management System in Zambia’s public service. The study applied qualitative research methodology with a Case study design. The study comprised of 30 purposively selected Zambia public service workers as participants. The study used semi-structured interviews to generate evidence. The study findings revealed that the implementation of the Performance Management System (PMS) had a number of disablers that greatly affected the quality of service delivery in the public service. The most common barriers included low level of feedback rate, lack of commitment from top management, lack of adequate funding, lack of time, leadership style, constant change of leader, lack of trust, unfairness in the performance managements system, lack of reward system, lack of training in performance management system, lack of effective coordination, ineffective supervision and cultural beliefs. Thus, if the Public service is to improve on its performance, there is need to combine available resources and competencies to overcome disablers consistent with the theory of Resource-Based View. Unless managers of public service realize the importance of understanding and applying the resource based view theory in order to mobilize and deploy available resources, performance management practices will remain inappropriately implemented.
Page(s): 108-114 Date of Publication: 09 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5307Download PDF
Barbara Kimenye is recognized as one of East Africa’s influential writers with her novels and novellas focusing on concerns and styles drawn from her immediate context: East Africa. Through her works, it is not only possible to bring out the flexibility and elasticity of oral traditions but also ways in which the European tradition of the novel and African modes of expression complement each other. Kimenye’s Kalasanda fuses the two traditions to achieve a specific intended effect on and reaction from the reader that she targets. The present study, therefore, is not only an attempt to reveal the universal credentials of the oral traditions but also to show how specific oral tradition features may be determined by both context and the author’s aesthetic aspirations.
Page(s): 115-119 Date of Publication: 10 April 2021
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This study content analyses the National Archives of Zimbabwe Act (1986) to the management of electronic records in Zimbabwe. It is a fact that electronic records management has been adopted in Zimbabwe as a way to mitigate the challenges experienced in paper records management. This adoption has been coded as a revolution in which whether we like it or not, it has come, dominated and challenged the traditional paper record-keeping system. The objective of the study is to analyse whether the National Archives of Zimbabwe Act of 1986 as amended under Act 22 of 2001 is in tandem with current electronic records management practices. The study adopts a content analysis approach in which the National Archives of Zimbabwe Act was analysed. Qualitative data drawn from the analysis were organised into broad themes and the content reported in a narrative form. The researchers use an emergent framework to code and categorise the data and group them into themes. The study found out that the National Archives of Zimbabwe Act does not address advent of electronic records management in terms of legislative and policies. The study recommends that the policy makers should first address issues of legislation and policies for effective management of electronic records. The study deepens the understanding of electronic records management from which policy makers in Zimbabwe can take a cue to deal with the management of e-records. It is hoped that this study would help records managers and archivists, policy makers and the government of Zimbabwe to articulate and consider the amendment of the National Archives of Zimbabwe Act to cover management of electronic records.
Page(s): 120-128 Date of Publication: 10 April 2021
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Sustainability of women empowerment projects in the pastoralist communities is a significant element of societal development. It is true that women play key roles in providing the family with daily basic needs. However, it is through the establishment of institutions such as women groups that women and other agencies including the government can propagate the empowerment initiative. This study measured the effect of social economic factors on sustainability of women empowerment projects in the pastoralist communities in Kenya. The study focused on the influence of income generating activities, social capital, cultural orientation and education level on how they impact sustainability of women empowerment groups among pastoralist communities in Kenya and was carried out among women groups in Tiaty Sub County; Baringo County. Using descriptive research design 384 out of 3568 women in 182 registered women were sampled. In addition, five key informants including; area chiefs, representatives of financial institutions, and the Tiaty sub-county Social Services department were interviewed. Key Informant Interview (KII) guides and structured questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data and qualitative data respectively. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data was organized and analyzed by themes. Using Pearson correlation coefficient, the findings established a direct and positive relationship between sustainability of women empowerment groups and independent variables; Income generating activities at R=0.934, Social capital at R=0.835. Further inference showed the proportionate contribution of independent variables factors towards sustainability of women empowerment groups at 87.23% (0.9342) from Income generating activities and 69.72%(0.8352) from Social capital respectively. Additionally the composite mean and standard deviation for income generating activities and social capital was M=3.92;SD=1.058, M=3.87;SD 0.859, respectively. This study observed that the income generating activities showed the highest Pearson correlation coefficient towards sustaining women empowerment groups. This study recommends; training women on income generating activities to aid in their empowerment and sustainability of groups, enacting proper legislation to accord equal opportunities to pastoralist women, sustaining programs to challenge male dominance in pastoralist and training women leaders on skills to ensure their groups are well run and managed.
Page(s): 129-140 Date of Publication: 13 April 2021
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During the lockdown period for Covid-19, online learning has been the best platform to keep learners/lecturers engaged and safe by maintaining social distancing. Through online learning, students often face a number of challengesto their full participation in coursework units. The online environment also presents challenges for many academic staff that increasingly require higher levels of technological competency and proficiency on top of their regular academic workload. This study adopted the qualitative research paradigm in which a case study design was used. The design was considered appropriate because it enabled the researchers to interact with the participants in their natural settings on the phenomenon in its original form. The study was confined to Zimbabwe Open University, Bulawayo Regional Campus students and tutors only and it sought to establish the challenges learners experience in using the online learning platform during the Covid-19 lockdown. The findings show that participants still lack the knowledge on what online learning is all about and the different types of media used and how to use them in different environments.
Page(s): 141-145 Date of Publication: 14 April 2021
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This paper discusses challenges faced by combined schools in Masaiti district which hinders the provision of quality education. A mixed methods concurrent triangulation model was used in the study. The study was conducted in all the 8 purposively sampled combined schools in Masaiti district on the Copperbelt province of Zambia. The study sample had 138 respondents comprising 77 females and 61 males. Teachers and pupils were randomly selected while school administrators and the Ministry of General Education officials were purposively sampled. Focus Group Discussions, semi-structured interviews & mixed questionnaires were the research instruments used during data collection. Pupils, school administrators and the Ministry of General Education officials were interviewed while teachers responded to a questionnaire. Qualitative data was thematically analysed while quantitative data was analysed with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The study revealed that all combined schools in Masaiti district faced many challenges which hindered the provision of quality education to learners. Some of these challenges were; lack of teaching and learning materials, inadequate infrastructure, sexual harassment among learners, lack of parental involvement in school activities, inadequate qualified teachers and long distances covered by learners to school among others. Due to these challenges, it was revealed that these schools were recording very poor final examination results at junior secondary school level more especially in Social Studies from the time they were upgraded in 2017. But little was being done to mitigate these challenges. Based on the research findings therefore, the study recommended that the Ministry of General Education should collaborate with parents and other relevant stakeholders in order to mitigate these challenges by providing necessary teaching/learning materials and embark on construction of school infrastructure which will improve the provision of quality education in combined schools.
Page(s): 146-154 Date of Publication: 15 April 2021
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This study investigated the variations in social media usage with regard to Narcissism conduct among students in colleges of education. The study utilised the survey method to solicit data from a sample of five hundred and seventy-nine (579) college students who were drawn from three (3) public and three (3) private colleges of education on the Copperbelt. Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) and Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI 12) were utilised to determine student’s social media use and narcissistic behaviour. The findings indicated that Facebook and WhatsApp were the commonly used platforms and that their adoption depended upon demographic variables of gender, age, year of study and college status. The study also finds a high degree of narcissism in students that leads to troubling levels. Therefore, the study suggests early screening, accompanied by effective counselling interventions to inculcate a sense of self-worth.
Page(s): 155-160 Date of Publication: 15 April 2021
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This study assessed the influence of school location and interest on secondary school students’ academic achievement in mathematics in Niger state, Nigeria. Correlation Survey design was adopted for the study. The target population for this study consisted of 5,368 (2,705 males and 2,663 females) JSS 1 students in the 2012/2013 academic session from 92 public and private Junior Secondary Schools in Zone ’B’ of Niger State. The sample of this study consisted of 361 (265 students in urban area and 96 students in rural areas) and multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was employed in the selection. Two instruments were developed for the study which consisted of an Inventory on Students’ Interest in Mathematics (ISIM) and a Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT). Descriptive statistics (mean and Standard Deviation), biseria correlation and its associated simple regression of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method were used to establish relationship between the variables and to test null hypothesis at the 0.05 level of significance. The instruments were validated and the reliability coefficient was established using the test-retest method. The data obtained were analyzed using mean with the criterion mean set at 2.5. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between interestand urban students’ achievement in mathematics; and significant relationship between interest and rural students’ achievements in Mathematics test. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended amongst other things that Government should provide incentives that will attract qualified teachers in having interest in teaching in the rural areas and parents in rural areas should help their children to maintain interest in mathematics. This can be done through adopting good strategies.
Page(s): 161-167 Date of Publication: 15 April 2021
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The purpose of this quantitative non-experimental descriptive-comparative research was to generate a Teacher Training Program for Mathematics Teachers based on an Input-Output (IO) Model addressing the needs competence of Mathematics teachers in a certain Division of DepEd Region XI. Online survey on the Needs Analysis utilizing google form was conducted considering complete enumeration and in the analysis of data mean, t-test, and ANOVA were used. The results showed of all seven dimensions, two are in high level competence which are planning instruction and managing instruction; while the other five are in very high level which are: improving personal competence, specifying objectives for instruction, diagnosing and evaluating learning, delivering instruction, and administering instructional facilities and equipment. Further, it was found out that there was no significant difference on the competence of Mathematics teachers when analyzed by length of service, position, educational attainment, and age. The Teacher Training Program proposed is a two-week self-management learning program utilizing the Planning and Managing Instruction Effectively: A Self-Regulated Module formulated by the researcher.
Page(s): 168-177 Date of Publication: 15 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5309Download PDF
The crisis of governance in Africa has call forpublic outcry over the years. This crisis has eventually led to several challenges including leadership mistrust, climate change, economic recession, youth unemployment, violent conflicts, corruption, sustainable housing, transportation and cities, demography and the youth question, food security, population and city planning quagmires. Quite disturbing is the continual dependence on their colonial masters to champion the path of development even in the 21st century global arena. Hence, development continues to be a mirage in the desert as a result of weak and corrupt political leadership associated with the continent. Based on the foregoing, this paper dwelling on the descriptive and analytical methods revisited the indigenous institutions of Yoruba Obaship as a lesson for leadership revival in Africa. This becomes imminent as the present governance structure has failed to fully address the identified development conundrums. Indigenous institutions should be seen as what can be tagged “Tiwa N Tiwa” and so the lessons garnered can be used in reviving the culture of political leadership in the land. In the same vein, structural-functionalism approach was adopted to explain the imperativeness of indigenous leadership as subjects pay more loyalty to their belief system compare to the over-bloated modern democracy. The paper recommends a revivification of indigenous leadership styles, collaborative governance by both democratic and traditional institutions and incorporation of the indigenous virtues into the political leadership among others.
Page(s): 178-182 Date of Publication: 15 April 2021
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The study assessed sorghum/soybean farmer’s perception on the benefits of strip intercropping techniques in Tofalocal government area of Kano State, Nigeria.Data for the study was obtained through the use of structured questionnaire administered on seventy-five(75) respondents. Two specific objectives were raised; to determine the benefit derived by sorghum/soybean strip intercropping farmer before adoption and after adoption in terms of output and to describe sorghum/soybean farmers’ perceptions on other benefits of strip intercropping techniques and sources of information regarding the techniques. Result of study shows that100% ofthe respondents practiced sorghum/soybean strip intercropping techniques at 4:4 crop arrangements where TGX-1835-10E and TGX-1448-2E soybean varieties and CSR01, SK, ICSV400 and GAYA EARLY sorghum varieties were used for the period of 4 years, giving rise to 2-rotations.The study revealsed that there was high increase in the level of output gotten by the farmer, soil fertility restored, incidences of pest and disease infestation reduced and reduction in maturity periods of crops. The problems reportedwere that of the first and third sorghum varieties given (SK and ICSV400 sorghum varieties) in which the former displays a misfit to their ecology and the latera short stalk and small seeds similar to their local varieties, and also constraint of not having basic farm inputs to carry out their farming activities was also reported and a meager cases of insect pest infestation. Conclusively, this technique is highly beneficial to the farmers in the study area. It is therefore recommended that inputs should be made available to these farmers before the rainfall season.
Page(s): 183-187 Date of Publication: 16 April 2021
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This study analyzes the effect of political extremism on the link between the feeling of threat to group’s image and intergroup hostility. It tests the hypothesis that political extremism has a moderating effect on the link between the feeling of threat to group’s image and intergroup hostility. Research methodology consisted on the administration of the scales of political extremism (Dono et al.,2018), threat to group’s image, and intergroup hostility (Schaafsma & Kipling, 2012) to 397 participants, including 221 Bamiléké and 176 Béti whose age varies between 17 and 59 years (M = 28.05; S.D. = 8.32). The results of the statistical analyzes provide empirical support for the hypothesis of the study. We conclude that this study contributes to the literature on the explanatory factors of intergroup hostility by revealing that the link between that construct and threat to group’s image is moderated by political extremism.
Page(s): 188-193 Date of Publication: 16 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5310Download PDF
This paper sought to establish the role of organizational capacity factors and technological practices in implementation of food security projects in Hamisi Sub-County, Vihiga County, Kenya. Specific objectives of the study were to establish the extent to which institutional capacity and technological practices influence implementation of food security projects in Hamisi Sub-County. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study .The study was conducted in all the 24 producer groups in the sub-County. Questionnaires and interview guides were used as main data collection instruments. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the analysis process. The results showed that institutional capacity and technological practices influenced the successful implementation of the projects in the sub-County to a great extent. It was further noted that institutional capacity has a very strong significant correlation with successful implementation of food security initiatives in the sub-County. In regard to technological practices, it was further established that they had a very strong significant correlation with the successful implementation of food security initiatives. The results show that most of the efforts were failing due to poor institutional capacity factors and also low application of targeted technological applications aimed at driving these projects to success. It is therefore recommended that success in food security initiatives depend on institutional capacity and application of effective technological practices. Key stakeholders should endeavor to strengthen the above factors for effective implementation of these initiatives in the study area.
Page(s): 194-201 Date of Publication: 20 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5311Download PDF
Societies preserve their norms, values, behaviours, customs and beliefs through various cultural ceremonies. Chinamwali the initiation ceremony for girls among the Nsenga cultural grouping in Zambia has been in existence for centuries. Pubertal girls are initiated during chinamwali to prepare them for adulthood and expected social roles they will play. In recent years, chinamwali is rapidly becoming popular among adult females- a stray from the ordained norm. Mothers with children, eagerly enrol to be trained. The objective of this study was to find out reasons prompting adult females to enrol in the cultural school yet their ages are far beyond the adolescent age- band. The study used a cross-sectional study design with a qualitative approach. Using the single-interview per participant, 12 respondents participated in the study. The study found that female adults enrolled for chinamwali training to end stigma and discrimination associated with not being initiated. Some did so out of frustration and anger following scandalization by their ex-sexual partners that they lacked cultural knowledge and skills to impress a man in bed. Others enrolled in the traditional school as part of marriage preparation. Still some chose to receive instructions and skills necessary to assist them save their crumbling marriages. Chinamwali is receiving remarkable appreciation from the women folk in Petauke- Zambia. Conservative information on gender roles and the wide-ranging in-depth sexuality lessons and demonstrations among others are catching the ear of adult females. Motivated to experience social change in their lives, these new mature cultural students willingly, at a huge sacrifice, pause by laying aside all parental responsibilities temporarily, by going back to their roots to be coached traditional principles.
Page(s): 202-206 Date of Publication: 20 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5312Download PDF
The paper appraised the scourge of farmers-herdsmen conflict in Nigeria. The growing desertification and the effects of climate change have further increased the drive for the herdsmen to move further southward in search of grazing land and pasture for their livestock. The conflict has been one of the thorny security issues encroaching the corporate existence of the country particularly due to an aborted attempt by the federal government to establish the ‘RUGA’ settlement as a panacea. The paper used documentary sources to discuss and analyse the issues surrounding the causes and solutions to the problem. It was found that unless the federal government and other stakeholders make necessary steps especially reviving, reforming and remodelling the 1965 Northern Region Government’s Grazing Reserve System as well as afforestation programs, the menace would continue to remain a threat to the corporate survival of the country.
Page(s): 207-211 Date of Publication: 20 April 2021
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In Sri Lanka, the women were regularly protected in the past by their family members and the comminity. But owing to the modernization and social changesin the country,the status previously enjoyed by womenspecially as regards to their protection has changed. Within this senario as men, the womentoo have started movingmostly alone in the society.In consequence some men seek sexual gratification in socially unaccepted manners. Thus, the rape of women has increased rapidly for the last two decade. The rape rate has plunged forwards from 6.8 in 2001 to 8.2 to in 2019. The increse in the number of rape incidents in the country has created a real conundrum for women as well as for the peaceful existance of the whole society. This study was carried out with the objective of identifying the nature and causes of rapes and the impact of rapes on the victimsin the society at large. Further, the nature of the rapists was also amain concern of this study. The data were collected by conducting semi-structured interviewes and case studies with 60 victimes of rape, selected from twelve districts consisting of 3 to 8 victimes from each district in Sri Lanka. The study has revealed that less educated women between 16 to 25 years of age haveoften becom victims of rape than in the other age categories. However, thewomen over 65 years of age had become victims. The mentally retarted and the disabled women have often been the easy praysfor rapists and those who were alone at home during the day time also had become the victims of rape. Of the perpetrators 85% were known to the victims and their relatives, their lovers and neighbours had also been found among them. Ignorance,deception, loneliness and isolation at home, walking alone shady roads, physical or mental disabiltities were the main casuses to have fallen victims of rape.Among the perpetrators 20%(n=12) were alcohol abusers while 13.3% (n=8) were drugs and alcohol abusers. The study suggests that the provision of proper protection for women who walk alongthe solitary roads and the women who stay all alone at home minimize the number of rape victims. Further young women should be educated with respect to the impact of forced sexual intercourse and deception by men for their mere sexual gratifiction.
Page(s): 212-220 Date of Publication: 21 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5313Download PDF
This paper attempts to focus on two contemporary Indian movies on the relation between the differently challenged persons, particularly women, and the social dynamics, Black (2005), and Hichki (2018). Seen against the tradition of Indian Cinema, in particular, and of popular culture in this subcontinent, in general, such productions crucially depart from the conventional cultural tradition by foregrounding the so-called disabled persons as fighters against the socio-cultural receptions of the subject body and codes of ‘normalcy’. They are further set within the contemporary human rights movements. This study in social science of the relation between normalcy, power and culture in the above mentioned two movies is, therefore, framed within the theoretical discourse of Disability and Cultural Studies and look forward to a democratic society based on equality, freedom and justice.
Page(s): 221-224 Date of Publication: 21 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5314Download PDF
The study evaluated the necessity of vocational training as a tool for rural women empowerment. Specifically, the study targeted women in Ward 5 of rural areas in Mashonaland East. The research adopted an interpretivist research philosophy and a qualitative research approach with which case study research design was used. Data was generated through face-to-face interviews and questionnaire using convenience sampling. The targeted population were the women in one of Mashonaland East`s rural constituencies. The study found that rural women remain side lined from participating in vocational training due to distance barriers, socio-economic status, education, beliefs systems and socialisation systems. Results also show that vocational training was of much significance in their empowerment as rural women. Acquiring skills like gardening skills had helped women to start their own livelihood projects to the benefit of the country. One of the main recommendations of the study was that there was need to move away from the donor syndrome to a more sustainable paradigm which has long lasting benefits.
Page(s): 225-231 Date of Publication: 21 April 2021
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The introduction of digital technology has accelerated the library’s subscription to online resources including e-journals, e-books, and reference management software in higher education institutions. The open source library software in particular has deepened the availability of electronic resources and extends the boundaries of academic research. The aim of this study is to investigate in impact of open source library software usage on the overall performance of higher education institutions. A cross sectional research design was used and data was collected from 252 respondents. The data was analysed with SPSS carrying out correlation and regression analysis. Result of the study indicates that, high level usage of open source library software has significant impact on the performance of Higher education institutions. This indicates that adoption of open source library software tends to beneficial and impact positively on the performance of both students and faculties in higher education institutions in developing countries as it would help in designing education policies and programmes. It is therefore recommended that more resources should be provided for ICT infrastructure and skilled manpower for the implementation and use of Open Source Library Software among guarantee appropriate Librarians.
Page(s): 232-238 Date of Publication: 22 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5315Download PDF
This study considered treasury single account compliance as an accounting practice for effective and sustainability in institutions. The general objective is on how treasury single account could plug leakages within the system, while the specific objective would be on how treasury single account could dovetail into a transparent reportage in a system. Legitimacy theory and public finance management theory adopted for the treasury single account, therefore foresees that government will implement policies to guarantee the society and that agencies are complying by disclosing all transactions in treasury single account. This study was based on the data from both primary source and empirical works of previous researchers. The questionnaires were administered to the bursary staff of The Polytechnic in Ibadan. The questions were on the five-point Likert type questions, with a choice of strongly agree to strongly disagree. The data gathered were analyzed using chi-square statistical packages for social sciences. Data were gathered from the questionnaires analyzed using chi-square in SPSS, and findings revealed that treasury single account compliance have a significant effect in the effective accounting practices and sustainability in institution. This paper concluded that loss of revenue has a multitude of collision on effects, including the fact that lower revenue means that less money will be available to provide facilities for sustainability. Therefore, this paper recommends that, the effectiveness of treasury single account compliance (TSAC) should be broadminded for the sustainability in institutions. There should be seal for both transparency and accountability to block the leakages within the system. The permissible laws should be appraised and adapted where mandatory training should be offered to appropriate bursary staff of The Polytechnic Ibadan to guarantee effective operation.
Page(s): 239-247 Date of Publication: 22 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5316Download PDF
This study sought to investigate the historical background taking place the buildup concept of lifelong learning in Bangladesh and the learning society. It makes the knowledge center medium a possible institutional standard for the implementation of adult lifelong learning in Bangladesh. Implications of the knowledge center as a standard for lifelong learning in Bangladesh are explain by means of the container of representation on similarities as well as comparison with China. Eventually, lifelong knowledge education from the current study of the Asia-Pacific region are reviewed with regard to the advancement of strategic objectives aim to deliver adult and lifelong learning in Bangladesh point of view through and across the medium knowledge of society.
Page(s): 248-255 Date of Publication: 22 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5317Download PDF
Literary writers have always been influenced by their environment. They consciously or subconsciously include society’s take on gender issues in their writings. In many societies, males and females are assigned different roles based on their gender, which they play in consonance with their age limits. Literary writers tend to hide behind language to portray gender stereotypes in literary works. For some time now, feminism has been a well-used literary criticism approach. It has been used as a tool to criticize gender roles, especially the representation of women in literary works in general. Feminist literary critics argue that the representation of women in most literary works shows a large equality gap between males and females. These inequalities are often measured in literature by diction, characterization, setting and other rhetorical devices. Substantial data in the literature show that whereas male writers often write to present the position of women in society and their social expectations, most of which are related to marriage, female writers accordingly, present the different female responses to these social norms and the objection of the position of women in society. Following these trends of analysis, this paper analyzes the kind of gender roles that some Akan male writers assign to their male and female characters to ascertain whether males and females are indeed presented as equals in literary texts. The paper adopts a radical feminist approach to literary criticism and analyses D. E. K. Krampah’s novel, Mbofra Mfa Adwene(1970).
Page(s): 256-263 Date of Publication: 22 April 2021
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There is a need for single mothers to raise the ability to survive to face the complex challenges in their life. These challenges could be seen in work, finance, childcare, and social support. Therefore, developing self-resilience to solve problems and face challenges seems necessary to lead to a productive, healthy life. One way to be taken is to become an entrepreneur who initiates a business to guarantee the family’s economic stability. Several factors are seen to be contributing to the success of single mothers’ entrepreneurial activities, such as skills, training, motivations, and initiatives. This study focuses on the effects of the role of the entrepreneurial resilience and lifestyle of single mothers. Therefore, this study recommends that single mothers deserve assistance in their entrepreneurial journey in order to increase their independence and elevate the self-resilience to livelihood obstacles.
Page(s): 264-271 Date of Publication: 22 April 2021
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Using three objectives this study sought to: examine the extent to which mentors provided guidance to pre-service teachers, establish the support type and assess colleges’ support provision.An exploratory sequential mixed methods research design was used to guide the collection and analysis of data. Data were sourced from 18 Science teacher educators and 108 final year Science student teachers through a semi-structured questionnaire, follow-up interviews, focus groups and documents. The findings show that support was in the form of (a) science-teaching theory (b) support materials such as handouts and handbooks with tips on lesson planning and other teaching practice requirements (c) placement in schools for practice (d) provision of mentors (e) occasional workshops and (f) clinical supervision. However, support that targeted science students’ unique requirements was largely found lacking, suggesting the need for practices such as field-based methods courses and educative mentoring that foster closer collaboration between colleges and schools.
Page(s): 272-278 Date of Publication: 23 April 2021
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The purpose of this study was to investigate Secondary School Students’ perceptions on the role of Christian Religious Education (CRE) in Promoting Social Cohesion in Kenya. The study objective looked at students’ characteristics;specifically age and gender in relation to their perspectives on the role of Christian Religious Education on promotion of social cohesion in society.. This objectives was supported by a corresponding hypothesis. Review of related literature based on students’ characteristics and social cohesion was carried out. The study used descriptive survey method which employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study targeted form four secondary school studentswho took CRE as one of their subjects of study in Nairobi County, CRE teachers and education officers in the County. The target population was 5550 CRE students, 160 CRE teachers and 8 education officers. From this population a sample of 550 CRE students, 25 CRE teachers and 4 education officers participated in the study. The questionnaire was the main research instrument used to collect data from the students while interview schedules were used to collect data from teachers and education officers. The study findings were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The quantitative data was processed and analysed and summarised into frequency tables and percentages. Qualitative data was subjected to content analysis from which relevant information was extracted. The hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study established that CRE was perceived as an important tool in the promotion of social cohesion in the society. The study further established that students’ age (p=0.030) displayed a significant level of influence on their perspectives and attitude on the role of CRE in social cohesion. However, the students’ gender, did not have such a significant influence. The study recommended as follows; enhancing CRE as a tool for promoting social cohesion, strengthening its teaching methods for social cohesion and integrating the teaching of religious values across all the subjects in the secondary school curriculum. For further research, the study recommended replicating the study in other counties and having a comparative study between rural and urban Counties with a view of finding out if the results would remain the same given the fact many rural counties were occupied by people belonging to one ethnic group while Nairobi is cosmopolitan.
Page(s): 279-288 Date of Publication: 23 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5318Download PDF
The study investigated the consequences of pre-marital sex among female undergraduate students. In many societies, unmarried, single youths are sexually more active than what is commonly realized. There are several factors which encourage the pre-marital sexuality in cities; such as higher mobility and migration of younger people to towns and cities in search of jobs, massive urbanization resulting proliferation of slums, growing population, unemployment, influence of modern mass-media and information technology, better life-style, changing modes and erosion of traditional customs and social norms. The researchers used survey design of the descriptive type of research for the study. The research instrument used for this study was a self – structure closed ended questionnaire designed by the researchers. The sample size of four hundred (400) respondents was used for the study. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques was used for the study. The face, content and construct validity of the instrument was ensured by given draft copies to experts for vetting. The reliability of the instrument was ensured by using the split half method of reliability, a coefficient of 0.78 was obtained. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The finding of the study revealed that there was a significant relationship between vesico-vigina fistula (VVF) and pre-marital sex among undergraduate. It was also concluded that there was significant relationship between ectopic pregnancy and pre-marital sex among undergraduate students. The researchers recommended that management of institutions of learning should organise a seminar or orientation proramme to their female most importantly the newly admitted ones, as this will help to reduce the prevalence of pre-marital sex among them. Female undergraduate students should try to avoid multiple sexual partners in order to avoid ectopic pregnancy.
Page(s): 289-292 Date of Publication: 23 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5319Download PDF
The impact of hospitality and tourism on the GDP of a nation cannot be over-emphasized. However, tourism is expected to be a significant contributor to country’s GDP in the future and have impacts on infrastructural development. This study investigated the impact of hospitality and tourism marketing on Nigeria economy. The area of study covers (2) tourist center’s each from Lagos State and Cross River State in Nigeria. The study employed primary data collected in ensuring that valuable data were obtained for the data analysis. A total number of one hundred and twenty (120) copies of questionnaire were administered to staff of the selected tourist Centre’s for which (80) returned were used for analysis. After cleaning and sorting the copies of the accepted questionnaire they were fed into the statistical package for social science (SPSS). The questionnaire was structured in line with the research objectives, questions and hypothesis of the study. The Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was used to confirm formulated hypotheses. Among the finding were that hospitality and tourism has poor contribution on Nigeria economy GDP. Also, tourism marketing skills of Nigeria is below average. The study concluded that if tourism sector is properly harnessed it will generate reasonable revenue to government, and recommended that government should provide adequate funds through budgetary allocation and financial aids to tourism Management for effective promotion of tourism in the states
Page(s): 293-300 Date of Publication: 23 April 2021
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This article analyzes a series of historical, economic, cultural, religious, and political factors of the period of the early twentieth century in which Albania of this period was located. The period between the two world wars is analyzed as the most difficult period in the political plan for Albania and the Albanian state as the period when the independence gained in 1912 begins to consolidate. This is also the period of connection and development of one of the most important directions in socio-political thought of the 30s in the XX century. This article shows that neo-Albanianism was as much a continuation of the Albanian Renaissance, as it was a novelty and new historical conditions of that period. We have tried to show that neo-Albanianism is a product of Albanianism in the new historical conditions.
Page(s): 301-304 Date of Publication: 23 April 2021
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This research examines the increase in income of the cassava farmer’s heads who work in the cracker industry in Srikaton Village, Seputih Surabaya District, Central Lampung Regency. The method used in this research is descriptive, with a population of 25 heads of cassava farmer families who are overall respondents in the research. Data collection techniques in this study are observation, interviews and documentation. The study results indicate that: 1) The area of agricultural land cultivated by the head of a farmer family reaches an average of 0.51 ha. 2) A total of 16 (64%) heads of families Cassava farmers have income below average. 3) 25 farmer family heads work in the cracker industry and earn ≤ IDR 2,250,596. 4) The 25 farmer family heads who work in the cracker industry experience increased income with the highest percentage increase in 548%. 5) The 25 farmer family heads who work in the cracker industry can meet their basic needs.
Page(s): 305-310 Date of Publication: 23 April 2021
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This study employed a sequential explanatory mixed-method design to examine basic school teachers’ classroom assessment conceptions in the Sissala East Municipality in the Upper West Region of Ghana. In particular, the study examined the types of classroom assessment conceptions of teachers and their demographic characteristics that influence their assessment conceptions. Quantitative data gathered from 203 respondents were analyzed using mean, standard deviations and Pearson product-moment correlation. In the follow-up qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 12 participants and the data subjected to interpretive thematic analysis. The findings revealed that the participants demonstrated positive conceptions of assessment as a means for ensuring student and school accountability as well as improving teaching and learning, with assessment for student accountability yielding the highest mean value. Also, the findings revealed that the relationships among student accountability, school accountability and improvement were moderate and that these levels have a positive effect on one another. It was recommended, among other issues, that teachers need to note that assessment is acceptable if motivated by a particular reason, whether it is for improvement, student accountability, or school accountability.
Page(s): 311-324 Date of Publication: 23 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5320Download PDF
The study explored the effects of intrinsic motivation on basic school teachers’ attitude towards work in the Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana. The major objective of the study was to assess the level of intrinsic motivation among basic school teachers in the Bolgatanga Municipality and to find out the effects of intrinsic motivation on basic school teachers’ attitude towards work. The survey method was used for the study. Data for the study was collected from eighty (80) sampled Junior High School (JHS) teachers (52.5% males and 47.5% females) in the 50 public basic schools within the Bolgatanga Municipality using purposive and convenient sampling techniques. The Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) and the Teacher Attitude Inventory (TAI) were modified and used as research instruments for data collection. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Test was used to establish the relationshipbetween basic school teachers’ intrinsic motivation and attitude towards work. The results revealed that there was a negative and significantly moderate correlation between teachers’ level of intrinsic motivation and their attitude towards work. It was recommended among others that periodic assessments of teachers’ intrinsic motivation towards work should be carried out for the sole purpose of addressing the hindrances that militate against teachers’ intrinsic motivation.
Page(s): 325-331 Date of Publication: 23 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5321Download PDF
An electioneering season in Africa is a time politicians scramble to outdo each other in terms of buying votes and loyalty from the electorate. Kenya is no exception to the practice, where politicians have perfected the craft to astonishing proportions. This paper examines the extent to which political hand-outs influence voters’ choices and undermine development. It also seeks to establish the immediate and long-term impact of political gifts on both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. Further, the researcher aims to investigate how manipulating local communities through political hand-outs stokes inter-ethnic and intra-ethnic hostilities. The study is based on descriptive survey design and uses interviews and textual analysis. Findings from field research reveal that the practice of vote buying is widespread in Kenya during canvassing for election to public office. In conclusion the paper recommends, among other things, an overhaul of the Kenyan political set-up so as to decentralize and devolve power to the grassroots. The leaders must be made to be accountable to their people through proper oversight structures.
Page(s): 332-338 Date of Publication: 26 April 2021
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Following the implementation of the civil service pay reforms 2008 to 2015 in the Gambia, there are no clear practical indications as to improved motivation, satisfaction and enhanced performance of the Gambian civil servants. In light of this skepticism, the study assessed the effects of pay reforms on pay satisfaction and performance of the employees in the civil service. The objective of this study was to assess the pay satisfaction and performance levels and discuss the determinants of pay satisfaction in the civil service of the Gambia. The study applied descriptive research format in dealing with quantitative and qualitative data. The study used structured survey questionnaire customized from the Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire method to collect primary data. Data was also collected using interview guide with key informants and conducted telephone interviews. Motivational theories by Abraham Maslowand Adams equity theory became the theoretical foundation of this research with the aid of a noperational framework developed by the researchers, to guide the direction of the research. The study sample consisted of randomly selected 60civil servants drawn from different ministries and line department from the Gambia in the capital city Banjul, based on purposeful sampling. Other regions and districts could not be included in this study due to resource constraints. Key informants interviewed were also exclusively limited to those cadres within urban centers given challenges associated with communication in the regions. The study unearthed that satisfaction in the Gambian civil service has not improved following pay reforms. The poor reward system is the root cause of poor performance in the civil service as witnessed by cropping practices of attrition, indiscipline, corruption and absenteeism which still prevails in the civil service of the Gambia. The study recommends decompressing the pay structure and fostering on a participatory approach to decide issues to do with pay reforms. Lessons drawn from other African countries that experienced the same problem of pay reforms gives Gambia a chance to revisit its pay reform strategies with a view to deal with evident civil service poor performance. Study further recommends enhancement of monetary and non-monetary incentives to induce high motivation and satisfaction that shall translate to improved public sector performance. This study concludes that pay satisfaction is an important component of overall job satisfaction thus Gambia Personnel Management Office needs to embrace modern research approaches that will enhance satisfaction amongst civil service. Employee participation in pay issues is important as it helps to model effective pay reforms. The fit between incentive-specific reforms and the public reform process is therefore, a challenge that needs attention thus effort needs to be devoted to designing incentives aimed at changing the Gambia’ civil service attitude and perceptions.
Page(s): 339-350 Date of Publication: 26 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5322Download PDF
This survey was done under the context of the researcher’s experience of an encounter with Kisii County askaris/traffic marshalls demanding a bribe from the researcher in order to be allowed to proceed to the Kisii town’s Central Business District (CBD) while on a motorcycle. This background, therefore, provides the researcher with the motivation to explore how bodaboda/motorcycle riders in Kisii town engage in and cope with bribery. The study utilized exploratory research design while taking Grounded Theory approach to extract data from 100 bodaboda riders in Kisii town. By means of thematic analysis the findings showed that bribery is common among bodaboda riders and bribery amount is moderated not by the respondents’ demographic characteristics – educational level, marital status, gender – but by social interaction or ethnicity which determines whether a rider belongs to the inner circle or outer circle.
Page(s): 351-357 Date of Publication: 26 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5323Download PDF
This paper on inclusive education explores several diverse viewpoints from various scholars in different contexts on the concepts of inclusive education in an effort to reach the common understanding of the same this concept. The attitudes section is addressed from the perspectives of pupils, educators, and the society (parents), and it further explore the dilemmas that teachers and students with disabilities face in modern education systems. The instructional approaches focusing on how teachers plan and execute lessons with diverse students’ aptitudes from literature are also levelheadedly outlined. In conclusion, it included a broad overview focused on two models, social and medical models on which this paper is primarily based.
Page(s): 358-365 Date of Publication: 26 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5324Download PDF
Insecurity has become a global concern. Governments of the World spend a large portion of their annual budgets on insecurity, Nigeria inclusive. This paper attempts to show how literature can be used to curb insecurity in Nigeria using Chinua Achebe’s things fall apart as a case study. The paper further examined the definition of insecurity, a brief history of insecurity in Nigeria, causes of Insecurity, effects of insecurity and efforts of Nigerian government in curbing insecurity. Conclusions were also made.
Page(s): 366-370 Date of Publication: 27 April 2021
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The development of any society is measured by good change manifested in increased capacity of the people to have control over material assets, intellectual resources and ideology, ability to procure the physical necessities of life (food, clothing and shelter) access to adequate education, gender equality, sustainable development and peace. Since the required development as itemized above is not so realistic in Nigeria, there is therefore serious need for change that will pave way for the needed development. The work examined the contributions of Deborah and Esther to national development with the aim of presenting Nigeria women as having the ability to bring the necessary change that Nigeria needs. The paper however suggests two conditions that would make the desired change to happen which include objectives and subjective conditions. Objective conditions exist when situations are evidently abnormal with huge contradictions which can only be resolved by change. The subjective conditions involve making available organizational preparations requires to bring about awareness and consciousness for change. The findings however revealed that conditions needed for change are made possible by utilizing some virtues and potential resident in Nigeria women such as commitment, self –control, sense of direction, courage and wisdom as exemplified by Deborah and Esther in the Bible. Being an historical essay the work employed historical frame work in its analysis. The paper however recommended that the change Agenda should take cognizance of the Social, Economic, Political and educational sectors.
Page(s): 371-375 Date of Publication: 27 April 2021
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This study analyzed perceptions of students and teachers difficult contents in the Junior Secondary Mathematics Curriculum (JSMC) in Obio/Akpor local government area of Rivers State, Nigeria. The study adopted the analytical survey research design with a population of 7,534 students and 20 Mathematics teachers of junior secondary class three students from the 20 public junior secondary schools. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 380 students while census was used to select 20 Mathematics teachers for the study. The Mathematics Content Difficulty Assessment Questionnaire (MCDAQ) was the instrument used for data collection. The mean (x ̅) criterion cut-off point of 2.50 was used for decision making. The test-retest method and Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) were used to obtain the reliability coefficient of 0.86 for MCDAQ. Data obtained were analysed using mean, standard deviation, simple percentage and independent sample t-test to answer the five research questions and test the two null hypotheses. Findings of the study revealed that students and teachers perceived the JSMC contents difficult to learn and teach respectively. Also, there was a significant difference between student and teacher perception of difficult contents in the JSMC but there was no significant difference on the gender perception of students. The study recommended among others that Mathematics teachers should demystify Mathematics learning through effective use of innovative instructional strategies and materials and encourage students to change their perception of Mathematics as difficult and develop positive attitudes and interest towards learning Mathematics to reduce their difficulty level.
Page(s): 376-383 Date of Publication: 27 April 2021
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The study comparatively assessed the extent of student and teacher perception of content difficulty in the Further Mathematics Curriculum (FMC).The analytical survey research design was adopted for the study. The study was conducted in Gokana local government area of Rivers State with a population of sixty (60) senior secondary class three students offering Further Mathematics from the twelve (12) public senior secondary schools in the area. Census sampling technique was used to select the sample of 60 students used for the study. The instrument for data collection was the researchers’ made and validated Further Mathematics Curriculum Content Difficulty Assessment Questionnaire (FMCCDAQ). The test and retest method and Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) were used to obtain 0.73 reliability coefficient of the FMCCDAQ. Six research questions and one hypothesis guided the study. Mean and standard deviation were used for data analysis. The study found out that students perceived all the FMC themes of pure mathematics, coordinate geometry, statistics, mechanics and operations research difficult to learn. Teachers perceived all the themes of the FMC easy to teach. There is significant difference between student and teacher perception of the FMC content difficulty. The study among others recommended that teachers should employ diagnostic and remedial instructional strategy and active learning strategies such as problem solving and problem-based learning strategies to remediate the learning difficulties among students in the FMC.
Page(s): 384-391 Date of Publication: 27 April 2021
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Older man-younger woman romantic relationship is a cultural normative relationship in all societies. A reversal characterized by an older woman-younger man intimancy is regarded as an offensive counterfeit of the genuine former. A woman found in this kind of a relationship, sleepy society wakes up, picks up verbal stones and breathes denunciations against the older woman and labels her a moral rebel for changing social norm-goal posts. The objective of this study was to investigate existence of large age-gap romantic relationships and to explore under what socio-economic climate did they emerge and thrive. The study was conducted between October to December, 2020. It was conducted in Chipata- Zambia. The study used a cross-sectional design with a qualitative approach. A total of 30 participants were individually interviewed through the single-per-interview method. The study found that large age-gap older woman relationships were common, rampant and universal in both rural and urban areas with the latter scoring first. The study found that society defined large age-gap intimate heterosexual relationship involving an older woman as one where the woman was older than her male partner by 5 or more years. The study also found that some older women especially in villages engaged in romantic relationships with younger males because traditionally it was believed that younger men’s semen had special properties that arrested the aging process and re-youthed the aging skin and the entire aged body. The study also found that absent husbands, drunkenness, women empowerment/ change of lifestyle, women/male youth vulnerability including the internet and social media created a perfect socioeconomic environment in which large age-gap taboo relationships emerged and flourished.
Page(s): 392-398 Date of Publication: 27 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5325Download PDF
Teacher characteristics play a significant role in interventions strategies to shape learners’ behaviours as they are the classroom’s direct players. This triggered the researcher to examine whether gender, teaching experience, and teaching influence their intervention. The study population were all the221teachers in the three Senior High Schools (S.H.S.) in Komenda Edina Eguafo Abrem (K.E.E.A.) Municipality in the Central Region of Ghana. An observable sample of 150 teachers was selected for the study using a quota and random sampling technique. Questionnaires were used to elicit responses from the selected teachers. Inferential statistics (independent t-test and ANOVA) were used to analyse the hypotheses. The study results revealed that the teachers’ intervention strategies did not depend on their teaching experience. The results showed that the teachers’ intervention strategies did not depend on the students’ levels or the class they handle. The independent t-test result showed that gender (male and female teachers) did not differ in using intervention strategies. Therefore, it was recommended that to exhibit excellent and practical shaping skills, emphasis should not be placed on teacher characteristics.
Page(s): 399-403 Date of Publication: 27 April 2021
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The teaching and learning of Civic Education helps learners recognize the profound role that the subject plays in society. This study sought to establish the challenges associated with the use of reflective teaching approaches in Civic Education lessons. The study was guided by a qualitative approach and the research strategy used was a descriptive design. Data was collected using a reflective questionnaire and lesson observation checklist. Purposive sampling was used to identify the participants in the study. The participants included 6 deputy head teachers, 6 Civic Education heads of section, 6 social sciences heads of department and 18 Civic Education teachers. Data collected was thematically analysed. The total number of the participants in the study amounted to 36. The findings of the study revealed that time allocation, large numbers in classes, lack of participation from learners were inhibiting the use reflective teaching in Civic Education lessons.This research study is insightful because it adds to the body of knowledge about the challenges of using reflective teaching approaches in civic education lessons. The study concludes that most teachers of Civic Education need to be trained in reflective teaching approaches to improve the teaching and learning of Civic Education.
Page(s): 404-410 Date of Publication: 28 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5326Download PDF
This paper critically analyzes the Covid-19 public address discourse by government officials in Kenya with a view to establishing the implications on public attitude and behavior towards fighting the pandemic. The paper utilizes the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework to examine the lexical choices the officials made and their implications for public attitudes and behavior towards the COVID-19 19 pandemic. The argument is that during times of crisis and uncertainty, the public looks up to those in authority for guidance and protection. The authorities also expect the public to comply and obey the government guidelines so as to manage the Covid 19 crisis. Public attitude and behavior therefore become an important component in crisis management, especially during periods of uncertainty occasioned by war and disease outbreaks. Studying language use by those in power is important because language is a powerful force that shapes people’s mind and society’s attitude and behavior. The study analyzed 90 utterances from key government officials regarding the Covid 19 prevention measures. The texts were extracted from the live briefings from the Audio-visual media in Kenya namely KBC TV, CITIZEN, KTN and NTV. The press briefings were between 3-00pm to 4:00pm on week days. The findings of the study reveal that the government officials perceived the pandemic as war whereas the public viewed it as a falsehood, hence non-existent. The findings of this study would be useful in shedding light on the role language plays in managing risks during times of crisis and uncertainty occasioned by pandemics such as the Covid-19 disease.
Page(s): 411-417 Date of Publication: 28 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5327Download PDF
This study aimed to determine the relationship of classroom management and students learning in mathematics among Grade VI students. Quantitative type of research was used employing a descriptive correlation method. The respondents were the selected grade VI students of 13 selected schools in Carmen District Davao del Norte. Two sets of questionnaire were used in a form of checklist on the extent of classroom management and teacher made test on the level of students learning in mathematics. Result showed that the extent of classroom management was practiced in most occasions and the level of students learning in mathematics was rarely manifested by students. This implies that there was a significant relationship between the extent of classroom management and the level of students’ learning in mathematics of grade VI students in Carmen District Davao del Norte
Page(s): 418-423 Date of Publication: 28 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5328Download PDF
Corona virus disease pandemic has had far reaching socioeconomic and health impacts worldwide. Its effects on the higher education sector has presented with different manifestation especially among international students studying in Uganda. At St Lawrence University, the lockdown imposed by government had dire consequences on international students. The study on the socioeconomic and psychosocial impact on students was premised on the need to explore the socioeconomic challenges faced by international students of St Lawrence University as a result of the various lock down measures of COVID-19; and to examine the psychosocial impact of lock down measures on international students of St. Lawrence University. A total of 85 international students were included in this qualitative cross sectional study. The findings indicated that anxiety was the main psychological effect. The main stressors were financial hardships, improbability about their future especially regarding their survival, the likely effects on their studies and career. It is recommended that the university management sets up a contingency plan that includes international students during the unforeseen circumstances and considers the provision of online counseling to both national and international students. The government contingency plan should always be inclusive of international students.
Page(s): 424-428 Date of Publication: 28 April 2021
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Despite attempts by governments and church organizations to formally educate and empower the deaf people, their lives still remain unsatisfactory. They also seem to suffer marginalization from the larger hearing society because of their communication barrier. In His Ministry of the deaf people Jesus appears to foster inclusivity and their empowerment to face life’s challenges. Little research has been undertaken on how deaf ministry can be improved as to capacitate the deaf in the communities they livein. This paper exegeted Mark 7:31-37, 9:14-27 and Luke 11:14-26 in light of some isolated texts that make reference to deafness in the Bible with the object of helping in forging out relevant interventions that can answer out the gaps in the deaf ministry. Although these Bible texts were not originally written to inform deaf ministry, there are principles in them that can shape, influence and direct it. In Mark 7:31-37 Jesus used more outward actions than usual in communication with the deaf-mute. The deaf people that Jesus met were healed even though not all people with disabilities were healed during Jesus’ time. Jesus’actions and gestures when healing the deaf seem to encourage integration of the deaf people and their empowerment for survival in the mainstream hearing community. Mark 7:31-37, 9:14-27 and Luke 11:14-26 were chosen texts for exegesis because they are the only lengthy narratives that describe the healing of the deaf in the Bible. The others are single text references to deafness scattered in several books of the Bible. The study made use of narratives, Bible commentaries and Ellen White wrings as the main source data for the study. The study recommends that the deaf ministry must integrate the deaf people to the mainstream hearing community through programs that domesticate Sign Language (SL) in the larger community. Furthermore, the community must ensure that they empower the deaf people spiritually and economically so that they cease to see themselves as objects of charity but independent beings who can single handedly face life’s challenges.
Page(s): 429-436 Date of Publication: 27 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5329Download PDF
The current research was undertaken in order to explore how the curriculum of institutions of higher learning could be adapted to include learners with disabilities in inclusive education settings. Curriculum modification strategies, particularly curriculum adaptations and augmentations, have been identified as important to enable learners with disabilities to achieve access to and progress in the general curriculum.This paper adopted the qualitative approach and used a case study design that relied largely on interviews and document analysis. The semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from lecturers, learners and principals of higher learning institutions.The study concluded that adapting instructional strategies is a method that allows educators to meet the needs of all learners according to their strengths, ability levels, and needs, without separating learners homogeneously. The study recommended that educators need to know how to differentiate instructions in order to make the curriculum more accessible for learners with disabilities through adaptations and accommodations.
Page(s): 437-441 Date of Publication: 28 April 2021
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The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the tourism village on the socio-economic conditions of the local agrarian community in Pujon Kidul Village, Pujon District, Batu City. The location of this study was determined purposively, the sample used was 100 people with details of 30 employees working in tourist attractions, 30 people from the surrounding community, and 40 people from tourists. The types of data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. The results showed that the economic impact was increasing family income, increasing the standard of living of the community, reducing the number of unemployed. The social impact increases public confidence in tourism objects, improves the performance of social institutions, improves work ethic, maintains security and improves family relations.
Page(s): 442-444 Date of Publication: 28 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5330Download PDF
There is a dearth of reference values of physical fitness including motor fitness for secondary school children in Sri Lanka. The objectives of this study are to contribute to the available knowledge concerning the assessment agility (4x10m shuttle run), identifying sex and age-related norms of agility of the secondary school children in Sri Lanka. A quantitative approach was used in this study. Physical fitness assessments were implemented to measure 4x10m shuttle run of 1229 students (638 boys and 591 girls) which was a randomly selected sample in the Kandy District. All the data were computed and analyzed to formulate test norms as percentile values, stratified by chronological age groups separately for boys and girls. All the calculations were performed using SPSS vs. 17 for windows. revealed that P5 of the 4x10m shuttle run time of age 17 boys were very low comparing to other younger age groups. But at the end of the higher performance levels such as P75, P90 and P95, age 17 boys are performed better than their younger counterparts. This is an unusual pattern. The performance of girls of 4x10m shuttle run which is indicate that there are clear differences between age groups. Age 11 girls perform at a low level of agility as the normal and it is increased up to age 17 category gradually. The lowest P5 of boy’s 4x10m shuttle run test performance is 14 seconds and the highest P5 is 13.25 seconds. Meanwhile, lowest P95 of boy’s 4x10m shuttle run test performance is 11.7 sec. and the highest P95 is 9.7 sec. According to the graphs the lowest P5 of girls’ 4x10m shuttle run test performance is 15.7 sec. and the highest P5 is 14.7sec. Furthermore, lowest P95 of girls’ 4x10m shuttle run test performance is 12.3 sec. and the highest P95 is 11.3 sec. These norms are identical for some specific population. The agility levels of Sri Lankan children (both boys and girls) are not in the range of poor range. They are slightly different with the USA and European norms. However, we cannot say agility level of Sri Lankan boys and girls are not in a satisfactory level compared to such as USA standards, because these figures are normative base values.
Page(s): 445-449 Date of Publication: 28 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5331Download PDF
Africa is known with indigenous, strong and rich heritage ranging from culture, tradition, belief system, to languages and norms and morale. These had existed centuries before the incidence of colonialism in Africa. This paper seeks to look at the nature of imported religious identities and how they have over the years influenced the diverse African traditional knowledge and truth. The methodologies of this paper are combination of historical, descriptive and documentary research design based on qualitative research method. This paper among other things discovers that African traditional belief system has been endangered by the imported religions, for example, Islam and Christianity. There has never been a universality in African traditional belief system due its diversity, and no one single exclusivity in matters of knowledge and truth as one culture can no longer speak and others should just listen and not raise their voices. Imported religions have their own origin and this origin cannot be replaced for the belief inherent in the indigenous African traditional systems. In this case, the paper then recommends the need to free our mind from these imported religions in order to preserve our original traditional heritage as a continent, even in this neo-colonial imperialistic state.
Page(s): 450-455 Date of Publication: 30 April 2021
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With the coming of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), there has been a realization for the need to have it incorporated in the education sector. This realization came as a result of the wide spread of ICTs in all developmental sectors of countries and the need to achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 4 which emphasizes on quality education. With this realization, the Zambian government put in place measures to make possible the integration of ICTs in education. This study, therefore was an attempt to establish preparedness of teachers and learners in the integration of ICTs in the teaching and learning of Geography and in selected schools of Petauke district of Eastern province. A qualitative approach with a descriptive study design was used to collect data through in-depth interviews and observations. A total of twenty-eight (28) respondents were involved in the study and the information collected was thematically analysed with the guidance of Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six phase framework.The findings showed that preparedness of teachers and learners to integrate ICTs in the teaching and learning of Geography was reliant on availability of ICT resources. Furthermore, it was established that school administration played a vital role in encouraging usage of ICT resources by both teachers and learners. This was because administration was responsible for maintenance and provision of ICT resources. Therefore, lack of proper maintenance as well as lack of adequate ICT resources proved to have had negatively affected the integration of ICTs in teaching and learning of Geography.The conclusion drawn was thatto enhance effective integration of ICTs in the teaching and learning of Geography, teachers and learners need to be provided with adequate ICTs resources in their teaching and learning of Geography. It is also important for schoolmanagement to provide adequate funding to enable its Teachers to attend workshops where they can gain skills and knowledge for integrating ICTs in the teaching and learning of Geography.
Page(s): 456-464 Date of Publication: 30 April 2021
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The purpose of the present paper is to examinetheplace of ideology in the dramaturgiesof feminist drama in 21st century Kenya and the direction it may be taking in its development. We investigate how modern-day Kenya’s socio-historical landscape has left its impression on both the selected playwrights’ feminist ideological standpoints and the resulting dramaturgies. The focus is onthree Kenyan playwrights and some of their works: Denis Kyalo’s The Hunter is Back (2010), Francis Imbuga’s The Return of Mgofu (2011) and The Green Cross of Kafira(2013), and Njoki Gitumbi’s A New Dawn (2012). The study sought to not only illustrate the representation of women in the selected plays but also examine the basis and effectiveness of their depictions and portrayals.Since the study is textual in nature, a textual exegesis is conducted through close-reading and with content analysis as the main method of data collection and analysis respectively. Data analysis is supported by secondary sources. The study leans on feminist literary theories, particularly gynocritism and Gayatri Spivak’s view on subalternity and how subaltern experiences diminish the position of women in society. Tenets of Postcolonial theories, particularly those articulated by Edward Said and Homi K. Bhabha, were also used to explore issues and challenges of female re-presentation. The study is important because there is the tendency to associate many an author or playwright’s artistic choices to certain dominant traditions to the total disregard to minor but effective ones. The study confirms that the utilization of socio-political changes and events within which the texts are set, shape the playwrights’ attempt to represent women in various ways.
Page(s): 465-471 Date of Publication: 30 April 2021
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The One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative is a historical landmark that intends to plug in more than two-thirds of the world population and spreading up the windows for reviving global business, peace and infrastructure development across the lands. The main aim of this document is to discuss the OBOR initiative in general and to analyze its contribution to the economy and development. This study explores the influence of Chinese economic soft power and the mode of action that the political strategies have in the economic process. The major research problems is what are china’s soft power and Economic foreign policy framework, the political economy of the OBOR initiative, what are the benefits of the OBOR initiative in different countries and challenges? The Research methodology is qualitative research. Secondary information was gathered through a literature review and reference sources such as legislation, international treaties, academic literature, journal articles and sources. The key finding of the research, China’s soft power and economic foreign policy are strong and the economic strategies and opportunities have huge. Also, this project is a very important economic soft power, through this project, China has emerged as the world’s leading economic pilot. The OBOR project encourages mobility and economic cooperation among the countries of Europe, Asia and Africa. China somehow manages to increase its exports even more it would give the Chinese economy some well-needed breathing space and a way to pay off their accrued debts. China is Pakistan’s largest trading partner, with total volume exceeding $20 billion and through the railway track expansion under OBOR the bilateral trade will become more accessible and beneficial for Pakistan too.
Page(s): 472-482 Date of Publication: 30 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5332Download PDF
Personal Therapy is practiced in the training programs for psychologists, psychotherapists, and counselors in Kenya. Being made mandatory and the burden of time and money are of ethical concern. This study thus investigates mandatory personal therapy and its ethical challenges in the training programs of postgraduate clinical and counseling psychologist in some universities in Nairobi, Kenya. The study adopted a concurrent design to investigate the target population of 635 counseling students at the Nairobi University, Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Daystar University, and Tangaza University College. The sample size was 255 comprising of 245 counseling students, five professional counselors, and five counselor educators. The response rate to the online questionnaire was 66.6% while the response rate of the interviews was 100%. The Quantitative data was descriptively analyzed in percentages using pie charts and histogram while narrative, content, and thematic analysis were used to analyze the interviews. The results showed that majority of the counseling students have positive perception of personal therapy as a mandatory requirement in their training with some ethical issues of violation of right and freedom of students, dual relationship, and disingenuousness which require attention of the faculty members and professional therapists attending to these students.
Page(s): 483-490 Date of Publication: 30 April 2021
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Making a career choice is a major decision phase in every students’ life. Students have to consider several factors before making a decision as to which programme to pursue at high school. The purpose for the study was to find out the factors (extrinsic and intrinsic) that influence students’ choice of business studies as programme of study in the senior high schools. The study employed descriptive survey design.Using census, 95 students were employed to respond to the survey questionnaire. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential (independent t-test) statistics. The study found self-interest (M=2.85; SD=0.79) in the subject and ability to progress (M=3.06; SD=0.83) in educational career to tertiary institutions as the most influential intrinsic factors students consider in making a decision of programme choice. Thepossibility of getting high pay job after graduation was the most influential extrinsic factor students consider in a making choice of business studies programme. Gender was however, found not to have significant influence on the choice of a programme of study in the senior high school. Based on the findings, it was therefore recommended that the Ministry of Education through National Council for Curriculum and Assessment should place premium on student’s interest (self-motivation in the subject) in designing the business studies curricula at the high school level; Equally, the nursing and teacher training colleges in Ghana should allow all high school business studies graduates equal access to admission.
Page(s): 491-498 Date of Publication: 30 April 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5333Download PDF
The drift of readers, viewers and advertisers from newspapers and broadcast stations to online news publications is not only limited to the developed world but has also become a visible trend in the developing countries such as Nigeria. Since Professor Marsha MacLuah opined in 1987 that the world would become a hamlet of communication, online publication has truly made the world a global village by providing easy access to the media contents which the readers at their convenient times and places can read as the news breaks. This study examines trends and patterns of online publications in Nigeria. This study is anchored on two theories: the technological determinism theory and the mediamorphosis theory of mass communication. It employs content analysis as its design so as to know what constitutes the trend and pattern of online newspapers in Nigeria, in this case, Sahara Reporters and Premium Times. After the analysis of trends of the two selected online news media shows that the selected media, it was discovered that they have a penchant for deep investigative stories and multimedia presentation with hyperlinks that make it easy for readers to navigate to other sections of the stories. It was also discovered that the two online newspapers usually link their stories to video clips which the readers could watch with their mobile devices. This can be concluded to be one of the major innovations that drive online newspapers, which has also increased the adoption of the news platforms by online audiences. It was recommended that media owners should not allow the commercial interest to derail them from the media social responsibility expected of it in the society by using latest technology to make access to information easy for their readers.
Page(s): 499-506 Date of Publication: 04 May 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5334Download PDF
This research work investigates the United Nations Mission and Conflict Resolution in Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1991-2019. The Western Sahara has been in a state of political crisis since Spain granted the territory to Morocco and Mauritania in 1975. In April 1991, United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) was established by Security Council Resolution 690 of 1991 with Military and civilian observers though without resolution thus the present study. The study adopted historical and descriptive research design. A total of fifteen military personnel who have served or currently serving in MINURSO and two relevant civilians were interviewed via Skype, WhatsApp, Messenger and directly while other information were gathered through journals and published books. The Realist Framework of Pugh in 2004was the theory adopted and seen as relevant for this study. Three research questions and objectives were formulated for the study. The data collected were analysed using contextual and descriptive approach. From the analysis, it was found that the unresolved disagreement over the status of Western Sahara has persisted as a result of several factors including among others: poor performance of UN mission mandate, regional supremacy squabbles between Algeria and Morocco, and finally the combined super powers’ self-interest and struggle for supremacy which is making resolution of the conflict in Western Sahara difficult. Base on the study findings, the study recommends among others that UN should proceed to the transitional and referendum stages of the Settlement Plan. Again, major powers should stop prioritising their own self-interests at the expense of the wellbeing of the generality of the local population affected by the conflict in Western Sahara.
Page(s): 507-516 Date of Publication: 05 May 2021
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In the light of qualitative phenomenological inquiry, this study explored the underlying knowledge on bilingualism through the lens of teachers’ perspectives. Five teachers in a certain public high school were interviewed then transcription, translation, intensive review of related literature, and thematic analysis were used to gather and validate data. Persons involved in the language events were teacher and principal, teacher and co-teacher, teacher and students, teacher and family members, and teacher and market vendor. Pair of languages found were English and Bisaya, English and Filipino, and Filipino and Bisaya with various dominant language found. Language events where bilingualism exists were meeting, casual conversation, class discussion, dinner, and product buying. Reasons of pairing a language used are “being used to”, type of people, and language events. The concept of bilingualism is a very important phenomenon to be understood.
Page(s): 517-525 Date of Publication: 05 May 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5335Download PDF
The study examined availability of anti-corruption mechanisms to fight corruption in selected public institutions in Lusaka, Zambia. The study was guided by one objective which was to assessadequacy of the available anti-corruption mechanisms to fight corruption in selected public institutions in Lusaka, Zambia. The research design that was used for the study was hermeneutic phenomenological research design. The sample size consisted of 14 participants while interview guide was used to collect data which was analysed thematically. The findings of the study showed that the available mechanisms were inadequate to fight corruption due to inconsistency in domestication of provisions of the Anti-Corruption Conventions and Protocols and delay in enacting Access to Information Bill. The findings further showed that lack of a Planning Section in the anti-corruption commission’s structure to identify donor institutions for additional funding and lack of minimum mandatory sentence for corruption offences in the Anti-Corruption Act No.3 of 2012 make the anticorruption mechanisms Zambia has put in place inadequate to fight corruption in selected public institutions. The study recommends among others that progressive and consistency in domestication of the provisions of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, African Union Protocol on Preventing and Combatting Corruption and Southern Africa Development Community protocols into the Constitution of Zambia and Parliament to expedite enacting the Access to Information Bill
Page(s): 526-532 Date of Publication: 06 May 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5336Download PDF
This study explores the different unique experiences of different MOOCers in the Division of Davao del Norte. Data were gathered throughin-depth interviews andfocus group discussions while thematic analysis was used to generate knowledge on what were the unique experiences with strong moral lessons of these teachers who engaged in MOOC Camps. Moreover, this study also narrates the challenges and struggles, and personal and professional barriers on the completion of MOOCs and how these addressed the challenges encountered by MOOCers by equipping themselves with initiative, sense of responsibility, collaboration, belongingness, and enhanced teaching-learning competence. Nine significant stories with exceptional lessons were found and these are: For better or for Worst, Crossing Borders, Breaking Walls, The Highland Victory, Connecting the Unconnected, Friendship Goals, Leading as Models, Siblings Reunited, and M-Pop and C-Pop Phenomenon.This study revealed that MOOC experiences have significantly contributed to public school teachers’ holistic development processes with a long term effect and that massive open online courses are good venues for professional training of teachers.
Page(s): 533-538 Date of Publication: 06 May 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5337Download PDF
The study evaluated the process of implementation of the Greater Port Harcourt City Development Master Plan in Rivers State, Nigeria from its inception in 2009 to 2019. The study embarks on the role of stakeholders and their perceptions on the implementation of the Greater Port Harcourt City Master Plan. Survey questionnaires were administered to a total of 332 respondents in the study location. The study adopted passive-observational analysis style and thus utilised both primary and secondarydata. The latter included face-to-face administration of a mostly pre-coded survey questionnaires drawn from the 3 study communities. The checklist of stakeholders in connection with the implementation of the Greater Port Harcourt City Master Plan includes: Government, Greater Port Harcourt City Development Authority, community and civil society representatives, contractors, other government development agencies, the Press and Arcus Gibb. Community stakeholders who were the respondents were asked to rate (using the 5-point Likert scale ranging from “very successful” to “very unsuccessful”) the success of implementation of the Greater Port Harcourt City Development Master Plan. The modal rating at Omagwa, Igwurutali, and Aluu communities were:“Uncertain”, “Unsuccessful” and “Uncertain. The study concludes that, proper stakeholder engagement (Citizen Participation) is important; as stakeholder engagement in the plan implementation process is very fundamental in achieving a successful planning process and therefore should be encouraged. Some avenues through which GPHCDA could involve citizen in plan implementation include community fora, neighborhood meetings, FGDs, and others.
Page(s): 539-544 Date of Publication: 07 May 2021
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The reason for conducting this research was to find out the strategies/ approaches which the teachers use in class to teach language.Thesestrategies are the ones that play a major role in influencing the learner’s performance. The main objectives of the study, in this case, were: To come up with the approaches used in the teaching of the English language, the difficulties the teachers face when using these strategies, and to find out the influence that the teaching strategies impact on the learners’ performance. Data collection was done and the target population was 300 whereby 280 were students and 20 were qualified language teachers. The criteria used to collect the data was the use of simple questionnaires, observation, and interviews among the students and the teachers. In this case of data collection, it wasrecorded using descriptive statistics such as pie charts and tables since they were the most efficient ways of collecting storing data for future reference, and easy retrieval when required. Data analysis was done using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The outcome was that all teachers(50%) preferred the method of discussion which ensures every learner gets involved thus ensuring the centrality of the learner.This was in contrast were (25%) preferred the lecture method and the others used the other methods in delivering the content as per the curriculum. This study advocates that the student-centered approach should be adhered to as it gives the learner time to participate in class, improves the ability to recall, and influences performance. It was noticed that some teachers faced some difficulties since the number of students was a little bit large thus leading to poor choice of methods of teaching to use.In conclusion, the education stakeholders should allocate more resources to equip knowledge to the students, discussion on the method that should be used, and adding more qualified language teachers to ease the pressure the teachers face on choosing the best teaching strategy.
Page(s): 545-554 Date of Publication: 07 May 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5338Download PDF
The study examined Boko Haram Insurgency and Human Security in Borno State, Nigeria. The study formulated three research objectives, three research questions and three research hypotheses. The study was based on the Merton Anomie Theory. The study adopted a quantitative methodology using descriptive research design. A sample size of 400 respondents was determined using the Taro Yamani formula. The respondents were made up of Military personnel and civilians which were selected based on a multi-stage sampling technique. Questionnaire and Interview were the instruments used for data collection. The instrument gave high reliability of 0.84 when subjected to reliability test using Cronbach Alpha method. Collated data from the study were analyzed using frequency, mean, standard deviation and regression analysis. The findings indicated a weak relationship between Boko Haram insurgency and health services, food security, environmental security in Borno State. The study concluded that the Boko Haram situation demands the political will and the articulation of a comprehensive strategy to address its root causes and dangerous dynamics, focusing on a soft approach that could erode the appeal of Boko Haram’s insidious ideology. The study recommended that the government should put its focus on the protection of civilians, witnesses and key peacemakers such as moderate Imams who preach against the insurgency.
Page(s): 555-563 Date of Publication: 08 May 2021
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One of the greatest security challenges in Nigeria in recent time is the increasing conflicts between crop farmers and herders. Today, the conflict has spread over wide geographical areas in Nigeria and Taraba State in particular. Taraba state is one of the state in Nigeria that have been greatly affected by conflict between farmers and herders. It is against this background that this study was carried out to examine the extent to which conflicts between farmers and herders affect food production, food availability, food stability, food utilization in Taraba state. The study adopted survey research method and sampled 285 respondents using multi stage sampling technique. The data for this study was obtained from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data was generated from field survey carried out in the state. The study utilized data and infrastructure from study multiple policy documents in State Ministry of Agriculture, Jalingo. Data generated from the field was complemented by extensive review on the farmer herders conflicts. The data collected were analyzed using p-table and percentage, and Pearson Correlation used to test the hypotheses. The study findings revealed that the increasing incidence of the farmers herders conflicts has led to widespread distribution of food stuff, lives and properties and entrenched atmosphere of fair and insecurity in the rural communities. This has greatly affected crop farming and grazing activities, resulting in low productivity, food instability, low food utilization, food inaccessibility and inadequate availability of food in Taraba state. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others the need to assist farmers with zero interest credit facilities to boost production and strengthen ties between herders and farming communities to improve security in rural farming areas.
Page(s): 564-573 Date of Publication: 08 May 2021
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This article is the result of research conducted on a speech delivered by Joko Widodo. This is in line with the problem in the research, namely how is the representation of ideology and power in Joko Widodo’s speech after the Constitutional Court decision? Joko Widodo as the elected president delivered his political speech after the Constitutional Court decided the results of the 2019-2024 Presidential and Vice-Presidential Election of the Republic of Indonesia. In this decision, the Constitutional Court confirmed that it would reject the lawsuit and decided JokoWidodo and Ma’ruf Amin as the elected President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia. In this sense, political speech cannot be viewed as independent. Therefore, Joko Widodo’s speech was analyzed using the Huckin model’s Critical Discourse Analysis approach. The analysis was carried out using a qualitative descriptive research method. The data source in this study was Joko Widodo’s speech after the Constitutional Court decision which was broadcast nationally by the mass media. The analysis was carried out to see the genre, framing, foregrounding or backgrounding, presuppositions, and differences in topics, as well as analysis of sentences and words in Joko Widodo’s political speech. The findings obtained, Joko Widodo used straightforward and explicit language and was conveyed in an argumentative and persuasive manner. This delivery uses language and power relations so that the ideology conveyed can be positively accepted by the Indonesian people. and analysis of sentences and words in Joko Widodo’s political speeches. The findings obtained, Joko Widodo used straightforward and explicit language and was conveyed in an argumentative and persuasive manner. This delivery uses language and power relations so that the ideology conveyed can be positively accepted by the Indonesian people.
Page(s): 574-579 Date of Publication: 11 May 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5339Download PDF
The government of the republic of Zambia through the Ministry of Education has designed lessons and lesson procedures including materials for teachers to use in the teaching of literacy. However, teacher autonomy in the use of these pre-scripted literacy lessons remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to establish how autonomous teachers were in the implementation of Grade Three Pre-scripted Literacy Lessons in selected Public Primary Schools in Lusaka District. Multimodality and the Code and Pedagogical theories served as the theoretical framework. The research question is: How autonomous are teachers in their lesson preparations and teaching? The study utilized the descriptive research design that, involved the collection and analysis of qualitative data. Purposive sampling technique were used to come up with 27 respondents of which 20 were grade 3 teachers teaching literacy, 5 were Head teachers, 1 Educational manager, 1 Curriculum Specialist. Data were collected through interviews, classroom lesson observations and document analysis. Triangulation of data provided detailed information on teacher autonomy in the implementation of pre-scripted literacy lessons. The findings showed that while some teachers were autonomous in their teaching by rejecting power through the use of scripted lessons, others accepted power by accepting the use of scripted literacy lessons. Still others were moderately autonomous as they negotiated power as they were able to alter the lessons. Arising from the findings, the study recommended that there is need for policy makers to sensitize teachers on why literacy lessons were pre-designed and the role of teachers in their implementation and their expected role in the implementation of the lessons. There is need to sensitize teachers in order to clear the misconceptions surrounding pre-scripted lessons.
Page(s): 580-591 Date of Publication: 11 May 2021
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Curriculum Management in Kindergarten. The purpose of this study was to analyze and describe planning, organizing, implementing, and evaluating the curriculum in Global Surya Kindergarten Bandar Lampung. The approach in this study uses a qualitative approach and this type of research uses descriptive phenomenological research. Data collection techniques by means of observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques are carried out interactively through data collection processes, data displays, conclutions drawing / verifying and data reduction. The results of the research are about effectiveness among personnel (in this case the principal, waka, quality assurance team and teachers), so that organizational goals must be understood by teachers, distribute work to teachers clearly, determine teacher procedures according to lesson plans, and delegate the ability of each teacher to teach a particular field. Creating more efficient cooperation, developing the abilities and skills of each teacher, fostering a sense of belonging and liking to work, cultivating a harmonious atmosphere in teaching teaching that increases motivation and achievement, and making students develop dynamically.
Page(s): 592-595 Date of Publication: 12 May 2021
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This study aimed to compare senior secondary school student’s academic performance in Physics in external examinations from 2014-2018 using specific objectives and research questions for all the secondary schools selected from Makurdi local governments. ANOVA, which is the analysis of variance, was used in analyzing the scores of the students’ tests. Similarly, three other hypotheses were tested at a 0.05 level of significance using the Chi-square. The first hypothesis analysis shows no significant difference in male students’ academic performance in their Physics subject. The result also showed no significant differences in the male students’ academic performance in Physics after they were separated from the female students. The third hypothesis also indicated no significant difference in the male students’ performance in Physics in private and public secondary schools. However, there were fluctuations in students’ academic performance in Physics in Makurdi over the years of study. As a result, it is recommended that the government empower the ministry of education’s supervisory unit to provide timely and thorough teaching instruction supervision to ensure that education practice in the state follows authorized regulations.
Page(s): 596-602 Date of Publication: 12 May 2021
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Bangladesh Tea industry is menaced by the growing number of non-workers in 163 tea gardens stretching over greater Sylhet and Chittagong tea districts. The indentured tea workers brought during British era from various famine-stricken areas of Indian subcontinent alluring better income and living condition now stands at 437619. As tea industry is labor oriented and needs very cheap workers for its sustainability, a ratio of 1:1 has to be maintained at the maximum to deploy workers in an acre. Hence there is no scope to increase number of tea garden workers from existing 122840. Huge non-workers are the sources of various troubles in tea industry. There is only 7000 hectares are left for new plantation. The existing tea plantation comprises about 50% area old and are becoming unproductive. There is no adequate measure to replenish old areas with new planting materials. In absence of development work in the gardens such as infilling, block infilling and replacement replanting in a massive way in old areas huge number of tea gardens workers are rendered jobless. From a total 314779 jobless workers a good number would have been employed had there been development work in tea gardens. A section of unemployed workers might be employed in export processing zones which are created by the government near to the tea gardens.
Page(s): 603-608 Date of Publication: 13 May 2021
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The internet and other digital communication platforms have almost entirely erased affinity and use of the snail mail. As societies get immersed in the use of these technologies, reality sink in that the internet and other online programmes are in fact a cradle of jaw-dropping non-consensual posting of nude photos and videos calculated to damage victims’ reputation before the wider society so that they are eternally killed socially. This negative social behaviour is rapidly gaining ground in Zambia. The problem is even of an emergency in nature. It demands extensive academic inquiry and cure because adult males who in the traditional Zambian culture are regarded as custodians and mentors of social norms and cultural values of the young generation are being exposed through non-consensual dissemination of their nude photos and videos online. Between July, 2020 and February 2021 a series of postings online of private photos and videos of adult males filled the social landscape. The objective of this study was to explore views from 30 rural and urban dwellers on this strange social behaviour. The study used a cross-sectional design with a qualitative approach. It was conducted between January and February, 2021. Using a single-interview- per participant, the study found that urbanites in Zambia were aware of what online intimacy was. The study found that adult males engaged in online intimacy for play and pleasure, or because they were caught up in an unsatisfying, boring and unhappy marriage relationships. The study also found that extortion, black mail, and revenge were the reasons for the dissemination of intimate explicit material of others without their consent.
Page(s): 609-615 Date of Publication: 14 May 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5340Download PDF
This paper gives a brief historical background of tertiary education in Sierra Leone and an overview of schools and colleges’ curriculum. This research aims to improve quality work in the tertiary education Institution. The objectives were to examine the admission and service of the registry Department, identify the mode of assessment and evaluation of students, and determine the process and conditions of payment of school fees. Besides, the researcher used a descriptive study using the mixed method. The study targeted Sierra Leone’s Universities, most importantly, the University of Management and Technology as a case study. The researcher used a sample of 100 respondents from the seven campuses of the University of Management and Technology countrywide. The researcher also used interview, observation, questionnaire, and discussion to collect the data. The parameters of the research revealed the operations of the registry, examination and finance offices. The finding discussed covered the processes of admissions, collection of the certificate, the rules of examination and the payment procedures. The researcher analyzed and discussed the findings qualitatively
Page(s): 616-621 Date of Publication: 14 May 2021
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This paper examined whether sustainability disclosure affects the Nigerian industrial/consumer goods sector using a panel data methodology. The study covered a sample of 10 firms quoted in the Nigerian industrial/consumer goods sector from 2010 to 2019 culminating into 100 cross-sectional units. The regressor is sustainability disclosure measured by Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure (COSRD), Employee Disclosure (EMPD), Firm Size (FSIZE), Environment Disclosure (ENVID), and Research and Development Disclosure (REDED) whereas the regressed is firm performance measured by Tobin Q. Both the regressors and regressed were extracted from the financial statement through content analysis in line with Global reporting initiatives (GRI, 2013). The data gathered for the study was analysed using GRETL software. The study evidenced that employee disclosure, firm size, and environmental disclosure reduces Tobin Q significantly. However, research and development disclosure increases the Tobin Q significantly. More so, corporate social responsibility reducesTobin Q insignificantly. Hence, the study submits that government should institute requisite policies on the implantation of sustainability reporting compliance and firms defaulting are sanctioned accordingly. Again, there is a need for all stakeholders – shareholders, managers, policymakers, communities, environmentalists etc. should cooperate in order to promote the ideals of sustainability reporting..
Page(s): 622-627 Date of Publication: 14 May 2021
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