Although it only existed for a short time (from March to November 1907), Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc has left a valuable legacy of the spirit and content of educational reform. Through educational renovation activities of Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc, the article analyzes valuable historical experiences in educational reform such as: improving people’s knowledge; overcoming conservative and backward obstacles; implement universal education; innovating educational thinking and methods in Vietnam in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. The lessons learned from Dong Kinh’s educational innovation have longstanding historical value for the reform of education in Vietnam in the current period.
Page(s): 01-05 Date of Publication: 16 January 2021
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The purpose of this study was to obtain a description of student learning outcomes through the Van Hiele learning application model assisted by manipulative media on the circle material of Grade VI students of SD Inpres Palupi. This type of research is classroom action research which refers to the PTK model developed by Arikunto.S which consists of four components in each cycle, namely (1) planning, (2) implementing the action, (3) observation and (4) reflection. The research subjects were grade VI students of SD Inpres Palupi Palu, totaling 26 students consisting of 12 male students and 14 female students. Data collected in this study through observation sheets, interviews, field notes, and student learning outcomes data. In the final test cycle I, there were 12 students who have completed and 14 students did not complete so that the percentage of classical completeness of students in the first cycle I is 46.15% . Whereas in cycle II there were 22 students complete and 4 students not completing so that the percentage of classical completeness of students in cycle II was 84.62%. The results showed that the activities of teachers and student activities in learning have increased and indicators of success in the action have been achieved. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the application of the Van Hiele learning model assisted by manipulative media can improve learning outcomes of Grade VI students at SD Inpres Palupi on circle material through the following phases: 1) information phase, 2) direct orientation phase, 3) explanation phase , 4) orientation-free phase and 5) integration phase
Page(s): 06-14 Date of Publication: 16 January 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5101Download PDF
This study analyzes the Relationship between political tribalism and right-Wing authoritarianism in Cameroon. It assumes That there is a positive and significant link between those two constructs. 191 Beti students, including 111 women and 80 men attending the universities of Dschang and Yaounde 1 were selected as participants. Their average age is 26.96 years. The choice made on Beti tribe is linked to the fact that literature reveals that political tribalism is mostly observed among dominant ethnic groups (Lonsdale, 2011). Data collection was done using a political tribalism’s scale constructed for the purposes of the study and Dunwoody and Funke’s (2016) right-wing authoritarianism scale, revised and adapted to cameroonian context by Npiane Ngongueu (2018). Analyzes provide empirical support for the hypothesis of the study (r = .15, p <.05). Thus, this study contributes to the advancement of theoretical knowledge about authoritarian personality. In agreement with literature, it can be said that authoritarianism makes it possible to understand psychological basis of many sociopolitical and intergroup behaviors, such as tribalism (Shaffer & Duckitt, 2013).
Page(s): 15-24 Date of Publication: 19 January 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5102Download PDF
I. INTRODUCTION
The novel written by Leonard Woolf which was published in 1913 is basically about novelist’s experience about Colonial Sri Lanka written in the intuitive point of view. Thus, it portrays a vivid picture of the lives of a deprived and pitiable family lived in the small village called Baddegama which in terms of literally ‘the village in the jungle. The events that take place in the novel provide a set of mixed feelings of terrifying, depressing and interesting. The description given to the jungle is quite awe inspiring and fearsome. According to the novel, “All jungles are evil, but no jungle is more evil than that which lay about the village of Beddegama”.Baddegama is a rudimentary, primitive settlement in the deep south of then Ceylon now Sri Lanka with just ten families. These families which are poverty-ridden are very much closer to the animals in the jungle. There are civilized culturally influenced values instead people are caught in a muddled traditional beliefs, superstitions and stoicism. The spirit of the jungle is in this village and the people who live in the thicket. The jungle with its hints of evil develops the background of the novel. With this setting, novel begins its exposition by introducing the protagonist or the principle character together by introducing several incidents with other characters which is the development of the novel.Page(s): 25-26 Date of Publication: 20 January 2020
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This study examines working mothers’ perceptions towards service quality on childcare centres in Dar es Salaam. The study applied five dimensions in SERVQUAL as indicators that influence working mothers’ perceptions. The study used service quality SERVQUAL collected data from 411 working mothers with children aged 2-5 years using structured questionnaires. Data collected were analyzed using PLS-SEM. Findings revealed a significant and positive relationship between service quality dimensions and childcare service quality. It was also shown that tangibility, responsiveness, empathy, assurance, and reliability directly influence service quality, even when the effects of all constructs are considered simultaneously. The study recommends child care centres to conduct service quality surveys among its care givers and parents and consider their opinions in order to identify areas for service quality improvements. Besides, Ministry of Community Development, Gender, and Children need to harmonize childcare services standard guidelines to incorporate working mother’s views since they are directly setting instructive objectives.
Page(s): 27-37 Date of Publication: 21 January 2020
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Service quality and satisfaction are essential areas that organizations need to consider for their effectiveness and growth. Satisfied customers form the foundation of a successful business as customer satisfaction leads to repeated purchase and brand loyalty. The study used service quality SERVQUAL collected data from 411 working mothers using structured questionnaires data were analyzed using PLS-SEM. It was revealed that service quality both influence customer satisfaction and customer loyalty, even when the effects of all constructs are considered simultaneously. The study recommends that, child care centres endeavor to improve all aspects of service quality as elaborated in SERVQUAL model to attain working mother loyalty on child care centres. Moreover, Ministry of Community Development, Gender, and Children in Tanzania need to review and amend policies, laws, and regulations on childcare services to incorporate working mothers view of child care services, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty as per finding of the study
Page(s): 38-49 Date of Publication: 21 January 2021
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The research was conducted to analyze the impact of entrepreneurship centers in Nigeria on the development of entrepreneurial skills. Among other items, the study found that entrepreneurship centers have a moderate impact on the development of creative skills, marketing skills and business management abilities. It was concluded on the basis of the results that entrepreneurship centres play an important role in students’ development of entrepreneurial skills. Therefore, it was suggested, inter alia, that higher institutions provide training to facilitators and equip business directorates with up-to-date equipment and facilities for the purpose of enhancing student training. From time to time, there is also a need to invite experienced entrepreneurs to engage with students in practical ways and best practices to develop, maintain, and sustain business projects. This will go a long way in developing the passion for entrepreneurship after graduation among students.
Page(s): 50-57 Date of Publication: 21 January 2021
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The study analyses the influence of human capital progress on economic performance in Nigeria using Endogenous Growth model and ARDL approach from 1981 to 2019. Data was obtained from central bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and world development indicator. Long run estimate illustrates that capital expenditure on education accelerates economic progress, recurrent expenditure on education does not explain economic growth and population shrinks economic performance. Short run result also shows that capital expenditure on education is positive and significant in determining economic growth. On the contrary, recurrent expenditure on education do not impact significantly on economic growth. Therefore, based on the findings, the study recommends that in order to boost human capital and attain sustainable economic progress, budget allocation on capital expenditure on education should be increased and policy makers should design policies that will curb population growth such as limiting the number of child birth per couple and provision of free family planning tools.
Page(s): 68-72 Date of Publication: 23 January 2021
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The authorized and published papers revealed that the persistence of family businesses is controversial in the future. There is empirical evidence to prove the fact that only 30% of family businesses span to the second generation and that only about 10% to 15% survive by the third generation. The major reason for this failure is improper succession planning. The objective of this case story is to identify whether the existing succession process is durable enough to safe guard the future of the well-known Sri Lankan family-owned business called Harischandra Mills PLC. The Company has a long history of over seventy-three years along with a household brand name with quality assurance. While this case focuses on the generational differences and the leadership transformation pattern between the founder and the successors of Harischandra Mills PLC, it also offers some important guidance for the micro and macro perspectives in entrepreneurship. The leadership transformation gaps of Harischandra Mills PLC were explored by the researcher along with safety measures to ensure long-term success, as well as for a smoother transition of the leadership. The success of a family firm depends on its ability to maintain the stability of the business. Hence, it can be said that an effective succession strategy is vital for Harischandra Mills Ltd. to attain a higher level of business performance and to maintain long-term sustainability.
Page(s): 73-81 Date of Publication: 22 January 2020
The Nexus between Project Monitoring and Evaluation and Quality of Residential Buildings in Nairobi County, KenyaDownload PDF
Regional integration has a considerable contribution to achieving sustainable economic and social development through effective implementation of intergovernmental treaties and market-led strategies. These ambitions have been in the mind of every African since African countries got their independence. To reach these African dreams, African countries began with the establishment of African Economic communities (Abuja Treaty). Later the continent-wide free trade area that is AfCFTA came up with the objectives of creating a single continental free market for goods and services, free movement of factors of production, and paving the ground for accelerating the creation of a continental customs union. Eritrea is the only country left behind from this continental free trade treaty. Most of Eritrea’s policies are heavily influenced by the government’s ideology, which values self-reliance, that produced an inward-looking economy. However, these policies have contributed to Eritrea’s weak economy and financial woes, reduces extreme poverty, and promotes national unity; it much limits civil liberties, international engagements, and economic growth prospects; therefore, it needs much reform. The study used one of the various study plans, which is mixed-methods – qualitative driven- of exploratory research. The results revealed that the AfCFTA has significant expected benefits for the Eritrea economy. These benefits are not only restricted to the economy only; it goes to social, cultural, and diplomatic relations. The findings also discovered that the government has a limitation on reforming investment, trade, and financial policies. Therefore, the study recommends that Eritrea’s government to amend and implement the suspended policy in accordance with AfCFTA and should sign the treaty.
Page(s): 82-89 Date of Publication: 25 January 2020
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Background: The dearth of literature on the labour market experience of Mental Health Service Users in Nigeria signifies the dire need to explore service users’ perspectives on issues of employment. Objective: This study explores the Mental Health Service User’s experience on access to the Nigeria labour market. Method: The study adopts an interpretive phenomenological analysis and conducts an unstructured interview method to investigate participants’ experiences and the sense they make out of their daily struggles in seeking employment. Data were thematically coded and supported by participant’s narratives. Results: The findings generated two main themes with six additional subthemes: (1) The hindrance to the MHSU’s economic participation is linked to hostility and discrimination, and institutional factors (the lack of credible response in policy and practice). Also, (2). close networks remain significant for the group’s economic and social adjustment, but it is often not available for all in the labour market. Conclusion: The paper increases our understanding of informal networks’ crucial role when navigating the labour market and shows that it may have severe implications in how policy functions. A more comprehensive study is needed to examine the nature of the informal support system that facilitates access to some and ostracizes others’ needs. Consideration should be given to the policy environment, the role and efficacy of the non-governmental agencies, and the family networks system to understand hindrances to the engagement of MHSU.
Page(s): 90-97 Date of Publication: 25 January 2020
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5104Download PDF
Researchers have decided to find out the students’ preference towards the selection of their Elective subject in M.A. in Education. This study is done by using descriptive survey method and researchers have analysed data in qualitative approach. 140 samples have taken from two Universities (University of Kalyani & West Bengal State University) of Education department. One questionnaire is framed by the researchers, which consists of 18 questions as the representative of eighteen reasons of subject preference. After data analysis, Researchers found that the majority of student prefers Educational Technology as their Elective subject.
Page(s): 98-102 Date of Publication: 25 January 2020
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Majority of ethnic groups in Bamenda Grasslands like the Mbum established and sustained diplomatic relations with each other since their settlement in the region based on the canon of common ancestry. Despite this, only few fondoms still maintain this doctrine as the rate of mutual connections among them diminished drastically over the past centuries due to competition for governing space and conflicts of autonomy. This study sustains the argument that marriages and royal celebrations were factors that strengthened relations among Mbum fondoms. Oral traditions and written sources were data used in carrying out this research. This study reveals that nuptial practices and royal celebrations underwent mutations without necessarily respecting the dogma of Mbum traditions. Fons gave their daughters in marriage to their counterparts to create new/strengthen relations among them. Women played significant role in conflict resolutions and the acquisition of farm/settlement land for their relatives. The introduction of Christianity and huge bride wealth hindered the fulfilment of many marriage rites in Mbum land. Marriages and royal celebrations remain vital facets of coexistence and diplomatic relations among Mbum fondoms.
Page(s): 103-108 Date of Publication: 26 January 2021
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The study investigated the relationship between emotional intelligence and students’ academic achievement in North Central Nigeria with respect to gender, age and educational level as moderator variables, and the interaction effect size through meta-analytic procedure. Methodological triangulation research design was adopted, and the population of the study consists of all published and unpublished previous research results on the relationship study which are numerically infinite. Sample of 30 primary studies, considering one, two or all three of the moderator variables were purposively and conveniently drawn from the population, using a pro forma titled “coding sheet”. Z-transformation, effect sizes and percentage were used to answer the research questions while Winer combined test statistic and two-way classification ANOVA were used to test the set hypotheses at 0.05 levels of significance. The obtained results revealed that the mean effect size statistic estimate on the relationship between emotional intelligence and students’ academic achievement with respect to the moderator variables and their interaction effect were significant. It was therefore recommended that the teaching, learning and assessment of emotional intelligence skills should be introduced in schools for both gender and across all ages and academic level to equip students with this competency for a better academic performance.
Page(s): 109-114 Date of Publication: 29 January 2021
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The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of teacher related factors on integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in public secondary schools in Narok North Sub-County. The study sought to establish how teachers’ training on ICT, age, and gender influence integration of ICT in public secondary schools. The study employed Everett Rogers’ diffusion of innovation theory. A descriptive survey method was utilized in this research. The target population comprised of 20 public secondary schools in Narok North Sub County. The research targeted one Sub-County Quality Assurance Officer, 20 principals and 174 teachers. Therefore, out of the 20 principals a sample equivalent to 30% or 6 principals were selected randomly. Out of a target population of 174 teachers, 52 teachers which forms 30% of the population was randomly selected. Questionnaires were administered to the teachers while interviews were conducted on the principals and the Sub County Quality Assurance and Standards officer (SCQASO). The findings established that there was a significant correlation between training and technology literacy, knowledge deepening and knowledge creation. The level of training affects ICT integration in secondary schools. Based on the study findings it can be concluded that the gender of teachers influences technology literacy but it does not influence knowledge deepening and knowledge creation among teachers in public secondary schools. The age of teachers influences ICT use which relates to technology literacy and also influence knowledge deepening and knowledge creation among teachers. The level of ICT training influences positively technology literacy, training and knowledge deepening and training and knowledge creation in ICT integration for teaching and learning. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education should monitor and support teacher training programmes in integration of ICT in secondary schools in Kenya..
Page(s): 115-119 Date of Publication: 29 January 2021
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The public sector in Zimbabwe has experienced missing, incomplete and poorly managed records leading to government losing money, assets and equipment. Even during the pre-colonial era, in the then Southern Rhodesia, public records were inappropriately managed, and the records would accumulate to abnormal volumes in different offices (Chaterera 2016).in addition, Mnjana (1989) state that archivists only arrange and describe archives assuming users will come and access them. Fast forward to the present day, the trend continues. The Auditor General’s Reports (2015-2017) highlighted incomplete financial records, fuel records, and at times missing procurement records in public entities. Maphorisa and Jain (2013) state that archives are suffering from low uptake and utilisation by users making it difficult for Information professionals to justify their existence and receive funding. While records have been considered an organisational asset that ensures transparency and good government, these records management anomalies raise the question on what could be the reason behind this poor string of records management malpractice. This qualitative study sought opinions of Information professionals to establish whether records and archival advocacy was the missing piece of the puzzle in the management of records and archives. Convenient sampling technique was used to obtain views on archival advocacy with open ended questionnaire method used to solicit data. Data generated was analysed thematically and presented in narrative format. Findings from the study showed that due to poor records and archival advocacy initiatives the profession was negatively perceived, vacancies were occupied by unqualified staff while resources allocated were not enough. It was recommended that records and archives professionals should coordinate records and archival advocacy efforts and be active in changing the negative perceptions of resource allocators, public figure and the general public about their profession.
Page(s): 120-124 Date of Publication: 28 January 2021
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This mixed methods research used a multiple-case study with multilevel concurrent mixed sampling technique guided by a theoretical framework of Hackett and Dilts’s real options-driven theory of business incubation to explore the effectiveness of Vocational training incubation centers in creating sustainable SMEs in Bulawayo Metropolitan Province. Open and closed-ended questionnaires plus interview were employed for generating data from 20 participants (Vocational trainers and Principals or Heads of Departments). This study revealed that Bulawayo Vocational training incubation centres facilitated incubatees/trainees with business knowledge, skills and information services for them to start their own sustainable SMEs through the use of lectures, modules, hand-outs and inadequate practical lessons only. Results from the study also revealed that most of the Vocational training incubation centres failed to facilitate incubatees with educational centres like universities, colleges and industries as co-working spaces to create skilled and sustainable SMES. This study revealed that Vocational training incubation centres were not significantly effective in establishing sustainable SMEs due to inadequate business incubation skills and knowledge, lack of space and facilities for incubatees, poor linkages with internal and external network, lack of seed funds for incubatees and inconsistent support from stakeholders such as government, professional and skilled entrepreneurs, financial institutions and educational institutions. The study recommended that there is need for the government to link Vocational training centres with scientific institutions, international research centres, financial institutions, polytechnic colleges, universities and entrepreneur expertise to engineer the facilitation of sustainable SMEs in the country. There is need for the government to support Vocational training incubation centres’ initiatives with grants, soft loans and inputs to empower the effective facilitation of creating sustainable SMEs. There is a need for local city council to provide Vocational training incubation centres with enough space or big stands for incubatees to ensure the success of incubated start-ups hence effective facilitation of sustainable SMEs.
Page(s): 125-132 Date of Publication: 28 January 2021
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This is a qualitative study which aims to know the experiences of Field Instruction students are and their interventions extended to the Children in Conflict with the Law while they were assigned as interns in San Pedro Police Station. The study utilized a well-defined content analysis procedure “text analysis” which looks into the common experiences and interventions of these students in one semester of Field Instruction subject. A focus group discussion with Children in Conflict with the law was also conducted to know the “take on” of the clients on the interventions extended. The study will also share the insights of the Field Instruction Students in the public in general and to the academe in particular. The result of the study showed that the common experiences of the Social Work Interns includes extensive use of their observation skills, exposure to the different behaviors of the CICL and learning how to practice social work principles like acceptance, individualization and confidentiality. Furthermore, these experiences help them develop skills in dealing with families and communities and other sectors involved with Community Based Programs for Children in Conflict with the Law.
Page(s): 135-145 Date of Publication: 31 January 2020
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Language plays a significant role in the development of every nation. It mirrors the culture of every society and also reflects the social realities of every nation. It is not surprising, therefore, that every nation goes extra miles in an attempt to keep their languages from sinking. Every nation that gives her culture a priority would therefore put in every effort to develop their native languages. However, there appears to a higher level of reluctance concerning the efforts by concerned stakeholders to promote the indigenous languages of Ghana. This reluctance could be attributed to the prestigiousness attached to the study and use of the English language in the Ghanaian educational system. In light of this, the Ghanaian languages have been despised by many. The common rationale for this despicable attitude towards the local languages is that it has been misconstrued by many stakeholders as unfit for promoting academic excellence. In this paper, however, it is argued, based on research findings, that instruction in the various Ghanaian languages must be given the necessary consideration to accelerate the academic performance of students. To achieve this, the paper recommends that teachers must make complementary use of both English and the Ghanaian languages to facilitate learning at the Junior High Level.
Page(s): 146-150 Date of Publication: 01 February 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5105Download PDF
Environmental as a concern of the mankind emerged in the 1960s after the rapid infrastructural developments that were carried out after the World War II. The immediate aftermath of the war meant that countries had to work twenty-four seven to improve their man-made physical environment that was devastated by the war. However, during this period environmental concerns were not on the agenda, and it was only after sometime that humans began to be vigilant about the destruction that they have caused to the environment through their activities which was highlighted in the writing of Rachel Carson in her book titled ‘The Silent Spring’. In looking at this issue from a Sri Lankan perspective, it too has suffered major setbacks regarding losing her environmental beauty and the lost of biodiversity which she is renowned for. This paper examines the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity which was ratified by Sri Lanka in the early 1990’s and the extent to which the objectives of the convention has been achieved from a Sri Lankan perspective. This study was carried out primarily as a qualitative data, while an in-depth interview was also carried out with a high-ranking officer of the Ministry of Environment, Center for Biodiversity protection, a responsible organ for implementing the convention. The results revealed that, while laws and policies have been introduced at implementing the core elements of the convention, lack of coordination, overlapping of responsibilities, political interference and corruption has resulted in a failure of successfully implementing the convention even after nearly three decades of ratification.
Page(s): 151-157 Date of Publication: 02 February 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5106Download PDF
Maritime security is an umbrella term informed by security agendas to classify issues in the maritime domain that are often related to national security. Maritime security is one of the latest Buzzwords of International Relations. Major actors have started to include maritime security in their mandate or reframed their work in such terms. Non-traditional security threats are treated as a novel trend in the concept of security. The Indian Ocean Region has emerged as the world’s major energy and trade routes. Sri Lanka’s location is also strategically very important. The Indian Ocean region faces many traditional and non-traditional safety and security challenges. Such as piracy, armed robberies at sea, terrorism, human trafficking, irregular movement of persons, drug trafficking, illicit trafficking in wildlife, trafficking of weapons, IUU fishing, climate change, etc. The main objective of this research is to identify and study the challenges of maritime security conservation in the Indian Ocean as well as in contemporary Sri Lanka. The research problem is, how are the Indian Ocean maritime security issues in the Indian Ocean as well as in contemporary Sri Lanka. The Methodology that followed for this study is qualitative in nature while using both primary and secondary data. To collect primary data, a sample of 30 people has been used in the fields of government, academic, military, and other professionals. According to the study, as a challenges pose a threat to Indian ocean security today, increasing militarisation of Indian ocean’s strategic chokepoints, vast regions of the Indian ocean remain ‘unpoliced’, particularly the central Indian ocean, maritime awareness (MDA) is lax, increasing naval competition between some littoral states and major maritime users and ensuring freedom of navigation along the Indian ocean’s sea lanes of communication, whist closing these lines to illegal actors. Maritime terrorism, climate change, and environmental degradation, the unregulated exploitation of marine resources, illegal trafficking (arms, drugs) also the challenges Sri Lanka is facing today. According to the research, non-traditional maritime security challenges exist mainly in the contemporary Indian Ocean region and Sri Lanka. Moreover, currently in this region in the evaluation of its impact on political, economic, military, societal, and environmental security, the most alarming impacts can be identified on political security and environmental security.
Page(s): 158-173 Date of Publication: 02 February 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5106Download PDF
The low uptake of loans has been identified as a major constraint of MSME development and growth in Zambia. This is perturbing since small businesses are touted as critical tools for economic growth and inclusive development. This study sought to determine the effect of financial literacy on small business financing decisions using a case in point of shop owners at Chelstone big Market in Lusaka. The study specifically sought to determine how the level of financial literacy affects the uptake and use of loans in the financing of small businesses. A mixed method study was adopted for this study. Data was collected from shop owners at Chelston big market in Lusaka. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analysed using thematic and content analysis. The study established that the level financial literacy influenced the uptake and use of debt financing through improved financial skills and financial decision making of enterprise owners. This in turn also affected the level of business performance and growth. It was also established that the resentment in the use of debt financing was influenced by collateral demands, high interest rates and tenure of loan products. The study recommends that the government through the local council must facilitate for the enhancement of financial literacy through training so as to improve the quality of financial decisions and business performance. The study recommends that the council could do this by collaborating with colleges and universities to train basic concepts and principles of business financial management to business owners. Furthermore, the study recommends that financial institution and other lenders must provide full information on their loan products to the level of their clients’ comprehension to minimize any information asymmetry problems that lead to the resentment of loan products. Limiting the financing of businesses to owner funds, limits the growth and success of businesses.
Page(s): 174-183 Date of Publication: 02 February 2021
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The study investigated the teachers’ perceptions on assessing ECD learners. The main objective of the study was to establish how ECD teachers perceive assessment of learners. A qualitative approach was used. A multiple case study was adopted so as to develop information that is accurate and interpretable on assessment problems in ECD centres. Seven ECD teachers were purposively selected. Guided by the MacMillan theory, data was collected through document analysis, observation and semi-structured interviews. Data was analysed in themes that were derived from the research questions. The study depicted that teachers had negative perceptions on assessment in ECD. Teachers graduating from colleges were not fully equipped in terms of assessment. The study also revealed that teachers kept record books mostly because it was a national policy requirement without providing necessary details in the record books. Continuous staff development and appropriate deployment in classes were recommended in order to improve the teachers` perceptions on ECD assessment.
Page(s): 184-191 Date of Publication: 04 Febraury 2021
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This study aims to describe 1) creative industry is implemented in creative product and entrepreneurship lesson in vocational high school (VHS), and 2) the benefit of creative industry for vocational high schools’ students. This research used Survey method. The population was all of students of some private vocational high schools in Surakarta in the academic year 2019/2020, and the sample was second grade students in the private Vocational High Schools. Data collection techniques in this research used test, questioners, interviews, and document analysis. The data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative. The result of the study showed that creative industry was not taught in previous teaching and learning process. Besides that, the creative industry could encourages students to be active, inovative and independent. Creative industry should be implemented in vocational high schools.
Page(s): 192-196 Date of Publication: 04 Febraury 2021
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The Twentieth Amendment to the constitution of Sri Lanka seeks to centralize power, tries to limit the power of the parliament and the judiciary, and control the rule of law. Particularly, this amendment has focused on the reintroduction of the Parliamentary Council (PC). The PC members are also the members of parliament and a particular political party. The aim is to advise the president regarding the apex level appointments to the judiciary and key public institutions. Therefore, the President has absorbed the power to appoint Supreme Court Judges and High Court Judges at the discretion himself by the amendment. This opens up the possibility to impose a biased verdict and thereby injures the independence and autonomy of the judiciary. Therefore, it can be said that Sri Lanka cannot expect the “rule of law” in the near future. It has been described as incompatible with the principles of law and justice at the international level. According to the International Court of Justice and international standards norms of appointments to the Judiciary, Judges’ appointments should not be vested solely with the executive power. Sri Lanka is battling with its largest COVID-19 outbreak still today. At this time, Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP) government rushed through quickly to amend the constitution. Ironically, the twentieth amendment has made the constitutional governance or rule of law of the country to move far away from constitutionalism. At the same time, people must appreciate the government for making some alterations to the constitution such as amendments over presidential immunity and for increasing the period within which the president can dissolve Parliament. The amendment also entails new provisions on increasing the number of the Supreme Court judges from 11 to 17 and the High Court judges from 12 to 20.
Page(s): 197-203 Date of Publication: 04 February 2021
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This study investigated the effects of cognitive reframing therapy and motivational interviewing on the promotion of COVID-19 awareness and health-behaviours in Ibadan, Nigeria. Five (5) null hypotheses guided the work. Quasi-experimental design involving pre-test, post-test, control group with two experimental and one control groups was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised sixty (60) identified/observed participants with non-adherence to COVID-19 preventive behaviours: irregular disuse of face mask, lack of regular handwashing, risk behaviours/exposure to close contacts, lack of social and physical distance. The purposive sampling procedure was used in selecting 60 samples and was grouped into treatments and control. A self-report questionnaire on COVID-19 knowledge and adherence to safety measures developed by Hanawi, Angawi, Alshareef, Ameerah et al (2020) was utilized in this study. The ANCOVA statistical tool was used to test five hypotheses raised at 0.005 alpha level of significance. The findings revealed that both cognitive reframing therapy and motivational interviewing are effective in the promotion of COVID-19 awareness and health-behaviours of participants. Comparing the two modalities, both were effective (p =0.821) in promoting COVID-19 awareness and health-behaviours among residents of Ibadan, Nigeria. The result found no significant differential effect of cognitive reframing therapy in the promotion of COVID-19 awareness and health-behaviours of Ibadan residents (p = 0.379), no significant differential effect of motivational interviewing in the promotion of COVID-19 awareness and health-behaviours of Ibadan residents (p = 0.391). The researcher recommended that the government should endeavour to engage the public more extensively using a much closer medium rather than through the media. It was also recommended that urgent psychological facilities, equipped with seasoned professionals be structured in local government areas towards effective management of psychological well-being, resistant attitudes to preventive measures, and general health-behaviour advancement. The study furthered to recommend that authorities should consider providing enough palliatives to the most vulnerable population and subsidize crumbled businesses for effective recovery and adjustment.
Page(s): 204-213 Date of Publication: 05 February 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5108Download PDF
The complexity of Nigeria’s multi-ethnic and multi-religious nature as well as its political history before and after independence makes it increasingly necessary for country to identify a workable formula for the peaceful coexistence of its people. Principle of federal character is aimed at ensuring fairness and equity in the distribution of public posts and socio-economic infrastructures among the various agencies of government including higher education institutions in the country. The aim of this study is to investigate the level of compliance with federal character principles as well as analyse the factors hindering strict adherence to these principles in the federal higher education institutions situated in Adamawa state. A descriptive survey design was adopted in which 123 staff of the selected institutions was used as research subjects. The collected data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with help of SPSS version 23. Findings of the study reveals that there is a high level of awareness of the principle of federal character among employees of federal institutions. There seems to be strong and general acceptance amongst scholars that the whole essence of the establishment of the federal character principles as a policy is to ensure equitable distribution of governmental activities and employments in the country. However, the practical implementation and interpretation of this policy is far from it main objectives. Among the factors hindering strict adherence to these principles include ethnicity, tribalism, external influence, favouritism and to a considerable extent corruption. Looking at the factors that affect the smooth implementation, enforcement and strict compliance with the federal character principles in the federal institutions, we recommend that relevant provisions of the constitution should be amended so as to make all the key policy actors to implement the federal character principles in tertiary institutions across Nigeria. Also, strict adherence to policy guideline and implementation plans as spelled out in the Act establishing the federal character principles must be clearly followed in order to end inequality and marginalisation. Finally, an enforcement unit of the federal character principles should be strengthening in order to carryout it duty of ensuring equitable distribution of employment and fairness and sanction should be carryout on those institutions that violate any part of the principles.
Page(s): 214-220 Date of Publication: 05 February 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5109Download PDF
In Indology, Chandogya Upanishad seems like one of the most philosophised approaches to the Vedānta tradition. It could introduce and develop earlier Vedic concepts descriptively and analytically. In particular, the Chandogya Upanishad has precisely worked out in against to ancient Vedic foreknowledge and mystic narratives. Then it may probably be an influential resource to Post-Indian philosophical arises. Moreover, that has succinctly revealed some intended doctrines on theology upon the Brahman, Cosmology upon the universe, psychology upon the soul, eschatology upon the transmigration and emancipation as following rather theoretical figures. Consequently, above intensive identification was grossly impacted by the intellectual dialectics in the Chandogya Upanishad treatise. Overleaf, that sophisticated conversations also could be a fundamental reason to be considered as a positively evaluated philosophical branch in Indology. The critical dialogues in the treatise could recognise a few of disputable intellectual terminates like epistemology, metaphysics, transcendentalism, and phenomenology. In this manner, here, it would hope to study the Chandogaya Upanishad as briefly and descriptively.
Page(s): 221-225 Date of Publication: 05 Febraury 2020
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The main purpose of the study was to determine the influence of family conflicts on pupils’ interpersonal relationship and their attitude towards mathematics in public primary schools in Bamenda II Subdivision. The study adopted a survey research design. A sample of 325 class 5 and 6 pupils was drawn form an accessible population of 2326 pupils using the purposive sampling technique. A questionnaire which was validated and its reliability assured using Crombach alpha, was used in collecting relevant data. Means were used to answer the research questions while t-test was used to test the hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that family conflicts have a significantly negative influence on the attitude of pupils towards mathematics in Bamenda II Subdivision. The findings also indicate that for pupils experiencing family conflicts in their homes, the negative influence of family conflicts on the attitudes of male pupils towards mathematics does not significantly differ from that on female pupils. Lastly, the study also showed that family conflicts have a significantly negative influence on interpersonal relationships between pupils and their peers in Bamenda II Subdivision. It was therefore recommended among other things that class teachers should always try to identify any pupils coming from homes with family conflicts. If the class teacher is unable to help such pupils, then they should be referred to the school counsellor
Page(s): 226-230 Date of Publication: 07 February 2020
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During the Covid-19 pandemic, students are urged to do online learning hence their involvement in learning is decreased. Student engagement can be advanced by positive emotion through confidence towards students’ abilities. This study aims to determine the effect of positive emotion on student engagement mediated by self-efficacy. This type of research is a non-experimental quantitative study with a correlational approach. The instrument utilized is Dispositional Positive Emotion Scale (DPES), Measuring School Engagement (MSE), and Academic Efficacy. The research subjects were high school students (N = 188). The results showed that self-efficacy can act as a mediator for the relationship between positive emotion and student engagement. Particular effects of positive emotion appeared as a result of student engagement and self-efficacy
Page(s): 231-235 Date of Publication: 07 Febraury 2021
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This paper examines the teaching strategies commonly employed by physics teachers in the classroom. Particularly, the study utilized mixed methods involving questionnaires, tests, classroom observations and structured interviews to explore the common teaching strategies used by teachers and the effects of these strategies both on the enrollment and attainment of students in physics. Teachers and students in eight senior secondary schools were purposively selected for the study. Findings from the study show that teachers and students were at variance as to the most commonly used teaching strategy by teachers in the teaching and learning of physics and that whereas teachers reported the use of demonstration, more students reported that elements of demonstration were ‘never’ used by teachers than those who reported otherwise. The study also shows that the teaching strategy adopted by physics teachers directly influences the enrolment and attainment of students in the subject. The study recommends that government and relevant stakeholders should ensure the adequate provision of well-equipped laboratories and that science teacher training institutions promote trainee-teachers skill and knowledge in improvisation and resourcing of science materials for the effective teaching and learning of physics in secondary schools.
Page(s): 236-246 Date of Publication: 07 Febraury 2021
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Divine Revelation in the form of Al-Qur’an and Hadith is the main guide of life for believers. The life guide has a very important role for humans, in addition to directing the inner life and aqliyah as well as a guide in amaliah. Revelation has many meanings, namely as the natural ability of animals (instinct) to protect themselves from unfavorable environments, the inspiration (ilham) that someone receives to do something in a critical and emergency situation so that he can be saved, Allah orders angels to help the believers, revelation which means revelation itself as a guide for life, and is also used for Satan in seducing humans. In the perspective of Al Qur’an and Hadith, Revelation means Islamic Risalah that was sent down by Allah through Rasulullah SAW, as a guide for life. This revelation has proven to have a high truth, which cannot be doubted by all humans, and even its existence has been revealed in the previous holy books or Scriptures. Revelation was revealed by Allah to Prophet Muhammad SAW who was trustworthy, justified, did not distort, and delivered all the messages that had to be delivered. Therefore, the Divine Revelation that humans receive is guaranteed to be the same as what the Sender of the Message, Allah the Creator, wanted.
Page(s): 247-256 Date of Publication: 08 Febraury 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5110Download PDF
The big data technologies in education have seen a rapid rise since the past two decades. Information intelligence has become an integral part of educational decision making. This created a trend for the strategic usage of big amount of data. New technologies have been in use for analyzing the large amount of data for making strategic decisions. This study highlights the growing importance of big data by reviewing the existing literature on big data. Furthermore using interpretive methodology this study examines the implications of big data for educational leadership. Through effective decision making by using this big data enables educational institutes to improve the process of teaching and learning. The usage of big data enables effective decision making for education by incorporating different information and communication technologies. This Big data usage in education will intensify in the near future. Educational leaders need to build different learning management system to effectively utilize the big data for decision making purposes.
Page(s): 257-262 Date of Publication: 08 Febraury 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5111Download PDF
The politics of taxation reveals that people are obliged to contribute financially towards their social welfare and economic development. Government adopts strategies to ensure tax collection from the people and also harnesses the socio-economic development projects for the benefit of the people or communities contributing the tax. In Bafut, since colonial rule, the Germans and the British levied taxes on the people. At the end of British colonial rule in 1961, the socio-economic development of Southern Cameroons was far from satisfactory. The post independent government continued to levy taxes on the people for their own development. By 2016, the socio-economic development of English speaking Cameroon was fundamentally not different from the colonial situation. Questions were raised concerning the payment of taxes and service delivery to the local people. Embittered by the pain of tax payment and inadequate development of the English speaking regions, the Anglophone crisis ensued. Bafut served as an epicentre of this crisis and the anger of the people could be traced to the colonial period. Some sub chiefdoms in Bafut evaded taxes. The bone of contention was the payment of taxes for which the people benefited very little or nothing in return. Since the Fon of Bafut was the sole tax agent (collector) for the government, the people vented their agony and venom on him thus destabilising the Bafut political system and the community as a whole. From our sources, we conclude that taxation without representation, remuneration or fallouts to the people concerned, is a serious vector for conflict in communities. For any meaningful peace to reign, stake holders must review strategies or useful policies towards taxation
Page(s): 263-277 Date of Publication: 08 February 2021
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This paper seeks to examine the dynamics of decision making within the African Union Commission (AUC) that has led to the launch of the African Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) in July 2019 using Agenda 2063 as the basis. The AU’s Agenda 2063 is both an economic and social model that supports market capitalism and one that incorporates Pan-Africanism as a guiding set of values, and how this ideology defines and reinforces regional integration. Scholarly studies have long accepted the extent to which, an entity like the European Union (EU) is capable of becoming a coherent actor in the global governance complex; which indeed raises important questions about what constitutes ‘actorness’ in contemporary international relations. Can a continental driver of integration such the African Union (AU) emerge as a significant actor in global politics? If so, how can we conceptualize actorness? This paper is attempting a new way at capturing the AU’s internal and external behavior – one that takes into account, not only the AU’s own characteristics – but the kinds of political, economic and social transactions it undertakes, and the feedback processes engendered pertaining to actorness.
Page(s): 278-286 Date of Publication: 09 Febraury 2021
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The conversion of the Monarch of the Nso Kingdom, Patrick Sehm Mbinglo I, a Roman Catholic Christian to Islam in 2014 provoked widespread panic in the Catholic dominated Nso Kingdom of the Bamenda Grassland, Cameroon and the Guardian Post Newspaper of October 30, 2014 even talked of “mass exodus to Islam feared as Nso King Converts”. This event provoked this paper which sets out to investigate the introduction of Islam in the two Bamenda Grassland royal palaces. Using primary and secondary sources the study examines the conversion of some Nso and Babessi Kings to Islam arguing that their decision to adopt Islam was due to the presence of Hausa traders and Fulani graziers, Bamum influences, political, social and economic considerations rather than the genuine spiritual or religious gains of Islam. Islam in the Bamenda Grassland therefore has a bright future because the religion unlike Christianity can accommodate and guarantee certain royal practices and aspirations
Page(s): 287-292 Date of Publication: 09 February 2021
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This paper discussed the ease of doing business – trading across borders – and the profitability of small and medium-size enterprises in Port Harcourt. The objective was to assess whether the cost/time aspect of the trading across border indicator had an impact on SMEs profitability. Primary data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires and interviews from 114 respondents (90 SMEs and 24 Institutional representatives). The study used descriptive statistics to analyse the data with the aid of SPSS software. The findings of the study indicated that the cost/time impact of the trading across border index has a negative impact on the profits of SMEs in Port Harcourt. The study identified some problems such as numerous/ambiguous levies and the non-functionality of the Port Harcourt seaport. The study recommended the streamlining of levies and the revamping of the Port Harcourt seaport as some measures to improve the trading across borders aspect of EODB in Port Harcourt to encourage more SME participation and enhancement of profitability.
Page(s): 293-299 Date of Publication: 15 Febraury 2021
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This paper discusses the challenges of SMEs with regards to the issue of road network and security. Survey data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires administered to 90 SMEs; also interviews were done with some members of the Federal Road Safety Corp (FRSC) and the Nigeria Police Force (NPF). With the aid of SPSS software, the study used descriptive statistics to present and analyze data. Some challenges identified are bad road conditions such as potholes and security issues such as theft. Based on these challenges, the following suggestion were made; the need for more roads to be constructed and for existing ones to be rehabilitated. There is also the need for security operatives to be properly funded to enable them discharge their duties effectively.
Page(s): 300-305 Date of Publication: 15 Febraury 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5112Download PDF
This study sought to establish the challenges the church faces in its involvement in issues of governance in Zambia. Currently, the country is officially a Christian nation according to the 2016 amended constitution. This study was conducted in Lusaka District. On the primary data front, the research used interviews and focus group discussions. The main participants were Churches, political parties, and government officials. The research study used a descriptive survey research design. Seventy – two (72) participants and four (4) Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) formed the sample population. The key finding was that the Church faces the challenge of division and accusations when commenting on national matters. Therefore, this study recommends that the Government should make it a policy for the Church to be accorded its legitimate role with regards to being informed, heard, and consulted on issues of governance. The Church should also be involved in politics because it is the duty of the Church to permeate public life with the spirit of Christ who fought for the dignity of human life and to illustrate in its own life the kind of life which is God’s will for society as a whole.
Page(s): 306-311 Date of Publication: 15 February 2021
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Covid 19 has restricted the traditional use and access of academic libraries and created the new norm. This has resulted in failure by students to use Library computers, access the internet and communicate with Library personnel to help them access library resources. This study sought to establish how the students were accessing the library and the challenges they were facing thereof. The qualitative study approach was used to gather views of library users while the Department of Information Science students were used as a case study. Sampling was done conveniently, the limitation being the availability of respondents. The study gathered data using the telephone interview method and the website content analysis method was employed. The findings of the study were presented thematically guided by research objectives. It was established that the traditional services of the library were not on offer to users at the moment due to travel restrictions and the curfew imposed as a result of COVID 19. The Library could only be accessed electronically/remotely though only a few students had access to the Library’ e-resources. Students lacked knowledge on the availability of e-resources and those who had access to them could not use some of the electronic journals as they either required passwords or were not available. Findings also showed that there were no librarians to respond to requests and questions remotely, making it difficult to navigate through the vast amounts of e-resources. It was also established that some students had challenges such as not having computer gadgets, lack of bandwidth/ internet connectivity and information literacy skills. It was recommended that students are rigorously equipped with information literacy skills and that the content must not be complicated, even phones must be used to access them.
Page(s): 312-317 Date of Publication: 15 Febraury 2021
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Many factors influence student learning activities, one of which is the learning environment. A conducive learning environment can be created with the support of good time management and peer support. However, if these two things cannot be managed properly, it will tend to cause the procastination of student academic activitiesThe goal of this study is to determine the influence of time management and peers on the academic procrastination of students in economic education at Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha. This research is causal research. Sampling technique used is proportional cluster random sampling. Data sellected by questionnaires and given to 215 respondents then analyzed by multiple linear regression. The results of the research showed that there was a significant negative effect of time management toward academic procrastination partially and simultaneously.
Page(s): 318-322 Date of Publication: 15 Febraury 2021
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:: The study investigates the effects of financial inclusion on economic growth in Nigeria from 1992 to 2018. Selected variables for financial inclusion include; currency outside banking, currency in circulation, microfinance banks’ deposits, number of commercial bank branches, commercial banks’ credit to private sector, loans and deposits of rural branches of commercial banks. On the other hand, nominal GDP was the selected measure of economic growth. The research design used is the ex-post facto. The study examined the relationship between the variables using regression and then examined the effects using the Grander Causality test. The results of the test revealed that currency in circulation has an insignificantly positive relationship as well as a causal effect on economic growth in Nigeria. Likewise, loans extended by rural branches of commercial banks also have a positive and significant relationship and causal effect on economic growth in Nigeria. Deposits of rural branches of commercial banks have causal effect on GDP in Nigeria and a positive relationship though not significant. The study recommends that the government and monetary authorities should ensure the promotion of banking service and the establishment of bank branches deeper in the rural areas and equally support these banks to meet the demands of these areas efficiently
Page(s): 323-330 Date of Publication: 16 Febraury 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5113Download PDF
This paper examines the legal and regulatory framework governing rights and protection of persons with disabilities (PWDs) of Bangladesh in a critical manner. The purpose of this study is to explore and analyze the existing legal system concerning disability rights in Bangladesh with a view to identifying the loopholes and suggesting recommendations for possible solutions. The study uses a legal and doctrinal research methodology followed by an analytical approach. In identifying and interpreting data both primary and secondary legal sources are considered. The study reveals that the current legal framework regulating disability rights in Bangladesh is not well structured and in reality, persons with disabilities are not properly protected by law. Hence, a comprehensive legislation with effective implementation mechanism is indispensable for Bangladesh to enforce the rights of PWDs diligently and efficiently.
Page(s): 331-335 Date of Publication: 16 Febraury 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5114Download PDF
The paper focuses on integrating technologies for instruction in pre-service teacher education during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigerian Colleges of Education. The emergence of COVID-19 occasioned the shifting paradigm of teaching in schools worldwide to online methods. The script discussed that pre-service teachers in Nigerian Colleges of Education is facing the challenge of integrating technologies into classroom instruction. The article stressed the importance of ICT to achieve quality pre-service teacher education in Colleges of Education. Integrating technologies into pre-service teacher education and the challenges COVID-19 poses to pre-service teacher education was discussed. The author averred that mobile learning through WhatsApp, Facebook, YouTube, and Google Classroom during the COVID-19 would provide sustained education. The conclusion was that teachers and students should explore mobile learning’s full benefits through WhatsApp Instant Messaging, Facebook, YouTube, and Google Classroom during the pandemic.
Page(s): 336-341 Date of Publication: 16 February 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5115Download PDF
This paper provides an insight into some of the challenges faced by science teachers in Nigeria in ensuring quality science education for sustainable national development. The paper also suggests ways on how to confronting the identified challenges. Also, the concept of Science Education, quality education, and quality science education were examined. It was concluded that if science education was given adequate attention by the government, the national economic growth would be achieved. Recommendations were made among others that: academically and professionally qualified teachers should be recruited to teach science subjects in schools. Also, quality assurance should be put in place at all levels of education. Provision of adequate science laboratories and provision of found to finance science education etc. must be ensured.
Page(s): 342-346 Date of Publication: 17 Febraury 2021
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Education is meant to enable learners to inquire not only without but within. This aim can be achieved only if the teacher can create a situation in which such an inquiry is possible. Through reflection, teacher can explore themselves and that of others. Reflective practice is a process that brings about changes in teaching, learning and understanding and it also has an important role to play in professional development. Students understand themselves better when they carry out systematic enquiry into themselves and also into their practices and their students. They professionally grow on their own by constantly looking into their own actions and experiences. In this study, a quantitative research was conducted to see the effectiveness of reflective practices in the development of student teachers to develop their reflective practices during their practice teaching sessions. The paper attempts to establish that reflective practice is a tool for student teachers to explore themselves and thereby leading to their professional development.
Page(s): 347-353 Date of Publication: 17 Febraury 2021
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Integrating monitoring and evaluation within project construction phases is considered in this research a means by which construction of buildings can foster sustainable development and alleviate their collapse as witnessed in many countries. The aim of monitoring and evaluation is to provide information that can help inform decisions, improve performance and achieve planned results. Projects with strong monitoring and evaluation components tend to stay on track. Additionally, problems are often detected earlier, which reduces the likelihood of risks, major cost overruns or time delays. Against this backdrop, this research sought to analyze the influence of project monitoring and evaluation on quality of buildings. Descriptive survey and correlational research designs were used in a mixed methods research approach. Quantitative data was collected through a questionnaire while qualitative data was collected through an interview guide. Research instruments were pilot tested for validity through content related method and reliability through split- half criterion. A sample of 192 respondents was selected by use of Yamane’s (1967) sampling size formula from a population of 3475 registered .contractors in Nairobi County by May 2017. A census survey was conducted among the 67 engineering consultants and 24 officers in top management teams of NCA and NBI. Arithmetic mean and standard deviation were used for analyzing descriptive data while Pearson Product Moment Correlation (r) and regression analysis (R2) were used for analyzing inferential data. F-tests were used to test the hypothesis in the study. Tests of statistical assumptions were carried out before data analysis to avoid invalidation of statistical analysis. With r = 0.409, R2=0.167, F (1,222) =49.770 at p= 0.000 < 0.05, the null hypothesis was rejected and it was concluded that there is a positive relationship between ethical concerns in project monitoring and evaluation and quality of buildings. It is recommended that project implementation process should be overseen by a competent consultant to ensure good supervision and all necessary amendments be done at the right time and in an appropriate way to ensure successful project delivery.
Page(s): 354-362 Date of Publication: 19 Febraury 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5116Download PDF
This study assessed interest towards learning and mathematics achievement among students in selected Junior Secondary School, Niger State, Nigeria. Correlation Survey design was adopted for the study. The target population for this study consists of 5,368 (2,705 male and 2,663 female) JSS 1 students in 2012/2013 academic session from 92 public and private Junior Secondary Schools in Zone ‟B‟ of Niger State. The sample of this study consist 361 (219 public school students and 179 private school students) and multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was employedin the selection. Two instruments were developed for the study which consists of an Inventory on Students‟ Interest in Mathematics (ISIM) and a Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT). Descriptive statistic (mean and Standard Deviation), biseria correlation and its associated simple regression of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method were used to establish relationship between the variables and to test null hypothesis at the 0.05 level of significance. The instruments were validated and the reliability coefficient was established using the test-retest method. The data obtained were analyzed using mean with the criterion mean set at 2.5.The findings of the study revealed that students in private schools excel in Mathematics more than students in public schools but students in public schools are more interested in Mathematics than their counterpart in private schools. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended amongst others that students should develop positive attitude towards the learning of Mathematics. This can be done through adopting good strategy and study habit.
Page(s): 363-369 Date of Publication: 19 Febraury 2021
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In every supposedly democratic state, not only is election a means of determining the will of the people regarding their choice of political leaders, both the process and the outcome of the election should also reflect the consent and aspirations of the people as organized electorates. However, election at the local government level in Nigeria has been relegated to the background whereby its process, conduct, and outcome are often at the mercy of the States’ ruling parties and their governors. This paper interrogates the role of States ruling party in local government elections in Nigeria with particular reference to the 2017 and 2019 local government elections in Ekiti State. It relied on both primary and secondary sources of data collection. Primary data were obtained through a questionnaire and secondary data were obtained from textbooks, related journal articles, and newsprints. The paper adopted elite theory to explain States’ dominance and ‘illegitimate’ control of the local government in Nigeria. It was revealed among others, that local governments elections in Nigeria has always been under the stranglehold of States governors and their political parties who designed and determined the contour of the elections as well as the operations of the electoral umpire. The paper recommends among others, that the scrapping of state independent electoral commissions and its replacement with the national electoral umpire (INEC) nationwide is imperative for deepening democracy, promoting good governance and enhancing development at the grassroots.
Page(s): 370-378 Date of Publication: 19 February 2021
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This research was conducted at the Maritime Adiguna Polytechnic. The purpose of this study is the purpose of this study is to determine how the influence of the Transformational Leadership Style on the Morale of Maritime Adiguna Polytechnic. The results of this study indicate. (1) The constant value (a) of 7,926 indicates the amount of the Morale Variable (Y) if the Transformational Leadership Style Variable (X) is equal to zero. (2) It can be seen that the adjusted R square value is 0.191 or 19.1%. This shows that the Transformational Leadership Style Variable (X) and the Work Spirit Variable (Y) can explain the Employee Performance Variable (Y) of 19.1%, the rest 80.9% (100% – 19.1%) is explained by other variables outside this research model. (3) Hypothesis testing, it can be seen that tcount (3.234)> t table (1.684), as well as a significance value of 0.00 <0.05, it can be concluded that the first hypothesis is accepted, meaning that the Transformational Leadership Style variable (X) has a significant effect on Variable Morale (Y).
Page(s): 379-383 Date of Publication: 19 Febraury 2021
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Education plays a critical role in the development of any society. It is for this reason that the World Conference held in Jomtien Thailand in 1990 came up with Education for All (EFA) declaration. This followed the realization that quality basic education was important for the success of human endeavors. It is for this reason that the Dakar Forum and the MDGs set EFA by 2015. Against this background, Kenya introduced Free Primary Education (FPE) in 2003 and this led to an increase in enrolment. However, increasing access to primary education doesn’t necessarily prove valuable unless it is seen as a promising path for individuals to realize better, more productive lives and as a driver of national economic development. This paper argues that such access to primary education should go hand in hand with quality. Recent policy documents such as Sessional Paper Number 14 of 2012 and Basic Education Act 2013 spell out the government’s commitment to provision of quality basic education for all citizens. However, studies reveal that the quality of basic education in the country remains far below the expected standards. Getting children through primary schools will not be enough. While education is central to the country’s agenda and noticeable achievements have been made in the context of EFA, significant challenges remain. There are vast disparities within the country as concerns access to schooling and the quality of education in resulting levels of learning achievement. The post 2015 agenda in Kenya therefore should take into account that achieving EFA remains a key yet unfinished agenda for basic education in the country, requiring strengthened efforts in order to meet its goals. Therefore, future orientations for education require a widening of the EFA agenda in response to current development trends of the Kenyan nation. This paper focuses on provision of quality basic education.
Page(s): 384-389 Date of Publication: 19 Febraury 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5117Download PDF
Postcolonial conflict and wars in African countries are still on the rise, despite numerous efforts to put an end to them. Since then, some African states have made advances in post conflict peace building and intergroup reconciliation. The attacks by terrorists in the Far North Region for over five years now, and the violence propagated by armed separatist groups in the North West and South West Regions since 2016 have left a crushing impact on the socio economic and political life of Cameroon. The crisis that started as a corporatist claim in the predominantly two English-speaking regions of the country and to which no appropriate solutions were provided, was hijacked by the secessionist movement. It was from this backdrop that the President of the Republic of Cameroon signed a Decree in November 2018 to establish the National DDR committee as an attempt to solve the ongoing Anglophone crisis. This paper examines the relevance of DDR in reforming the security and political sector in the Anglophone Regions. This paper utilizes mixed-methods to ascertain this objective. Amongst the several results we found out that the DDR in these Regions can significantly contribute to peace building despite the numerous challenges it faces.
Page(s): 390-400 Date of Publication: 19 February 2021
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This study aimed at gathering information on the impact of street vendor’s eviction from the Harare Central Business District (CBD). Quantitative methodology was used to gather data. The main objectives of the study were to identify factors that promote street vending, find out surviving strategies for evicted street vendors and identify ways in which government assisted the ex-street vendors. A chi-square test was used to find out if there was any difference in standard of living on street vendors after their eviction. Significant level was tested at 0.05%. The results showed that there is association between standard of living before and after street vendors’ eviction. There were various factors that influenced people‘s choice of vending location. The results showed that unemployment among others constituted 40% and was the highest contributor towards street vending. Theories in support of the topic were adopted to get insights into the issues of street vendors’ eviction. Based on survey results, the study showed that for street vendors, accessibility of customers was a key consideration and they strategically located on the streets to avoid formalization costs such as rent, taxes and licence. The study showed that despite numerous constraints placed on various groups of street vendors these groups had actually developed survival and resistance strategies that enabled them to maintain their livelihoods from public urban space. Revival of industries is a cause for concern. There is need to resuscitate industries to curb the problem of unemployment.
Page(s): 401-406 Date of Publication: 19 Febraury 2021
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In Sri Lanka death penalty had been in place since the times of the ancient kings and also under the colonial rulers as a means of preventing grave crimes including murder. From 1956 to 1959 and again after June 1976 death penalty was not carried out in Sri Lanka. However, the murder rate has declined from 7.6 to 2.4 even without the implementation of the death penalty. It is assumed that rather than the capital punishment for murder some other significant factors have contributed to a decline in the number of murders in the country. This study was conducted to identify the causes and motives that lead people to commit crime in Sri Lanka. Here the background of the offenders and the methods used for committing murder were solicited. The data were collected with regard to the 63 offenders selected from a random sample drawn from those convicted of murder and housed in Welikada prison in Sri Lanka. For the purpose of data collection semi-structure interview schedule and case study were utilized. The study has revealed that low-income earners and less educated individuals mostly tend to commit murder over minor matters in their daily life. Among a considerable number of people engaged in farming, laboring, fishing etc. tend to commit murder over the matters that might appear relatively trivial to other people. Previous enmity, family disputes, land disputes and drunkenness have been the precipitating motives of these offenders. This study suggests that the creation of awareness and the dissemination of knowledge among the low educated and low-income categories can cause a positive change in their conduct towards a peaceful and law-abiding life.
Page(s): 407-414 Date of Publication: 19 Febraury 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5118Download PDF
This study set out to investigate gender differences in contraceptive use and preference among persons living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHAs). The study was conducted in a rural setting in the South-western part of Kenya. The study revealed that women have a higher rate of attendance of ART and reproductive health clinic than their male counterparts. This study also found that women demonstrated a higher level of knowledge regarding contraceptive methods, compared to men. Finally, the study reveals that while more women in the study area preferred implants over any other contraceptive method, most of them nonetheless utilize injections more than implants. This could be as a result of the influence of their male sexual partners, most of whom prefer the injection. The study further reveals that men preferred condoms mainly because of the influence of the clinical officers’ advice and their ready availability.
Page(s): 415-421 Date of Publication: 22 February 2021
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Abstract: Purpose: The current study explores consequences of Covid-19 pandemic on Nigerian hospitality industry. Research Methodology: The exploratory study reviewed various reports and literature to make insightful inferences. Findings: The consequences of COVID-19 pandemic on Nigeria hospitality industry include strain on the operations and revenue generation of the industry, steep decline in hotel occupancy rates and low customers’ turnover in other hospitality facilities, uncontainable job losses, and mass sales of hospitality business facilities. Research Implications: By establishing the consequences of Covid-19 pandemic on Nigeria hospitality industry, this study offers an insight for the government of Nigeria to put in place business safety nets such as relief fund for hospitality business owners, and implementation of national tax relief policy to repositioning the sector for national prosperity. Aside, hospitality scholars are expected to shift their research focus to develop solutions for the industry. In addition, hospitality business owners in Nigeria should explore business innovative strategies to reach out to their prospective customers Originality: This paper contributes to the literature that examined the impacts of Covid-19 crises on the hospitality industry in an emerging country with focus on Nigeria.
Page(s): 422-425 Date of Publication: 22 February 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5119Download PDF
Social media is rapidly spreading among the university communities in order to establish a good link between them with technological advances. Today, most Sri Lankan university students use comprehensive electronic devices, such as notebooks, tablets and smartphones, and have easy Internet connectivity. The lack of understanding of its use and its impact on the academic activities of consumers, especially among students at university, is one of the major constraints of current Sri Lankan social media literature. Empirical analysis is important to help understand why and how knowledge and appraisal of social media are useful on the numerous social media platforms. Therefore, objective of this research is to investigate the Nature of social media usage by university students in Sri Lanka. The survey method was used to address the research objectives, the population of the study consisted of students of the Faculty of Arts in the University of Colombo, Sri Lanka. A structural questionnaire was emailed to 500 university students at the faculty of Arts with a brief background to the research. Convenient sampling technique was adopted to administer the research tool (questionnaire) on 500 students (N=500). The response rate was 71.2% (as (n=356 responses complete in all respects were received). The data collected through questionnaire was analyzed through MS-Excel Programmed and the results are presented in tabular cum graphical form. Research found that, the majority of Sri Lankan university students use extensively electronic devices such as smartphones to access to the social media. Study found that, university students use numerous social media resources and apps. Facebook is described by university students as the most frequent and powerful social media site for networking purposes. The variables that affect students on the use of social media based on gender disparities are defined in the following order, based on their importance. In line with priority: male student’s, convenience, costs, credibility, time, legal risk, copyright and permanency. For female students these variables are the following: convenience, legal risk, cost, Privacy, credibility, time, and copyright. Research is important in this regard and enlightens the social networks of Sri Lankan students and their impact in the social media of Sri Lanka on education and academic growth. A study reveals that, considering the comparatively new field, social media rapidly spread through university societies to establish a strong relation with technical developments and to propose further research.
Page(s): 426-432 Date of Publication: 22 February 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5130Download PDF
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of socio-economic status on standard eight pupils’ academic performance in Mbooni West Sub County, Kenya. The study investigated the influence of a family’s source of income, parents’ level of education and availability of facilities/resources on standard eight pupils’ academic performance. The respondents were randomly selected. The research instruments used in this study included questionnaires for standard eight teachers and pupils and interview schedules for head teachers. Quantitative data were analyzed and the results were presented using frequency tables, pie charts, bar graphs and percentages. Qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis, which in turn was analyzed by organizing data into themes, patterns and sub-topics. The study established that there was a significant influence of socio-economic status on academic performance. The study further established that parents’ economic status had a strong bearing on pupils’ academic performance. In addition, the study established those parents’ occupation and availability of facilities/resources both at home and school significantly influenced academic performance. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education should establish more boarding schools for pupils from Low Social Economic status homes in order to promote equity in education, access and hence good performance. The study also recommends that the government should engage in a serious campaign to create awareness for adult education for parents with low levels of education. The study further recommends that head teachers and teachers from day primary schools should carry out sensitization campaigns on the role of education in social, economic and political development of a nation.
Page(s): 433-436 Date of Publication: 22 February 2021
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This paper assesses the impact earnings performance indicators on the financial stability of banks in Nigeria. The study area composed of twelve selected deposit money banks listed on Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) covering the period of five years from 2014 to 2018. Description statistics was used to analyse the study variables, whereas correlation technique has been utilized to evaluate the impact of firm earnings performance on the financial stability of the banks. It is found that there is sturdy link between the firms’ earnings performance and the financial stability. It is additionally reveal that share worth of Banks in Nigeria be explained more considerably by the amount further than the banks’ ancient measures of earnings.
Page(s): 437-446 Date of Publication: 24 February 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5120Download PDF
This study assesses the effect of adherence to complementary gender stereotypes on attitudes toward male infidelity. It aims to contribute to the literature on the implication of stereotypes in the maintenance of disproportionate social and sexual conditions (Eagly & Wood, 1999; Jost & Kay, 2005; Kahalon, 2018). It tests the hypothesis that adherence to complementary gender stereotypes has an effect on attitudes towards male infidelity. 87 students of both sexes, enrolled in the psychology unit of the University of Dschang (Cameroon), were selected to participate voluntarily in the study. Their age varies between 15 and 41 years (M. = 21.44; SD = 4.71). The procedure of data collection was inspired by Jost and Kay’s work (2005). Participants responded to measures of complementary gender stereotypes, simple gender stereotypes, and attitudes toward male infidelity. The data collected provides empirical support for the hypothesis of the study. Indeed, adherence to complementary gender stereotypes positively affects attitude towards male infidelity (β = 16.67; t = 3.58; p ˂ .02), just as much as adherence to simple gender stereotypes (β = 19.23; t = 5.29; p ˂ .01). It is concluded that men and women mutually participate in maintaining disproportionate social and sexual conditions.
Page(s): 447-453 Date of Publication: 24 February 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5121Download PDF
Emerging as an ethnic group that spread across the Cameroon-Nigerai borders, the different Ejagham entities were re-organized when the German colonial administrative context without agenda for their ethno-geographical limits. As part of the Ossidinge administrative Division under the Germans, the people did not enjoy ethnic specificity as they were merged with other ethnic polities like the Bayang and Bakuku .Circumstances developing from the end of the German rule and the establishment of British rule, brought about remarkable changes in the administrative composition of the Ejagham villages. The paper using primary and secondary sources and a qualitative analytical approach contends that, the British administrative re-organisation of ethnic groups to align with their philosophy of indirect rule had a double–pronged incidence on the Ejagham. On one hand it constituted the villages into a common administrative bloc and in the other hand; it gave them the opportunity to knit political solidarity around the Cameroon option during the February 1961 UN organised plebiscite. This decision became a paradox of the social straddling that would have linked the Ejagham of Cameroon with their consanguine relative in Nigeria.
Page(s): 454-460 Date of Publication: 24 February 2021
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The purpose of this study was to explore whether the adoption of transformational leadership leads to higher employee performance in the banking sector. The study was motivated by high staff turnover rates in the banking sector has led to the loss of critical staff and consequently affect employee performance. While there are several factors that contribute staff turnover in the banking sector this study was premised on the view that the nature of leadership style adopted by banks has a greater influence on the performance of workers. Thus, the objective of this research was to the influence of transformational leadership on employee performance. Its findings contribute to the body of knowledge on the relationship between transformational leadership and employee performance in the banking sector. The research adopted positivism philosophy and explanatory research design. Data was collected through a survey. The findings of the study noted that adoption of transformational leadership enhanced employee motivation, employee loyalty, and employee commitment and employee productivity. Accordingly, the study concluded that elements of transformational leadership lead to improved performance of workers. Therefore, it is recommended that leaders in the banking sector should adopt transformational leadership premised on inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualised consideration to ameliorate employee performance.
Page(s): 461-466 Date of Publication: 24 February 2021
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The veneration of the Ancestor worship among the adherents of African Traditional religion has in Igbo land has been seen as a thing that is very sacrosanct in commemoration of both cults in the religious paradigm. The ancestors in the belief system of the Igbo serves as mediators to them through God, while in the religious worldview among the adherents of the African Traditional Religion, the ancestors acts as intermediaries in the extraterrestrial or spiritual landscape. The general believe among the Igbo about the sacred temple of Obu is that it is an ancient ritual centre for keeping and binding the brotherhood of Igbo communities together because Eri is believed to be their great ancestor that instituted it in Igbo cosmology. In this wise, through the mediation of its symbolism and cultural ethos, the ancient spiritual centre is so revered that it portrays Ndi-Igbo as the spiritual epicenter for the ritual convocation and reunification of other Igbo communities that make up the Igbo race through her ritualistic endeavour’s. This paper focuses on the features or characteristics of Obu as the homestead for the ancestors in Igbo cosmology where religious scholarship is concerned. Through ethnographic method, this article will investigate how the Obu is being observed as a place for spiritual re-dedication and the evocation of the proud ancestry of Eri descendants and Ndi-Igbo in general.
Page(s): 467-477 Date of Publication: 25 February 2021
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The study is aimed at investigating the nature of anxiety experienced by university ELT major undergraduate students; a representative number of 60 students from the ELT department at Cyprus University (pseudonym) in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) participated. The quantitative data for the study was collected using two universally used instruments, the foreign language classroom anxiety scale (FLCAS) and the foreign language reading anxiety scale (FLRAS). A quantitative approach was adopted for the study and the data obtained was statistically analysed using SPSS version 25. The general findings of the study indicate that the general foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) is slightly higher than the foreign language reading anxiety (FLRA) as experienced by the students. In addition, it shows no significant difference between ages in both FLCA and FLRA. Finally, it equally shows that there is no statistical difference between male and female in both FLCA and FLRA.
Page(s): 478-486 Date of Publication: 25 February 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5122Download PDF
This study examined the staff’s awareness of time management strategies and its practices in Peki College of Education. Descriptive survey design technique was adapted for the study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample for the study. A total of sixty (60) academic and non-academic staff members formed the sample size. A self-designed survey questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents manually. The overall reliability alpha (α) value of 0.85 was obtained. The results revealed that approximately 55% of the staff are not aware of the existence of effective time management strategies in the College. About 14.8%, 47.8% and 35.6% of the respondents rated time management practices in the College as excellent, satisfactory and unsatisfactory respectively based on the variables tested. About 75% of the respondents’ responses indicated the need for further orientation on time management issues. The study therefore recommends time management policy development for effective time management practices and periodic seminars/sensitization workshops on effective time management practices in the College.
Page(s): 487-492 Date of Publication: 25 February 2021
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Natural disasters greatly affect people’s lives, both in terms of behavior and socio-economic conditions. This study aimED to determine and analyze changes in the behavior and socio-economic conditions of the community after natural disasters in Palu City. This research was designed qualitatively with a descriptive approach. The population of this research was the people of Palu City. The research sample was determined purposively. The data collection technique was a direct observation in the field and in-depth interviews. The data analysis was carried out qualitatively, consisting of the data reduction stage, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study found that there had been a change in the behavior and socio-economic conditions of the people of Palu City after the earthquake disaster on September 28, 2018. Changes in behavior were indicated from mutual help and kinship between individuals in society which was higher after the disaster. Even the community seems to have family ties to each other even though they are not. Meanwhile, from the socio-economic conditions, there have also been significant changes marked by changes in life in the post-disaster community. Many people have lost their property due to infrastructure damage and this has made the social and economic conditions of the community deteriorate. Damage to infrastructure has resulted in the loss of job opportunities, which then has an impact on decreasing community income after the disaster.
Page(s): 493-495 Date of Publication: 26 February 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5123Download PDF
The development of large-scale nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Is primarily determined by the availability of quality seeds. Testing for viability and seedling growth can produce quality seeds for commercial plant development. This study aimed to obtain the best seed viability and growth of nutmeg from various seed origins. The research was conducted from November 2019 to May 2020 in Kasimbar Barat Village, Kasimbar District, Parigi Moutong Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, through the seed viability test nutmeg seed growth tests. The seed viability test used a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor of seed origin from four districts: S1: Tolitoli seed origin, S2: Morowali seed origin, S3: Parigi Moutong seed origin and S4: Donggala seed origin. The seedling growth test used a different plot design (TPT) with the main plot of nutmeg seed S1: Tolitoli seed origin, S2: Morowali seed origin, S3: Parigi Moutong seed origin, S4: Donggala seed origin and subplot growth media M1: soil mixture and organic matter, M2: soil, M3: organic matter. The results showed that the nutmeg seeds from Parigi Moutong Regency had high viability with a percentage of the water content of 49.09% and a percentage of germination capacity of 95.55%. The best growth of nutmeg seedlings with the highest vigor index was from Parigi Moutong Regency’s seeds using a growing medium of mixed soil and organic matter with a composition (1: 1).
Page(s): 496-500 Date of Publication: 28 February 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5124Download PDF
Job satisfaction is the level of favorableness with which employees view their work. Satisfied work force with their job will influence the countries’ productivity and ultimately overall development. Hence the job satisfaction of Public Health Midwives (PHMs) would be an important factor to consider with regard to the quality of service provided by them to the health sector of the country. Therefore the purpose of the current study was to describe the job satisfaction and factors associated with job satisfaction among Public Health Midwives in Kandy District of Sri Lanka. This is a descriptive cross sectional study and the present study was conducted among all PHMs (n=480) who have worked for more than one year in the field of Kandy district. PHMs, who were under the administration of estate and the municipality and those who had less than one year of service in the field work were not included for the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used in the study to gather information. A questionnaire constructed based on two factor theory was selected as the study instrument. The final questionnaire consisted of 13 items which represent motivator or satisfactory variables and the hygienic or dissatisfactory variables. The percentage of midwives who were satisfied with their job from the study population was 138(28.7%). Almost half of the population 264(55.1%) was neither satisfied nor dissatisfied and 78 (16.2%) of midwives were dissatisfied. No one scored as strongly dissatisfied. Median for total satisfactory variables was 7 (mean-6.214) and dissatisfactory variables was 4 (mean- 4.05). Final job satisfaction rated a median of twelve (mean-10.245). Since satisfactory variables rated more than dissatisfactory variables, it could be concluded that total satisfaction was more influenced by satisfiers (motivators) than dissatisfactory (hygienic factors) variables. Considering the results the author recommends improvement of motivational factors to increase the level of the job satisfaction of the workforce.
Page(s): 501-507 Date of Publication: 28 January 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5125Download PDF
The study assessed the relationship between public health expenditure, health outcome and economic growth in Nigeria between 1980 to 2019. This is due to the relevance of human capital development as a propeller of National development, especially in time like this when the global economy has become knowledge based. ARDL was used to achieve the objective of the study. The result established that there exist a relationship between health human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria. Hence, the short run result for Average Adult Survival Rate shows a positive and significant effect on the economic growth; while the long run result of the same variable shows an insignificant negative effect on the economic growth. The result further revealed a positive and significant relationship between Food Supply and economic growth both in the short run and long run. In the same vein, the result for Population Growth rate shows a positive and significant effect on the economic growth both in the short run and long run. However, the result for Healthcare Expenditure reveal a negative but insignificant effect on the economic growth both in short run and long run; and similarly, the result for Nitro Oxide Emission shows a negative effect on the economic growth both in the short run and long run; and lastly, the result for school enrollment revealed a positive but insignificant effect on the economic growth both in the short run and long run. Based on the research findings of this study, it is recommended that government should redesign her policy toward health care expenditure in particular and human capital development in general; and put in place machineries for implementing and monitoring this policy for effective implementation. Fiscal policy can also be used to improve the allocation and utilization of funds in this sector. In addition, there should be higher investment in health infrastructure and control of diseases that will reduce the death rate in order to reduce the negative effect of the death rate on growth.
Page(s): 508-514 Date of Publication: 02 March 2021
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The purpose of the study was to examine the uses of play songs in the kindergarten education and factors confronting teachers in the use of play songs in kindergarten teaching in the Sefwi Wiawso Municipality of the Western Region of Ghana. Convenience and Purposive sampling techniques were used to select the participants for the study. In all, twelve (12) teachers from six (6) kindergarten schools in the municipality were sampled and used for the study. Using interview and observation as the main instruments for data collection, it was revealed that a child’s language, cognitive, physical, social, moral and emotional developments are usually enhanced through the use of play songs and its constituent music and movement experiences. It was realized that kindergarten teachers are not conscious of the significance of play songs as an integral part of nurturing their pupils’ total development. It was recommended among other things that the use of play songs in the kindergarten classroom cannot be overlooked, therefore, pre-service training courses for early childhood teachers in the various teaching institutions should include portfolio building of play songs as teaching materials and resources
Page(s): 515-524 Date of Publication: 03 March 2021
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This article examines the minority ethnic extractions otherwise (known as ethnic groups), reaction towards the unification in the 1959 and 1961 plebiscites. Sponsored by the United Nations, under the British, mandate for the part of the former British-Northern Cameroons, unification with the Federation of Nigeria, with the aim of ascertaining the reaction of the minority ethnic extraction who, supposedly against the unification of the trust territory, and voted against it in 1959 and 1961 plebiscite and why? The objectives of their reaction were because of what they called ‘oppression of Kanuri and the Fulani rulers’, and another to avoid been involved in the Jihad? This region, inhabited several ethnic extractions, in both ethnic and geographical compositions, considered as a large whole because of its diversity in common historical root. However, it was not possible to discuss all the ethnic extractions of the region, as we are concern with the ‘Chamba and Kaka-Ntem’ ethnic stocks who were said to be against the unifications, as available sources tend to suggest. The territory was quite remarkable with a unique historical occurrence. Therefore, Sources relied on are primary and secondary sources. We may infer that no part of Nigeria that has experienced such a significant historical feel. The finding of this article is not only the 19th-century Jihad added salt to injury, but rule of the Fulani and the Kanuri as were a made to understand. Undoubtedly, the result of which forced some of the minority ethnic extraction to migrate to Cameroon, while others restricted themselves to the mountaintop.
Page(s): 524-544 Date of Publication: 04 March 2021
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This study explored on high-performance work practices (HPWP) extent of implementation and affective commitment in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). A descriptive-quantitative design was utilized to determine the extent to which employees perceive that the organization implements HPWP in terms of ability, motivation and opportunity; and the perception of the employees towards affective commitment in HEIs. The empirical data of the study was based on the responses from seventy (70) teachers in HEIs. Findings revealed in general that employees perceived that the organization always implement high-performance work practices in terms of ability and motivation but only often in opportunity. Additionally, respondents agree that teachers are affectively committed to their organizations. Furthermore, HEIs recognize the importance of implementing high-performance work practices and that it affects the affective commitment of the employees. Employees with strong affective commitment will continue to work in the organization and will lead to fewer turnovers.
Page(s): 545-553 Date of Publication: 05 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5126Download PDF
The present paper advances an innovative methodological variant of the general research approach of ‘qualitative comparative analysis among multiple case studies’, as an effective approach for policy analysis. This variant is presented as a particularly effective approach in situations that require development, and institution, of the public policy of a country pertaining to a highly specialized subject area that intrinsically stands to benefit from relevant policies and practices of other countries; and it is explicated in the present paper using the process of developing a national space policy for Sri Lanka as the sample instance of policy analysis. The key methodological innovation advanced here involves positioning that country in respect of which the process of development of a new national policy is intended to be informed by way of comparative policy analysis, as the ‘central case study’, in relation to the other multiple case studies, the latter being primarily chosen for the purpose of enabling, and informing, the cross-case comparative analysis and, hence, positioned, and referred to, as the ‘multiple reference-case-studies’. Thus, Sri Lanka, was positioned as the ‘central case study’, and three other Asian countries, namely India, Thailand and the Philippines, were selected and positioned as the ‘reference-case-studies’. This variant provides an effective methodological framework for developing the national space policies of developing countries—a contemporary need of many a developing country making its entry into the space domain.
Page(s): 554-562 Date of Publication: 05 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5127Download PDF
Alcohol use disorder is a condition that develops as a result of problematic alcohol use. The study examined the relationship between social anxiety and self-compassion among persons with alcohol use disorder in the three main psychiatric hospitals and an alcohol rehabilitation centre in Ghana. The study employed a correlational design and used purposive sampling in obtaining its participants. Sixty participants were involved in the study and Frequencies and Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient were used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that social anxiety was highly prevalent among participants and moderate level of self-compassion was observed. A highly significant inverse relationship between social anxiety and self-compassion was also found. The sample size and the use of an adapted version of the self-compassion scale are considered limitations for the study. Also, persons with alcohol use disorders in the study were addicted to at least one other psychoactive substance and this was also considered a limitation of the study.
Page(s): 563-568 Date of Publication: 07 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5128Download PDF
Maize cereals have become a dominant food crop for both human and domestic animals in most parts of the globe especially Sub-Saharan Africa. This study endeavors to assess the factors which influence the farmers of this product to sell the green maize in Kenya. The study will be guided by two objectives; what are the available government policies on food security (maize) and what are the motivating factors for commercialization of green maize. The geographical scope of the study is Nandi South Sub-county, Kenya while the time scope 2016-2017. The study adopted a qualitative approach by critically analyzing the available literature to reach a logical conclusion. The study found that; the government of Kenya has policies- Credit facility policy, Price reduction policy, which are but in paper where its implementation does not see the light of the day. The famers are motivated to sell green maize by the following factors: Higher returns to farmers, demand of Green Maize and Productivity, no guarantees of returns by the government on dry maize, the middle men tend to benefit and farmers plight are ignored. The study recommends that the government should guarantee farmers maximum returns. In conclusion, for a country to develop the population should be well fed hence the government should implement policies which will be able to ensure there is enough food reserve and the farmers to be ensured maximum returns on their products.
Page(s): 569-574 Date of Publication: 08 March 2021
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This research compared the effect of different feed ration on growing grasscutters to obtain a compounded feed that is efficient in managing this rodent in captivity. Ten young grasscutters (2 months old) were weighed at the initial stage, put in five compartment cages (two animals in a cage) of equal dimension: 0.75 x 0.38 x 0.40 m (L x W x H). Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used to allow the animals in their cages, labeled Treatments 1to 5 (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5). The animals were fed with varying percentages of compounded maize, millet, Guinea corn, sweet potatoes, cassava tubers with clean water, and forage every day for six months. The feeds used for each treatment were labeled F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5 respectively. Data were collected weekly on body weight (kg) and length (cm) of the animals by the use of weighing balance and ruler respectively. The result shows that T2 animals, fed with the highest percentage of millet were significantly higher (P<0.05) in both body weight and length, while T4 animals fed with sweet potatoes have the lowest body weight and length. This work recommends improving grasscutter feed with millet flour for fast growth and agility.
Page(s): 575-582 Date of Publication: 08 March 2021
DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.5129Download PDF
Farmer-grazier conflicts remain one of the greatest factors that have impeded peaceful coexistence between farmers and graziers in the Bamenda Grasslands of Cameroon. In spite of attempts made by the colonial and post-colonial governments in arresting the problem, the hitch has persisted over the years. Though the re-occurrence of these conflicts has been attributed to corruption perpetuated by those involved in the management of these crises, the paper argues that the termination of local government’s role in the management of these conflicts in 1978 instead intensified skirmishes. Drawing allusion from colonial legislation where local governments had the final authority, outbursts was uncommon. However, the granting of authority to central government officials after independence instead fanned these conflicts and greatly worked against its mitigation. The paper concludes that, for the effective eradication of these conflicts, local government’s involvement is necessary since they understand local realities in their communities than appointed civil servants or central authority agents.
Page(s): 583-592 Date of Publication: 09 March 2021
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This study investigated how the politics of teacher unions affect teacher benefits. The study sought to investigate the political strategies that teacher unions employ in order to fight for the benefits of teachers and the teachers’ awareness of these union activities. This study was carried out among teachers in public primary and secondary schools in Western Kenya. The respondents included classroom teachers in primary and secondary schools, school heads and principals as well as a teacher union official. This study adopted Dewey’s Pragmatic paradigm where workable methods are used for problem solving. A concurrent mixed method design was adopted so that both quantitative and qualitative data could be collected at the same time. This allowed for collection of both the feelings and attitudes of respondents as well as collection of a wide range of opinions from many respondents through survey for generalization. Quantitatively, 114 filled survey questionnaires were gathered from respondents with data on political strategies used by teacher unions, union accessibility to members, general feeling about unions by teachers and benefits that members derive from unions. 9 interviews with school heads and union leader were conducted to obtain the qualitative data. To triangulate the data collected, documents analysis of union correspondence and government documents was also carried out. Findings revealed that teacher unions effectively used both coercive and diplomatic strategies in fighting for benefits for teachers despite challenges that faced them. These political strategies included staging strikes and negotiating Collective Bargaining Agreements (CBA) that improved teachers’ salaries, allowances, health benefits among others. Findings revealed the political power of unions lie in numerical numbers of teachers and the financial resources from union dues. However, having observed that unions only recruit salaried members, I would recommend further research on the possibility of in cooperating non-salaried teachers in order to give the union more power for negotiation.
Page(s): 593-599 Date of Publication: 11 March 2020
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The Islamic legislation is meant for all nations and creeds and aims at the good of humanity. Sometimes the Shariah bans anything that begets no profit to mankind and when it approves of anything it is beneficial to both Muslims and non-Muslims. Under Shariah justice is dispensed to all irrespective of faith, tribe or colour. Shariah is against persecution and threaten to punish anyone who contemplates using it as a means of achieving undesirable ends. The Glorious Qur’an is explicit on human rights that people often campaigned for. Some of these are right to own property, right to social security and state provision of basic necessities like food, clothing, housing, medical, right to choice of religion and decent living. Islam is generally a complete way of life it conceives social justice as all forms of righteous deeds that precipitate a peaceful co-existence in the human race regardless of what religion one believes in. Hence, Shariah prescribes justice towards friends and enemies alike. Muslims are required by it to deal with all people with kindness, tolerance and generosity. This paper seeks to highlight Islam’s mission to establish peace and justice on earth under the law of Allah. And secondly, to expand the Ummahdemographically and consolidate its existing constituencies.
Page(s): 600-603 Date of Publication: 11 March 2021
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The present research is in line with the trend towards the adoption of the Competence-Based Approach (CBA) in most African countries in general and Cameroon in particular due to the fact that, Cameroon implemented nationwide started at primary schools the CBA in September 2018. Born from rising global economic and professional exigencies, the Competency-Based Approach gained momentum in the 1990s in France and in most Francophone African countries around the globe. Consequently, recruitment is based on the competencies of job seekers. Hence, it is legitimate that schools integrate this new reality so that graduates fulfill socio- professional exigencies in a timely manner. De Ketele (2001, in Hirrt, 2009, p.6) is of this view when he says: “it is indeed the socio-economic climate which has determined the notion of competency as the adults shaped by schools were not sufficiently trained to enter the work force”. In Cameroon, pedagogic methods of teaching have revolved from teaching using dogmatic method to teaching using objective method and of recent to teaching using the competency-based approach (CBA). The notion of Competency based education was introduced in French speaking African countries in 1996, but during the Conference of Ministers of Education in Yaoundé in Cameroon in July 2012 it was introduced to the Cameroon system of education.(Bernard et al, 2007), This approach (CBA) was introduced in Cameroon partly because of the failure to meet the educational expectations using ―teaching by objective. Competency based approach was acclaimed as a more effective approach to teaching and learning due to its envisaged benefits in enhancing the acquisition of knowledge and competences. Overcoming learners ‘misconceptions on the difficulty in the teaching and learning of educational statistics is a necessity especially with the implementation of the new innovative approach (CBA), which is a learner centered approach. Students sometimes develop misconceptions about sub branch of mathematic called statistics because they did not understand the lesson that was taught. Educational statistics is a technical aspect educational research in universities in Cameroon and since most students have little knowledge about this course and the negative attitude they have for statistics related courses, they feel that the course is a difficult one. This research study is interested in assessing how CBA can be used in overcoming learners ‘misconceptions on the difficulties faced in the teaching and learning of educational statistics inschools. This research work is therefore of significance to students, teachers and to the educational world. The main theories that will guide the work will be cognitive and socio constructivist theories of learning. Socio constructivist theory of learning is a product of socio cognitive activities linked to the didactic exchanges between teacher-students and students-students. Cognitive theory stipulates that learning takes place using memory, motivation, and reasoning. The methods which will be used in collecting data are qualitative and quantitative methods, classroom observations, sampling with the use of questionnaires, key informant interviews. Data shall be analyzed via SPSS version 20. At the end of this research work, the researcher will propose strategies and methods which can be used in overcoming learners ‘misconceptions on the difficulties in the teaching and learning of educational statistics using CBA at the level of Universities.
Page(s): 604-624 Date of Publication: 11 March 2021
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