After 15 years of liberation struggle, Angola attained independence from Portugal in 1975. Almost immediately, the country descended into a civil war as power struggle ensued between the three former Liberation Movements namely, the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) (which took over state rule after independence), the National Union for Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), and the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA).The civil war attracted the intervention of conflict entrepreneurs. Angola became a cold war zone with superpowers like United States of America, Union of Soviet Socialist Republic and France gaining ground for testing their weapons among other economic interests. South Africa’s drive for regional hegemony, and Zaire’s desire to establish influence in the area were examples of how seriously the rivalries and peace spoilers were bargaining for power at the expense of peace and sustainable development in Angola. The civil war was being funded by sales of diamonds and oil to United States of America, United Kingdom, France, Russia and Cuba in exchange for weapons and military personnel (mercenaries).Findings from research, indicated that fundamental issues underpinning the civil war ranged from power politics and control of resources. Deep ideological and strong ethnic differences, low literacy in the society, poor economic policies and corruption were also causes of the protracted conflict, making peace initiatives impossible. The Angolan civil war period can be divided as 1975-1991, 1992-1994, 1998-2002 with each period characterised by break-down of a fragile peace (Ferreira 2006). About 8 peace agreements were signed without success with the civil war escalating each time an agreement is signed, resulting in about 1.5 million people dying and more than 4 million people internally displaced (Amnesty International 2001).The death of the UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi in a battle in 2002 and the surrender of UNITA, signalled the signing of a memorandum of understanding between Armed Forces of Angola (FAA) and UNITA which brought the Angolan civil war to an end. The ceasefire and peace agreement, which outlawed any hostile interventions, triggered the demise of all external actors and peace spoilers as well as bringing to light a massive humanitarian crisis in which over 18 million people needed food assistance, more than 4 million displaced families needed repatriation, and over 85000 UNITA soldiers demobilized and more than 43000 family members became dependent on government and the international community (Kibble and Steve 2003). The focus on new Angola is now on post-conflict reconstruction, peace-building, respect for human rights and sustainable development.
Page(s): 01-05 Date of Publication: 16 July 2019
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International Public Sector Accounting Standard (IPSAS) is gradually being implemented in the public sector of the Nigerian economy. This is to cater for the need to achieve transparency, uniformity, consistency and comparability in the preparation of financial statements by the public sector entities in Nigeria, as it is the case around the world. This study assesses the perception of stakeholders (Accountants, Auditors and Chief Executive Officers) in Government Ministries, Departments, Agencies and Public Educational Institutions on whether or not the implementation of IPSAS has achieved its desired objectives in Southwestern Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are therefore to: categorize the perceptions of the stakeholders on the implementation exercise, identify the possible challenges yet to be addressed and draw up an inference on the extent to which implementation had been achieved. In order to achieve the objectives stated above, the survey method was adopted using questionnaire, interviews and focus group discussions. 150 respondents were purposively selected from stakeholder groups consisting of: Accountants, Auditors and Chief Executive Officers from government Ministries, Departments, Agencies and public Educational institutions for the administration of the questionnaire. 118 valid copies of the questionnaire were retrieved for which both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze using Statistical Product for Scientific Solution (SPSS), version 22.From the study, it was found out that the level of implementation achieved was still below 40%and the following challenges were yet to be addressed: low level of awareness, inadequate training, high cost of training and re-training, poor record keeping, apathy on the part of implementers, low motivation of staff, inadequate supervision and high risk of irrelevance of current practitioners due to the fact that implementation of IPSAS is IT-based.The study concludes that implementation of IPSAS in Southwestern Nigeria was still below expectation in government Ministries, Departments, Agencies and public Educational institutions as far as preparation and presentation of was concerned. Substantial conscious efforts were therefore needed to spur the stakeholders into action to ensure that the objectives of Accrual basis IPSAS Financial Reporting achieved in southwestern Nigeria.
Page(s): 06-10 Date of Publication: 17 July 2019
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Purpose- This paper aimed to determine the employee and financial factors affecting curriculum implementation in Marakwet West Sub-county, Egeiyo Marakwet County. Design/ Methodology/ Approach- descriptive statistics were used to analyze data involving 2400 school managers, teachers and parents among the schools in Marakwet West Sub-County. Findings- The study findings showed a positive effect of employee and financial factors on curriculum implementation among schools in the sub-county. Research Limitations/Implications- The cross-sectional nature of collection of data weakens the author’s claim of causality between the variables in focus. Similarly, the descriptive analysis done couldn’t provide the real effects as the variability and causality of the variables couldn’t be determined with such statistics. School managers need to uphold employee and financial factors which would improve curriculum implementation in those schools. Practical implications- schools must focus on staff and financial factors while delivering their curriculum in order to be assured of effective curriculum implementation. Social implications- employee and financial factors have an impact on effective curriculum implementation among schools, hence the society benefits from such implementation. The school stakeholders should strive to improve on them for societal benefits. Originality/ Value- This is the first study to investigate a linear relationship between employee and financial factors on curriculum implementation among schools in Marakwet West sub-county, Elgeiyo Marakwet County.
Page(s): 11-17 Date of Publication: 17 July 2019
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Developing countries are awash with protracted conflicts, intriguing narratives of belligerent groups fighting incumbent government. The quest for stability and sustainable governance strikes at the root of inquiry whether Sierra Leone has moved on since the war ended. This paper is retrospective and prescriptive in nature. Retrospective in the sense that, it attempts to analyze the historiography of Sierra Leone conflict, methods and tools as well as the actors who were involved in one of the prolonged conflicts in Africa. It is also prescriptive in the sense that it looks beyond the Sierra Leone crisis and appreciates the efforts put in place to end the Sierra Leone stalemate. This paper, therefore, seeks to examine the causes of the Sierra Leone conflict and the various interventions employed by the international community to secure a peaceful and durable solution to the conflict. The paper starts with a background account of the conflict, discusses the key factors that contributed to the conflict and concludes with the various measures employed by the international community to resolve the conflict
Page(s): 18-25 Date of Publication: 17 July 2019
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The population of the older adults in Nigeria and indeed globally, has continued to rise with increasing life expectancy. In Nigeria, the elderly population are disproportionately affected by poverty and diseases, and are at higher risk for social exclusion. With the absent of a defined social security benefit, the need for social inclusion for the elderly has become greater because family support for the elderly is gradually fading and may become a thing of the past in the near future. The 2030 agenda for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is emphatic on the mantra “No one left behind,” with particular focus on the vulnerable including the elderly. In this paper, pieces of literature on social exclusion experienced by the Nigeria elderly were reviewed to identify the key areas where social exclusion are concentrated and to suggest innovative tools to ensure that people of all ages are socially integrated. Findings revealed that Nigerian elderly are excluded from health care access, education and information technology, financial services, economic resources, as well as civic and societal participation. The author suggested that the stakeholders involvement in formulation and implementation of viable social security policy for the Nigerian elderly; age – oriented education for all Nigerians; the need for government to provide support to family members who have elderly persons to care for, and need for a policy that promotes adult education and economic empowerment for the elderly, are all needed for members of all ages to be socially integrated.
Page(s): 26-30 Date of Publication: 17 July 2019
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Methods of teaching can be explained as a way of causing a learner to acquire knowledge or a skill as well as imparting of necessary incidental information to achieve certain desired goalsthe teacher in this case has to plan instructional activities that will ensure learning has to take place. The purpose of the study was to identify methods used by teachers in the teaching of History and Government at secondary school in Webuye Division, Bungoma County, Kenya. The study was modeled by Systems theory developed by the Biologist, Ludwig von Bertalanffy. The study was carried out in selected secondary schools in Webuye Division, Bungoma County. Questionnaireswere used as tools for collecting data which was analyzed quantitatively. The study found that, teachers in Webuye Division, Bungoma County regularly used methods like, lecture, discussion and question and answer while field trip was less often used. The study recommends that Learner-centered methods of teaching History and government like field trips, role play, dramatization, and project should be encouraged in secondary Education.
Page(s): 31-34 Date of Publication: 18 July 2019
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The complementary roles being played by the Private Security Companies in mitigating the security challenges confronting the nation have been seen by many security scholars as a welcome development. The deteriorating security situation and ever-increasing economic activities is likely to ensure a continued and expanding role for Private Security Companies in Nigeria, thus the study examine Private Security Companies (PSCs) and the Regulatory Agency in Nigeria: Evidence from Ekiti State, considering the importance of security governance on economic and sustainable development. The complementary role played by the activities of PSCs cannot be over emphasized hence the need for adequate regulatory and legal framework guiding the operations of PSCs for effective service delivery and public confidence on their operations. The study is a field survey research, both primary and secondary data were sourced. Findings from the study revealed that licensing, regulation, monitoring and supervision of the activities of the PSCs are carried out by Nigeria Security and Civil Defense Corp (NSCDC). However the study revealed that PSCs are not effectively supervised with 42% respondents agreed that NSCDC supervised PSCs monthly. The regulation of PSCs should be all encompassing, and not limited to licensing which is an aspect of revenue generation to the government. The perception of PSCs services by their clients/users/beneficiaries are adjudged effective in Ekiti State.
Page(s): 35-44 Date of Publication: 18 July 2019
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Sharing among believers is an expression of adherence and response to the truths shared in the Bible. This article aims to encourage believers to do a soul searching exercise before engaging in the practice of sharing among themselves. A thorough biblical reflection will provide the foundation which Christian giving is based. What believers should understand is that giving is part of the Christian act of mercy and as such it needs to be encouraged among them. Within the Christendom sharing increases unity, love for each other, and meeting of each other’s needs and priory focus of what eternity is likely mirrored. Convinced of this truth, this paper is a follow up of what I wrote about, “will Christians ever balance – the urban rich and poor?”
Page(s): 45-49 Date of Publication: 19 July 2019
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I. INTRODUCTION
The Ancient Christianity in Africa was packed in North Africa, Nubia (the valley of the Blue Nile) and Axum (exhibit day Ethiopia). According to Frederiks (2010:3) the primary Christian-Muslim experience on the African soil was tranquil in nature. Islamic displaced people who fled from oppression discovered haven in Africa. This accommodation and inter-religious acknowledgment is still much of the time alluded to as the African network for interfaith experiences. Be that as it may, with the Umayyad intrusion of North Africa, brutal characteristics and inevitable subjection of Christians to peon unfavorably spoiled the African lattice for interfaith experiences. Step by step, holy places in North Africa vanished as quittance from jizya through islamization outweighed everything else (Sanneh, 1983: 15-17). Ryan (2002: 189) takes note of that Islam had turned into the religion of the decision class. Muslim nearness in North Africa and ensuing transformation of Berbers from the tenth century brought about the decision class tolerating the Islamic confidence. For example, Kings of Gao (985 AD), Tekrur (1040 AD) and of old Ghana and Mali changed over to Islam (Clarke, 1983:10; Trimingham, 1992:28).Page(s): 50-55 Date of Publication: 19 July 2019
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Nigeria’s transition from military to civil rule on 29th May, 1999 was greeted with great optimism by the people. However, after about two decades into Nigeria’s Fourth Republic, politics and the Nigerian brand of democracy have become very expensive. While there is mass poverty, unemployment, phenomenal inequality and looming insecurity, the Nigerian ruling class in charge of budget appropriation (in the executive and the National Assembly)are more interested in having their salaries and allowances increased in total disregard of the people whose mandate put them in office. The paper is essentially a descriptive and analytical one, focusing on the relationship between politics, budget appropriation and the outcome for development from 1999 to 2017. The theoretical framework adopted is historical materialism. In a democracy, budgeting is a social contract between the people and their elected representatives. As is an authoritative decision on the priorities and policies of government, the budget is both a political and an economic tool. However, a disproportionate component of political factors renders its economic and developmental value worthless. With lack of plan-budget link and the nature of budget politics, budget appropriation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic has not been able to reduce poverty, inequality and deliverdemocratic dividends. Budgeting has been hijacked by the Nigerian ruling class to under-develop the country at the expense of democracy and development.In spite of operating constitutional federalism, the absence of enabling conditions for democratic participation at the grassroots is the greatest obstacle to democracy and development in Nigeria. Thus, since the power of the purse in a democracy belongs to the people, and politics is mainly about decision-making process for the common good of all members of society, an adapted participatory budgeting process is fundamental.
Page(s): 56-68 Date of Publication: 19 July 2019
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Private Christian schools are not just helping the Government of Kenya to provide quality education to its citizens. They have to ensure that they also fulfill their primary purpose as Christian learning institutions. Christian schools exist to produce holistic learners who will be cherished by all the stakeholders in the Kenyan community and beyond. They should also prepare learners to be leaders who possess Christian integrity and who actively engage in fulfilling mission Dei.This can be achieved by integrating faith in learning and in core-curricular activities. The purpose of this paper is to challenge Christian educators concerning the need and process of integrating faith in learning so that Christian schools can achieve the goals of Christian education.
Page(s): 69-71 Date of Publication: 19 July 2019
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The greater demand for well-trained teachers in a society justifies the need for more effective, life-changing training under leadership inclusive vision practice. In relation to this, we conducted a study on the influence of leadership inclusive vision on provision of holistic training on the student-teachers in public Primary Teachers Training Colleges (PTTC), which was guided by the influence of defined vision and mission, stakeholders’ needs and inclusive curriculum on provision of holistic training. The study adopted a mixed methodology and an explanatory design, as well as leadership theory and holistic education theory. From a population of 2061 respondents, a sample size of 633 respondents was taken using stratified random sampling as 30% of student-teachers and lecturers while principals, BOM chairmen, deputy principals, deans of students, deans of curriculum and student leaders were taken as whole independent units. The study found leadership in the colleges lacked inclusive vision to encourage inclusivity and holistic training on student-teachers. The study recommended the student-teachers be trained holistically and an inclusive curriculum be designed to cater for an all-round training and provide sufficient funding. It was recommended that further studies on PTTCs in other regions in Kenya be conducted to confirm these results.
Page(s): 72-78 Date of Publication: 20 July 2019
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Adolescence period is a very important period in which an individual develops the ability to choose and determine self. This is the hallmark of maturity. It is believed that heredity interacts with environmental influences to determine individual’s development. It is also believed that this adolescence period is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings. These views have implications for the social development and education of the adolescents. It is on this premise that this researcher takes a look at the early history of adolescence, the twentieth century contribution of Stanley Hall, who was labeled the father of the scientific study of adolescence; and Margaret Mead’s sociocultural view of adolescence. This paper also looks at the issue of stereotyping adolescents, the current status of adolescents, the nature of development and different theories of adolescent development. In conclusion, every adolescent needs a personal relationship with a caring adult to counsel him or her. The children and adolescents who successfully cope with stress consistently have someone in their lives whose actions say “you count, I love you and will care for you”. Parents traditionally should be the source of this long-term trusting and supportive relationship. However, as the society becomes more complex and demanding, more and more parents depend on school counsellors.
Page(s): 79-83 Date of Publication: 20 July 2019
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This study is designed to investigate the survival strategies for small and medium enterprises in Africa with particular reference to Nigeria. A total of 90 SME’s were randomly selected from business industrial cluster in Lagos (South West) Nigeria and used for the study. Secondary data were used for data collection. Analysis was conducted via descriptive statistics; frequency tables were used for summarizing the data. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 2.0 was used, being relatively recent and advance version of SPSS, a multivariate regression model was used to measure the variables of communication networking models on SME’s growth. The result reveals that the variables of communication networking models (knowledge spillover, technological innovation, and interactions within clusters) have significant positive influence on SME’s growth. Both regression and correlation results indicated communication network model variables had positive influence on SME’s growth. Knowledge spillover was the most significant with correlation relationship of 43.3% combined strategies to influence the profitability and growth of SME’s. The study recommended that SME’s owners should explore the dynamic changes occasioned by communication networking models in other to improve on information linkages behaviour, and networking characterization that can improve SME’s existence in the business ecosystem.
Page(s): 84-93 Date of Publication: 21 July 2019
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This paper is an extract from the master’s study which was investigating the implementation of civic entrepreneurship in the governance of public universities with a focus on the University of Zambia. Therefore, this paper focuses on exploring the challenges encountered in the implementation process of civic entrepreneurship and suggests strategies that could address such challenges. The study followed a qualitative case study design. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from 56 respondents who were sampled using snowball and convenient sampling. Document analysis was equally employed in the collection of data. Data analysis was done on the basis of themes that emerged from the study. The findings of this study indicated that lack of financial resources and strong financial framework for funding public universities was a major challenge in the implementation of civic entrepreneurship in the university governance system. The study further indicated that there was a lot of bureaucracy in the governance of the University of Zambia. The study therefore recommends that there was need to re-engineer the governance system at the University of Zambia. The university management should devise and adopt less bureaucratic systems of governing the university. The government is implored to devise a financial framework for funding public universities in order to enhance effective delivery of education services and good governance of public universities in Zambia.
Page(s): 94-100 Date of Publication: 21 July 2019
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The article presents the challenges faced by the trading and consumption of charcoal in Bujumbura city. The biggest challenge results from an increase in its price, which was triggered mainly by government politics, including the environmental condition standards and decrease in the efficiency of generating its production. The establishment of an autonomous and non-governmental structure or a Charcoal Marketing Company in charge of all activities of the energy sector based on the woodhave been proposed. This allows for determining the marginal price of a given product for a given generating unit in the system and the optimal production of charcoal to meet its demand. Disturbances in the charcoal market (oversupply or shortage situations) are reflected in the energy sector, for which the price and the main cost factors of charcoal should be on the head of this company. It is assumed that all charcoal activities must be preceded by the regulation works. In other words, investment expenditures in the charcoal sector have a high meaning and benefit to consumers. It has been shown that the distribution of charcoal capacities is not enough because of its transportation which meets different problems. Based on the presented arguments it can be concluded that a system of regulation that takes care of all the activities related to the production, transport, marketing of charcoal is the only one that will fight against this upheaval of prices at any time.
Page(s): 101-105 Date of Publication: 21 July 2019
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The study examined street harassment experiences of female undergraduate students at a university in Gweru, Zimbabwe. Socio-cultural and socio-control theories informed the study. The research adopted a constructivist, qualitative approach. Interviews were carried out with 18 undergraduate female students between the ages of 19 to 24 years to find out the nature of street harassment they experienced, how they responded to the harassment as well as what could be done to make them move in the city without fear of harassment. The study found out that street harassment was prevalent in public transport and in the streets. Street harassment was attributed to how female students dressed as well as a general negative attitude towards them. The street harassment issue was attributed to male domination of the public space with the intention of keeping females in a subordinate position. What emerges from this study is that street harassment is a matter of concern to the female undergraduate students who feel that their freedom of movement is restricted due to consistent and persistent street harassment by men. Reporting to police does not seem to yield any positive results. If anything it brings further harassment of the participants. There is need to induct the police into the issue of street harassment by educating and empowering them about respecting girls especially those who come to report that they have been harassed. Furthermore, the participants believe that public education is a vital piece of the battle to eliminate street harassment.
Page(s): 106-113 Date of Publication: 21 July 2019
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Wheare’s classic definition of federalism as the method of dividing powers (political and economic) in such a way that the general and regional governments are each within its sphere co-ordinate and independent seems to anticipate that development, which is the raison d’etre of governments, can better be facilitated by the people on whom the development will directly impact. By implication, the powers divided among the federating units as extrapolated from Wheare’s description are powers to engage in such multidimensional processes geared towards the improvement of the living standards of the people, achieved by paying immense attention to the people’s needs and interests. This paper investigated the relationship between democracy, federalism and development, and adopted the Overlapping Model of Wright’s Theory of Intergovernmental Relations which focuses attention on the relationship between and among federating units in a federation in respect of power and jurisdictional scope determined by the units’ income and expenditure capabilities, as the theoretical framework. The work is largely a desk study. Specifically, data was mainly collected from secondary sources, while content analysis was adopted as the method of data analysis. The paper argues that development is more likely to occur when the necessary powers are directly domiciled with the people, and the surest way to bring these powers closer to the people is essentially through the judicious implementation of democratic federal principles. It also argues that essentially, for heterogeneous democratic states like Nigeria to attain development, they must review their federal systems to be suited to the historical and existential realities of their societies. This is because the role of the modern federal state in development is mainly dependent on the form of federalism obtainable in that federation.
Page(s): 114-123 Date of Publication: 21 July 2019
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The study intended to investigate availability and utilization of textbooks on students’ academic achievement in Public day secondary schools in Kisii County, Kenya. The concern was why the decline in students’ academic achievement in public day secondary schools in Kisii County when the government of Kenya is funding all public secondary schools through the Free Day Secondary Education(FDSE) program.The study was guided by the production function model of education. The study adopted a correlational research design which involved students and teachers from the 246 public day secondary schools in Kisii County. The target population was 24266 participants comprising of 21843 form four students and 2,423 teachers in public day secondary schools in Kisii County. The sample size of this study was selected using on-proportionate sampling, systematic random sampling and purposive sampling techniques. Non-proportionate sampling technique was used to sample schools, systematic random sampling technique was used to sample students while teachers were sampled using purposive sampling technique. The Yamane simplified formula was used to calculate the sample size. The sample size was therefore 401 students and 25 teachers totaling to 426 subjects. Data collection was done by use of student questionnaire (SQ) and Teachers Interview Schedule (TIS). The data collected were both quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative data were analyzed using inferential statistics, Pearson’s Product Moment Correlational Coefficient analysis and multiple regression. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically and were reported as direct quotations. Findings from the analyzed data were presented as tables, figures and graphs. The study found out that school resources needed for teaching and learning were available in public day secondary school in Kisii County. The study revealed that availability and utilization of textbooks,had a relationship with students’ academic achievement.
Page(s): 124-127 Date of Publication: 23 July 2019
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Corporate social responsible engagements are the one of the increasing popular marketing strategy to create customer loyalty particularly in the retail banking industry. Hence, in this study researchers present a conceptual framework which aims to enhance the customer loyalty through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the context of retail banking industry in Sri Lanka. Further the research model presents the mediating effect of customer satisfaction in between CSR and customer loyalty. The proposed model is an extension of the study conducted by Ellen, Webb, and Mohr (2006). The model comprises Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as an upstream variable, Customer Loyalty (CUL) as a downstream variable, and Customer Satisfaction (CUS) as a mediating variable. Relationships between these constructs are discussed, together withresearch hypothesis. Further, this study is much needed to empirically test to get the new cues on the subject of CSR of the Sri Lankan Consumers’ perspective. Researchimplications of the conceptual model are presented, as directions for future research,which would be of use to researchers and practitioners in the societal marketing field.
Page(s): 128-136 Date of Publication: 23 July 2019
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This paper was on the study of Islam and her partnership with other players in promotion of national cohesion and integration in Kenya. Social divisions have remained a key challenge in the Country and various players have come in to address the problem. Ethnic tensions which are mostly politically fueled have remained real even on the aftermath of the 2007 Post Election Violence. National cohesion and integration have since therefore become an area of interest both at government and civic levels. Yet owing to the complexity of the task, partnership between various players is critical. From the study it was established that some level of partnership exists between Islam and other actors, including the church and the state organs such as the Provincial Administration. However, this partnership was discovered to be very limited in addition to only being active during crisis.
Page(s): 137-146 Date of Publication: 23 July 2019
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The study sought to examine local knowledge adaptation measures in response to climate change in Southern Africa, with specific reference to Chivi District in Zimbabwe. A qualitative approach, informed by the interpretative paradigm was adopted. Data was collected using focus group discussions comprised of elderly community members. This was augmented by interviews that included Meteorological Officers and Environmental Management Agency Officer and observations made by the researcher. The results revealed that adaptation measures were adopted for crop farming, livestock agriculture and other livelihood adaptations. Crop farming adaptation included use of infiltration pits, crop diversification, staggering planting dates, mulching, rain-making ceremonies, collective farming and Zunde RaMambo. Livestock adaptations include livestock diversification, relocation, food preservation and alternative water sources. Other methods of adapting to climate change include food diversification, selling wild fruits and establishment of woodlots. Some of the adaptation measures were now losing relevance, for instance, rain making ceremonies as people shifted from the traditional regard of spiritual matters. This has adversely impacted on the adaptation measures to contribute towards the community’s sustainable development. Poverty and hunger in the Chivi community continues to be a humanitarian issue worth of consideration by the government.
Page(s): 147-155 Date of Publication: 23 July 2019
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The study examines the effect of single parenthood on the Nigerian child, using Amassoma community as a case study. All children between the ages of twelve to seven (12-17) who are living in single parent homes and dual parent homes constituted the population of the study. The study adopted a survey and co-relational study design. A total sample of 220 children was selected using the purposive and snowball sampling techniques. A well-structured questionnaire was the main source of primary data collection. The descriptive statistics of percentages, frequency, mean and standard deviation were the basic analytical tool used for the analysis of socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents while, the inferential statistics of binary regression logistics and spearman correlation coefficient served as the tool for determining the relationship between variables. The findings of the study showed that single parenting has a negative effect on children, that is, children in single parent families face significantly greater problems than children raised in dual parent families. Based on the findings, the study recommended amongst other things that parent stay together with children to ensure that their welfare is properly catered for; that public enlightenment on issue if parent skills, family planning, family values and child discipline should be done regularly as this will strengthen and integrate families.
Page(s): 156-162 Date of Publication: 24 July 2019
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This paper titled: The contributions of Justice Umar Ibrahim in contending the social depression is trying to highlight the role played by Justice Umar Ibrahim in eradicating social depression which dominate some people in Nigerian society, more especially some Muslims who claims asceticism saying that working hard for making money or rising and developing economy is a kind of verity and pride and the decoration of this world, they think that making many keep back the servant from his God almighty and it will prevent them from interring Faradize, the orations without any doubt explains the misconceived by some people in developing economy.
Page(s): 163-164 Date of Publication: 24 July 2019
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The study examined the Determinants of Internal Audit Effectiveness in Selected Hospitals within the Kumasi Metropolis using qualitative study. Primary data in the form of administration of questionnaire to (60) respondents was used. The discovered that internal audit units of the four selected hospitals were effective in the discharge of their duties and further observed that, the determinants of Internal Audit effectiveness included amongst others(arranged chronologically): Higher salaries and incentives of internal auditors (motivation) with a mean score of 2.10, Organizational Independence also had an average score of 1.77, Effective internal controls scored 1.71 as a third variable of internal audit effectiveness determinant, Adequate internal audit charter and frequent internal audit meetings both came fourth and fifth scoring an average of 1.61 respectively, Competent internal audit staff came sixth with a mean score of 1.35, with last but not least being management support which also scored an average mark of 1.29. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher recommended that there should be separation of powers between the appointing authority of internal auditors and those in charge of determining their incentives and remuneration so as to ensure total independence of internal auditors.
Page(s): 165-168 Date of Publication: 24 July 2019
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The success and failure and the acceptance or rejection of the outcome of any election results, rest by and large on the kind of electoral roll used in the said elections. In Ghana, since the inception of the fourth republic, the issue of maintaining a credible voters’ register has always remained a challenge to the Electoral Commission of Ghana.This paper looks at reforms introduced by the Electoral Commission of Ghana to improve on Voter Registration exercises. The research was a mix of qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. Both purposive sampling and systematic sampling techniques were used. Again, both questionnaire and interviews were used to gather the data needed.The findings made suggest several important conclusions. It was apparent from the findings that, the voters’ register used in the 2008 general elections was bloated withdeceased persons’ names, minors, multiple registrants and non-Ghanaians.This study had established that, the Biometric Voter Register Technology (BVR) had been able to reduce multiple registrants drastically. Over 90 percent of the respondents had the opinion that the BVR technology should be maintained.
Page(s): 169-177 Date of Publication: 24 July 2019
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National Security is critical for National Development and intra societal co-existence. It entails the protection of a Nation and its people from Internal and External aggression and other matters of geographical, social and economic interest. Nigeria as a nation continues to witness internal insecurity issues such as terrorism, religious conflicts, militancy, communal clashes, Fulani herdsmen/Farmers clashes, kidnappings and armed robbery. These have not only hindered the speedy development of the country but have continued to retrogress the pace of its growth and development, thereby threatening her national unity. This paper review while highlighting the various facets of insecurities ravaging the country, it examines the challenges of providing adequate security to solving these problems. Among the recommendations made is the advocacy for effective collaboration between all existing security bodies, dialogue between religious leaders, Capacity improvement in training/technology for securities and the inclusion of basic security studies in our educational curriculum as a mandatory subject for tiers of our educational system.
Page(s): 178-184 Date of Publication: 24 July 2019
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Since the introduction of joint account Zaria local government could not get access to its allocation from federation account as a resultmiscellaneous deductions from it allocations by Kaduna state government in the name of state and local government joint account, the situation lead to the inability of the Zaria local government for consistent payment of workers salary, gratuity and pensioners of retired local government civil servants and relegating the activities within the local government. Therefore the study attempt to identify the responses of the people on the administrative challenge fusses in Zaria local government. A phenomenological approach was used and data were obtained from purposively selected informants using semi structure interviews. Thus, thematic analysis, informal discussion and observation were employed in data analysis. The study recommends that only the abolishing of state and local government joint account Zaria local government will over power its administrative challenge.
Page(s): 185-193 Date of Publication: 25 July 2019
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The myriads of the seemingly endless, now passive and now active, political haemorrhage in Nigeria has revitalized the calls and demands for the restructuring of the polity from different quatres. The effects of the amalgamation of different nations driven by colonial prerogatives and formalized in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard has continued to reverberate over a century later. The character of ethnic politics played in the struggle for the control of the centre since the first republic has further amplified differences, leading to military coups, civil war, and the evolution of an increasingly centralized and top-heavy political system. This study re-examines the debate on restructuring, highlighting the issues and the prospects for Nigeria. We explored the seismic theory of social formations. We applied data gotten from secondary sources for the study. We also used the content analysis. The study found that maintaining the current political structure is not sustainable. It feeds unhealthy competition for the control of the centre, stunts socio-political and economic development, breeds mutual suspicions amongst the different ethnic members of the polity, and leads to violent armed confrontation and avoidable loss of lives. It is a significant threat to the continued corporate existence of the Nigerian state.
Page(s): 194-200 Date of Publication: 25 July 2019
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Play is essential tool for pre-school program curriculum that provides opportunities to establish knowledge, comprehension and skills through a range of contexts covering all subjects in the curriculum. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to identify the forms of play materials employed in the teaching of numeracy skills in pre-primacy school centres in Bungoma Sub-County. The study used both quantitative and qualitative research design. The target population comprised of all pre-primary children and pre-primary school teachers. Questionnaires and observation schedules were used for data collection. The research instruments were piloted in two public and one private institution that were not included in the sample study. The collected data was cleaned, edited and coded as per the themes that emanated for the study objective. The quantitative data was analyzed and presented using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentages. Qualitative data derived from open-ended responses were presented in narrative form. The study established that majority of teachers reported that their schools had play corners, bottle tops and balls. However, such play materials as beanbags, swings and sand play areas were not sufficient in schools yet they were crucial in teaching early numeracy skills. The study concluded that factors such as availability of play materials was statistically significant (p-value<0.05). The null hypothesis (H1) was rejected. The study recommended that school management should create adequate learning environment for the children, which should be made conducive environment for learning. Every pre-school should be provided with a numeracy skills laboratory equipped with all necessary materials for teaching and learning numeracy skills. The study is of significant to the Ministry of Education, Kenya Institute f Curriculum Development (KICD), publishers and developers of early childhood education materials and teachers as well as ECDE institutions’ sponsors.
Page(s): 201-205 Date of Publication: 25 July 2019
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Even though, Islamic banks are considered instrumental to financial inclusion and economic growth, yet the input of Islamic banks in Nigeria displays an unimpressive performance. Furthermore, the practice of Islamic Finance is globally being regarded as not only existing as alternative for Muslims but fundamental financial practices around the world. Previous studies reveal limited theoretical contributions in the area in Nigerian context. As such, the need for more studies on the performance of Islamic banks in the context of Board of Directors, especially in Nigeria, where Islamic banks are viewd as appropriate financial institutions to the Muslims. In addition, studies in Nigeria revealed weak supervisory framework for the Islamic bank industry. Against this backdrop, poor Islamic Work Ethics occupies a fundamental position for the low performance of Nigerian Islamic banks. The paper presents a theoretical framework on the moderating role of Islamic Work Ethics on the relationship between Board of Directorsand the performance of Islamic banks in Nigeria. If validated, the model would have policy implications to Islamic banks and other stakeholders in decision making.
Page(s): 206-211 Date of Publication: 25 July 2019
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The purpose of this study “The Impact of Van Hieles’ Geometric Model on the pedagogical Abilities of Nigeria Certificate in Education Mathematics Students in Niger State Nigeria is an intervention programme oriented towards Mathematics Teacher preparation and professional development in colleges of education. Sixty subjects (30 male and 30 female) were both purposively and randomly sampled from two colleges of education. Two instruments were used for the study, a Geometry Achievement Test (GAT ‘A’) and Geometry Teaching Practice Assessment with reliability coefficients r = 0.72 and 0.78 respectively. About 300 Junior Secondary School students were involved. Two null hypotheses were formulated and t- test was used to analyze the data. The study revealed that significant difference exists between NCE II mathematics students with geometric pedagogical Abilities and those without. Also, significant difference exists in Geometry performance between JSS III students taught by the Experimental group and Control group. It is recommended that there should be an increased emphasis on continual training of NCE mathematics students on geometry pedagogy even after graduation to keep them abreast of the currents research in geometry teaching and learning practices.
Page(s): 212-216 Date of Publication: 25 July 2019
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Technical analysis is a financial market technique that claim the ability to forecast the future direction of stock through the study past market data, price movement patterns, price and volume correlation; these data are widely used by traders. Technical analysis also considers the actual price and volume behaviour of the market or instruments on the assumption that price and volume are two most relevant factors in determining the future direction and behaviour of a particular stock or market. The investor will have the question in mind that in trading period which stock should be buy, how much to be buy and when to sell or to hold for future date to gain the maximum profit. So this research helps in making appropriate discussion for short term traders. This study aims to analyse the trends of stock price movement of twelve companies from three different sectors during the year 2018-19.
Page(s): 217-225 Date of Publication: 25 July 2019
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Conducting performance appraisal with the Staff Performance Appraisal and Development (SPADEV) reporting system in the Lagos State Civil Service is replete with several difficulties. This has made the original motive for the replacement of Annual Performance Evaluation Review (APER) with SPADEV to appear defeated. The replacement of APER with SPADEV was intended to provide effective and efficient solution to appraisal exercises. The study examined the viability of BSCO appraisal system as an alternative to the SPADEV system. Descriptive survey design was adopted for this study with Key Informant Interviews (KII). The population comprised fourteen Ministries, the Civil Service Commission (CSC), and the Office of Transformation, Creativity and Innovation (OTCI) with total staff strength of 7,555 in the Lagos State Civil Service. Utilizing Taro Yamane’s sampling technique, a sample size of 380 participants was arrived at, with a thirty percent (30%) addition (to enhance the confidence level and response rate). A self-developed structured questionnaire was used to collect information about variables that formed the basis for assessing the appraisal instruments, BSCO and SPADEV; from the perspective of the level of appropriateness (App). The questionnaire was validated, yielding a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.830. A total of 494 copies of the questionnaire documents were distributed, with a response rate of about 75%. In addition, two Commissioners and a Director General were interviewed, using interview-guide. Data from the questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive and inferential analyses (p=0.05) while data from the interview were content-analyzed. Findings revealed that there was significant difference (p<0.003) between BSCO (App:×=20.95); and SPADEV (App: x̅ = 9.60) for criterion variables assessing the appraisal instruments. Furthermore, analysis of KII revealed BSCO appraisal method to be superior to SPADEV method of appraisal. The study concluded that BSCO is more viable than SPADEV with consistently significant difference for all variables used in assessing the appraisal instruments. It is therefore clear from the study that BSCO appraisal method is an alternative instrument to SPADEV. It therefore recommended that BSCO should be used as an alternative performance appraisal instrument in the Lagos State Civil Service.
Page(s): 226-235 Date of Publication: 26 July 2019
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The study looked on the effectiveness of Government maize support programmes in ensuring food security in Zimbabwe over the period 1980 to 2017. The main objective was to establish quantitative impact of Government maize production support programmes in ensuring food security and analyse if the programmes are having any significant impact on raising food security through increased maize production. Guided by literature, the study hypothesised that Government maize support programs lead to increased maize output and therefore food security. The study based its theoretical framework from the theory of production function and the sustainable livelihoods model. Secondary data obtained from various Government publications was used to solve the research problem and analysis was centred on the Gittinger Model which gives a structure to perform financial analysis of agricultural projects. The findings show that maize production respond positively to its previous output price, Government maize support price, favourable weather, major Government policy support and availability of cheap fertilisers. Output of the crop respond negatively to increase in average fertiliser price. The elasticity estimates show inelastic responses to maize output price, Government maize support price, fertiliser price and Government major policy support. The inelastic response for most of the variables show that a comprehensive policy combining both price and non-price incentives is required to raise maize output in Zimbabwe. Further the elastic responses to rainfall show that a volatile climatic environment would be devastative to food security in the country. Construction of more dams and expanding farmland under irrigation will help farmers cushion the devastating effect of adverse weather. Farmers should aim to plan ahead and purchase part of their inputs as they wait for Government inputs support. More attention should be on irrigation infrastructure to limit the effects of adverse weather. The study suggested a similar study to be conducted using same methodology on a two or more country comparison to see whether the results will be the same as a potential area for future studies.
Page(s): 236-253 Date of Publication: 26 July 2019
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the pre-school teachers’ utilization of teaching/learning resources to develop literacy skills among preschoolers in Bungoma County. The researcher used a cross-sectional survey approach. The study targeted a population of 290 schools from both private and public schools. Stratified sampling strategy was used to proportionally select a total of 29 ECD centres, a representation of 10% of the targeted schools. Two (2) teachers were picked from each of the fourteen schools selected to participate in the study leading to a total of 58 ECDE teachers. Purposive sampling procedure was used in the study to select all the 14 head teachers from the selected schools. Questionnaires comprising of both open-ended and closed ended inquiries and semi structured interview schedules were used to collect primary data. Qualitative and quantitative data analyses were used throughout the survey. Information was collected through open-ended questions in the questionnaires. Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version was used for data organization. Findings revealed that teaching and learning materials were not sufficient in most primary schools under study. The study concluded that majority of schools did not have resources for teaching and learning literacy skills. However, among the schools which were reported to have such teaching/learning resources did not have sufficient resources for teaching and learning. The overall mean of below 3.0 (mean<3.0) implied that teaching and learning resources were not adequately utilized by teaching in instruction of languages in primary schools under study. The study recommended that the school administration need to push the language department should form departmental guidance and counselling committee composed of HoD language and two teachers. It is recommended that that all stakeholders should be involved in implementation of ECD programmes. These include government, local councils, traditional leaders, political leaders, private sector as well as parents.
Page(s): 254-258 Date of Publication: 27 July 2019
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This study was undertaken to investigate the phytoplankton species composition, distribution, abundance and diversity in River Shasha, Ife North, Southwest Nigeria. The river was studies between February 2006 and February 2008 with the aim to captured 10 months duration. A total number of 121 species belonging to 13 taxonomic groups were recorded during the study and bacillariophyta was represented by 53 species and contributing 43.80% of the total phytoplankton groups recorded. Followed by chlorophyta with 29 species consisting 23.97%, charophyta and cyanophyta (8 species) both consisting 6.61%, euglenophyta (6 species) consisting 4.96%, ochrophyta (5 species) consisting 4.13%, chrysophyta and cryptophyta (3 species) both contributing 2.48%, dinophyta (2 species) consisting 1.65% while coelochaetophyta, haptophyte, rhodophyta and xanthophyta were represented by 1 species each and contributing 0.83%. High phytoplankton abundance and diversity observed in this study could be due to the level of pollution nature through the anthropogenic activities (containing high nutrients) that caused algal bloom. However, the Saprobic coefficient is 1.5 fall within 1.0-1.5 indicating a phase value saprobic water is located in the β-phase that means the water is mesosaprobic still contaminated organic materials in the lightweight polluted. The results are significant for the adequate management, monitoring and to conserved biodiversity of River Shasha.
Page(s): 259-269 Date of Publication: 26 July 2019
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This project work examined the effect of marketing activities on faith based organization in Nigeria using the Redeemed Christian Church of God case study. Prior to the research, textbooks and articles from journals written from scholars in the field of business management, entrepreneurship and general management were explored and reviewed. This research was a survey research and it made use of both primary and secondary sources lo f both a gather the needed data for the study. Questionnaire was used to gather data from the employees of The Redeemed Christian Church of God. The data retrieved were analyzed on different tables using simple percentage. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The hypothesis raised was tested with Chi-square method and the result to the findings at the calculated value is greater than the Chi-square tabulated. The null Ho is rejected and the positive Hi is accepted. Therefore there are significant relationships between the marketing activities and the faith based organization in Nigeria. It is believed that this work will be of benefit to marketers, researchers, sales administrative and students. In conclusion, it was found out that there is significant relationship between marketing activities and faith based organization. Recommendations were made to faith based organization on marketing activities of their organization.
Page(s): 270-275 Date of Publication: 26 July 2019
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Introduction: Surgery is stressful and anxiety provoking. Different factors have been reported as causing anxiety prior to surgery. Studies have found that, fears of anaesthesia, death; surgical errors and concerns about the outcome of the surgery are responsible for preoperative anxiety. These factors were reported in studies conducted with white surgical patients. There is paucity of information about factors causing preoperative anxiety among black surgical patients. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the differences in the factors responsible for preoperative anxiety among black and white surgical patients and to describe the difference(s) if any with a view to recommending culture competent preoperative anxiety reduction interventions. Method: Participants: A convenience sampling approach was used to recruit a sample of thirty patients scheduled to undergo elective surgery at federal medical centre Nguru, Yobe state, Nigeria. Data Collection: Interview method was used to collect data on factors responsible for preoperative anxiety among black surgical patients in Nigeria. Data Analysis: Inductive content analysis was used to analyse interview data collected from black patients scheduled to undergo elective surgery in Nigeria. Findings: This study found that in white surgical patients, anxiety is precipitated by fear of medication errors, concerns about the success of the surgery, hospital acquired infections and lack of control of the situation. Conversely, the manner in which black patients receive information about the need to have surgery, the information received from other sources, catastrophic negative thinking about surgery and the layout of the hospital ward are responsible for preoperative anxiety. Conclusion: Cultural differences underpin factors responsible for preoperative anxiety among black and white surgical patients. This speaks to the need for cultural competence in clinicians dealing with preoperative anxiety in black surgical patients.
Page(s): 276-284 Date of Publication: 28 July 2019
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The oil industry in Nigeria is considered the fastest growing industry due to the dependent of the economy on oil and gas resources. Several ethical considerations have been neglected either due to lack of effective monitoring by the appropriate authorities or the absence of such regulations. There are several practices that are observed in Nigeria which are viewed to be at variance with what is applicable in other parts of the world where such companies equally operate. This paper critically examines the oil extractive activities of the multinational oil companies operating in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria and the environmental hazards caused by such activities. In relation to business ethics, the issues of gas flaring and oil spillage are considered to be deliberate and unethical activities. This is a theoretical paper based on review of related literature. The paper suggests that the federal government of Nigeria has a major role to play in ensuring that wrong practices by oil multinational corporations (MNCs) are stopped for the benefit of the citizens. It concludes that business ethics should be taken seriously in order for the MNCs to secure the licence to operate in the host communities and peaceful coexistence of both parties.
Page(s): 285-292 Date of Publication: 29 July 2019
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Objectives: To review studies examining whether the use of antipsychotics during pregnancy would have effects on the outcomes of the pregnancy for the mothers and their babies. Method: Results of four journal articles published between 2008 and 2018 that satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria, retrieved from Medline and PubMed databases were summarised and analysed. Results: Mentally ill pregnant women on antipsychotic medications and their babies are at higher risk of obstetric and gynaecological outcomes such as gestational diabetes, hypertension, premature delivery, babies small for gestational age and low birth weight. Other problems include congenital anomalies like arterial defects, cleft lip/palate and hydrocephalus and abnormal renal collecting tubule. Conclusion: Further research is needed to gain knowledge of the relative risk of antipsychotics on pregnant mother and their babies so that clinicians would provide mentally ill pregnant patients with adequate information on the effects of these drugs on their body systems and their developing babies. Adequate knowledge of the effects of antipsychotics will limit clinicians to administer such medications only to those patients more at risk of relapse if not administered such drugs than the current practice of administering them to those with mild or moderate mental illness.
Page(s): 293-300 Date of Publication: 29 July 2019
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The study investigated the effect of teachers’ competencies in teaching and learning of English languagein selected secondary schools in Sokoto south local government, Sokoto state Nigeria. The study covered ten schools in Sokoto south local government. A cross-sectionalsurvey was used in order together information from various respondents from the ten secondary schools in Sokoto south local government, Sokoto state, Nigeria. The population of study comprised of the Principals, Vice Principals, HOD, English language Teachers, and Student leaders. The study was conducted using a Cross-Sectional Survey because the researcher intended to collect data from various persons in 17 schools in Sokoto south local government. The Quantitative and Qualitative research approaches was triangulated. A sample size of use 90 in the study.They comprised of 5 HODs, 20 English language teachers, and fivestudents leadersand 270 students from the selected secondary schools in Sokoto south local government. Purposive sampling and simple random sampling techniques was used for selecting the respondent’s.The findings shows that the English language teachers in secondary schools in Sokoto south local government did not use teaching method while teaching, schools do not have the required instructional materials in most of the secondary schools in Sokoto south local government, Classroom management was not effectively managed by the teachers because their discipline made the teaching process difficult. The research recommended that government and schools administrators should provide various teaching aids to schools to improve teaching and learning process in secondary schools in Sokoto south local government. The challenges faced are high numbers of students, inadequate teaching materials, unqualified teachers, lack of teaching method to English language teachers and improper class room management in some selected schools in Sokoto south local government. Finally, the interventions identified are the need for the government and schools administrators to provide teaching aids to the secondary schools in Sokoto south local government. The conclusions arrived at the government that is the Federal education, and State ministry of education should provide teaching aids like textbooks to improve the standard of teaching the English language in secondary schools in Sokoto south local government in Sokoto state Nigeria.
Page(s): 301-307 Date of Publication: 29 July 2019
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Research literature on gender identity construction is replete with theories that have been proffered to study gender identities; however, there is a paucity of studies that focus on construction of gender identities in community environmental education as well as those that uses ecofeminism as a theoretical framework, despite its power to elicit the subjective enactment of gender identity. A conspicuous gap in literature this paper contributes to. This paper therefore advances the body of theory around the construction of gender identities, by announcing a point of departure with other identity theories pinning down on Karren Warren’s ecofeminist theory as a suitable theoretical framework for understanding the construction of gender identity.Borrowing examples from a study conducted in Zimbabwe between 2013 and 2016, the paper illustrates how this theory can be used to understand the construction of gender identities among women participants in community environmental education.
Page(s): 308-317 Date of Publication: 29 July 2019
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In Cameroon, before the civil unrest of the early 1990s that retarded economic activities and development in the whole country, urban transport was an absolute monopoly of township taxis. During the unrest, circulation of vehicles was prohibited by protesters and only bikes were permitted to circulate in towns. That was probably the unnoticed spark that developed into a new urban transport system. In Mbouda town, after the unrest, taxis resurfaced and functioned together with the motorbikes. As time went on, the competition became stiff and by the year 2000, taxis were very scarce in Mbouda. In 2010, the taxis had completely disappeared from the urban transport sector in Mbouda and gave way to commercial motobikes. This study, therefore calls for the need to understand the stages of the evolution of the transport system in Mbouda. Equally, there is the need to understand the socio-economic impacts of the activity in the area. Primary and secondary data were used in the study and it was found out that the intra-urban transport sector in Mbouda slumbers in informality. The commercial motorbike riders function like outlaw citizens. The town thus needs a complete re-organisation of the sector, as well as the proper implementation of the laws and texts governing the activity.
Page(s): 318-329 Date of Publication: 29 July 2019
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Science and technical education is a discipline of concern for decades and has gained a lot of misconceptions and attitudes across gender which leads to gender disparity and low participation of women in science and technology. The objective of this study was to explore the attitude of Girl Child towards the study of Science and Technical Education in Bauchi Local Government, Bauchi State, Nigeria. Attitude Assessment Questionnaire (AAQ) was used to conduct a cross-sectional survey among Girl Child in senior secondary schools. The questionnaire comprised of 23 items with modified four-point Likert scale and response mode of Very High Extent (VHE), High Extent (HE), Low Extent (LE) and Very Low Extent (VLE) respectively. The results show that home and school have positive influence on the attitude of girl child while societal and personal factors were of adverse effects on their attitude. It is concluded that girl child attitude towards science and technical education is a multi-factorial parameter and it changes in relation to the extent of the factors.
Page(s): 330-334 Date of Publication: 29 July 2019
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The concept of maintenance of the wife is based on the matrimonial tie and obligates the husband to maintain his wife during his life time. This moral and social obligation of the husband has its roots in the Classical Hindu Law and later the same has been incorporated as a legal liability in various statutes. Despite the provision of maintenance of wife in the Cr. P. C and Hindu Marriage Act 1955, the provision for maintenance of wife had been incorporated in Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act 1956, shows that through Section 18 of the Act , the specific provision was made for maintenance of wife taking note of our social values and that a non-earning wife without any means is considered to be dependent on the husband and the question of her maintenance consequential to the dependence cannot be left at the sweet will of the husband. The paper deals with analysis of the provision in depth, the judicial trend while applying the law and the lacuna persisting in the law highlighting the desirable amendment too.
Page(s): 335-339 Date of Publication: 29 July 2019
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This research focuses on the Conceptualization of Perceived Experience in a Hiker’s Trail Consumption Context. visitor experiences are essential if recreationatravel managers are to facilitate beneficial results for both individuals and society. Most of the research done in Sri Lanka is based on customer value and their respective influenceaon satisfaction in the particularly under-researchedaarea of adventure tourism with reference to the Sri Lankan domestic context. However, the psychological effects of hikers on hiking have not been studied. Therefore, there is a lack in the knowledge domain in terms of conceptualization and construct development for further imperial studies in the field. The field of recreation travel management has not developed empirical tools to measure the “perceived experience” with a particular concern in the Sri Lankan context. Therefore, this research fills the gap in terms of measurement Perceived Experience in a Hiker’s Trail Consumption Context. The qualitative approach has been taken with thematic analysis method to answer the research question which along with the main objective. The content of each carefully selected 20 journal articles were coded based on the themes to identify the latent idea of the phenomenon. It has been used content and constructs validity method to confirm the item related to the factors. It was 13 items which were above the value of content validity of individual items (I-CVI) than 0.8 out of 10 items originally developed. Only 10 items were agreed by raters which were at a level of 1 in terms of I-CVI. Any researchers who have an interest in the field of outdoor recreation, they can use the conceptualized model which has 12 factors to measure the “Perceived Experience” in a Hiker’s Trail Consumption Context with empirical validation.
Page(s): 340-348 Date of Publication: 30 July 2019
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A total of 70 questionnaires were developed and used for the collection of data from 70 selected farmers from the seven districts of the Mwaghavul land. Seven other questionnaires were specifically developed and used for the Agricultural Extension staff serving in the same area. The Agricultural Extension staff are the government workers sent to work with farmers to improve methods, techniques, and production capacities. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics (frequency distributions, percentages, rank order, and calculated arithmetic means). All farmers showed they had problems requiring the Extension staff to help. It was, therefore, concluded that the farmers feel it is important to have help from the Extension staff. It was observed that farmers considered future training even more important than present. Also, since the Extension staff considered storage facilities as the most important area for the present training, and keeping of seedlings as most important for the future training. It was concluded that at present, more training is required for storage facilities while in the future, training is needed for keeping of seedlings. It was revealed that both the Irish potato producers and the Agricultural Extension staff chose use of credit source, fertilizer application and storage facilities as very important areas for present training needs. The study showed that farmers from the selected districts put into practice recommendations made by the Agricultural Extension agents with Mangu farmers taking the lead. The study showed that farmers of Ampang West also received the most frequent visits by the Agricultural Extension staff. As for attendance at educational meetings, the study revealed that farmers at Ampang West attended the most meetings. Since all farmers indicated that they contacted the Extension staff when faced with problems, and most of them pointed out that the Extension staff response was unfriendly.
Page(s): 349-354 Date of Publication: 30 July 2019
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Within the school settings, students are constantly faced with numerous challenges which have been recognized as having some bearing on the way students adjust in schools socially. This study in essence investigated self-efficacy as predictor of secondary school students’ social adjustment in Anambra state. Three research questions guided the study while one null hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of significance. Correlational research design was used for this study. The population of the study comprise 40,161 SS1 and SS2 students’ from which a sample of 2,400 students was selected using simple random sampling and disproportionate stratified random sampling techniques. Two sets of instruments, namely General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) and Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) were used for the study. The instruments are standardized questionnaires which have been previously validated by experts and used in conducting studies in Nigeria. The reliability of the instruments are as follows: The coefficient alpha is 0.87 for General Self-efficacy while the reliability coefficient for Social Adjustment Questionnaire (SAQ) is 0.93. Data collected were analyzed using range of aggregate scores and regression analysis. The findings of the study revealed that self-efficacy significantly predicted the social adjustment of the secondary school students. It was recommended among others that school guidance counsellors should be equipped with necessary tools both material and intellectual to enable them render useful counselling services that would go a long way in helping to build the self-efficacy of students to make up in areas where they need help to adjust socially.
Page(s): 355-359 Date of Publication: 30 July 2019
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There is an increasing number of sovereign states in the world today claiming to be democratic which gives credence to the claim that democracy is probably the most desirable form of government, as it grants individuals the right to take part in the government of their country directly or through freely chosen representatives. This paper examines the irregularities of elections in Nigeria and its devastating effects on democratic stability in Nigeria. In conducting this investigation, the system theory approach was adopted as the theoretical framework, relying on qualitative approach, using mainly secondary data that were analysed by the use of content and historical analysis. Electoral malpractice has dealt an enormous blow on Nigerian’s nascent democracy which has inevitably denied the country of a credible free and fair election in her polity. Electoral irregularities have not just marred democratic stability in Nigeria but have also brought about the violation of fundamental human rights (right to life) of so many Nigerians. The benchmark reviewed in this paper is electoral malpractices since independence. Findings in the study revealed that electoral malpractice in Nigeria have resulted in the imposition of illegitimate and corrupt leaders, with absolute zero regard to the principles of democracy which negate good governance, fundamental human rights, rule of law and constitutionalism. This paper makes recommendations that would serve as panacea to the problems of electoral malpractice and these procedures can help compel a democratic environment which is a prerequisite for free and fair elections.
Page(s): 360-367 Date of Publication: 30 July 2019
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The study investigated Influence of School Plant Maintenance on the Administration of Colleges of Education in the North Central Nigeria. Six research questions and six hypotheses guided the study. The study employed survey design. The sample for the study was 309 administrative, academic and non-academic staff in thirteen Colleges of Education in North Central Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used to the select sample. A self-structured questionnaire with reliability coefficient of 0.88 was used for data collection. The data collected were analysed using Descriptive statistics of Mean score and standard deviation to answer the six research questions while inferential statistic of ANOVA was used to test the six null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The results of the studyrevealed that preventive, routine, emergency, structural, predictive andcorrective maintenance strategies have influence onadministration of Colleges of Education in North Central Nigeria. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others that school administrators should employ the various maintenance strategies for effective school administration, so as to achieve educational goals.
Page(s): 368-374 Date of Publication: 30 July 2019
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This study focuses on women reproductive health needs in Minna, Niger state with implications for counselling. This paper conceptualizes women reproductive health needs and counselling. It discusses Reproductive health needs, such as family planning, sexually transmitted diseases, and infertility. It also look into challenges of women reproductive health needs, like resources, burden of disease, impact on reproductive system and human right dimension. The paper listed some remedies to women reproductive health needs such as: women should be given access to appropriate safe, effective, affordable, accepted methods of family planning and satisfying safe sexual life as well as eliminating violence against women. Counselling implications include: provision of counselling services at public hospitals in Niger state. Such services should address issues such as negotiation with husbands in terms of improving health related behaviours of women reproductive health needs.
Page(s): 375-380 Date of Publication: 31 July 2019
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Nowadays, the academic of performance of students in most Nigerian tertiary institution has become an object of inquiry. In view of the above statement, a literature review study was conducted to identify, highlight and summarize the major causes of examination failure among the students of tertiary institution in Nigeria. From the findings of the study, failure in examination could be attributed to two variables, which are internal and external factors. The internal factors are basically student-related, whereas the external factors are teacher-related, parent-related, school-related and government-related, but the bulk of blame was shifted to teachers and students even though some researches indicated contrary view. The paper highlighted critically the role and extent of each factor in causing examination failure. It also buttressed some of the flimsy excuses student should do away with as they indication of failing individual. Example of these excuses were, I cannot manage my time, I cannot work on my lecture notes except in the class, I don’t have a caring friend etc. However, it is therefore recommended that, each stakeholder should study their role in this regard and work on them in order to avert huge academic failure of students in our tertiary institutions.
Page(s): 381-384 Date of Publication: 31 July 2019
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The development of every country largely thrives on the quality of her human resource capital. This requires a robust and sustained quality education accessible to all. Empirical and statistical evidence suggest countries that have most of their citizens attaining satisfactory levels of education have experienced an appreciable level of economic growth and low unemployment rates. This has spiralled the need for countries to continuously reform and structure their education system to meet the changing needs of their countries. Since independence, Ghana’s education system has gone through many reforms in the light of ensuring quality and equitable access to education. This among others is to ensure the country has a well-educated and trained human resource base to steer her development agenda. In spite of the many reforms the country’s educational system has witnessed, there is widespread criticism that calls for curriculum restructuring. Many have argued and stressed the need for Ghana to draw inspiration from global best practices. Therefore, this study examines best practices from some of the top-ranked countries with a quality education system globally. The Singaporean, Finnish and Republic of Korea educational systems were studied as they are among the top-ranked globally. One thing worthy of notice in these educational systems is their flexibility and how they have been aligned to their national development agenda. This has played a major role in their development transformation over the years. Therefore, as part of the calls for new educational reforms in Ghana, many have proposed a curriculum change that focuses on pragmatism deviating from the highly theoretical nature of the education system. This is believed to set the country on a path of development realism that gives the country a sense of focus in the development transformation envisaged for.
Page(s): 385-390 Date of Publication: 31 July 2019
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The Manufacturing Industries in Malaysia were the fastest-growth industry over the past few years. In doing so, involvement of Bumiputera Entrepreneurs in this area was competitive. After the support gave from the government to the entrepreneur, the government still doesn’t have any apparatus for analyzing Manufacturing Industries Bumiputera Entrepreneur (MIBE) performance. The development of the MIBE performance index will give the government, agencies and other stakeholders a clear picture of the success achieved so far, the efficacy of strategies used, failures if any, areas that needed to be polished, so as to achieve optimum utilization of resources towards the entrepreneurship development. Similarly, the government will be able to use this performance index in order to have a stand on whether to continue with the support or make necessary adjustments. However, there are limited published studies on the evaluation of the sustainability performance of the MIBE sector. Thus, this paper aims to formulate a list of key performance index (KPI) for the MIBE. First, a literature study on the Bumiputera Entrepreneur development carried out. This study continued with study of KPI from various industries. Finally, a set of KPI which can be used for measuring performance index in MIBE was identified. These KPI was used to design a question which will be distributed to some agencies to strengthen the list of performance index .
Page(s): 391-396 Date of Publication: 31 July 2019
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This paper investigates “A Feminist Interpretation and Reconstruction of John 7:53-8:11 in the light violence Against Women and its Implications Today.” This comes on the heels of the fact that violence against women is not only a fact of the contemporary times but was there in the days of Jesus Christ. The paper using two major theories of Feminist hermeneutics, especially the Hermeneutics of Recounting Tales of Terror in Memoriam and the Hermeneutic of Documenting Cases Against Women in the Bible and social feminism theories of Radical Feminism and Liberal Feminism. This work brought to the fore that in most interpretation of John 7:53-8:11, the emphasis has been on forgiveness of sin and the issue of ὁ ἀναμάρτητος (that is one without sin) without any note about the andriarchal system of which the ‘adulterous’ woman was a victim of. This paper which used the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) as its preferred translation because of its gender sensitivity arrived at the conclusion that, the whole episode was male orchestrated; the Scribes and Pharisees bringing the woman to be judged by Jesus without the man in the alleged “adultery” case tantamount to judging the female fold different from the male fold; and that, there was no actual committing of adultery by the woman who was brought to Jesus, but she was brought to Jesus because of the inferiority, weak and vulnerable place of women in Jesus’ andriarchal community. Hence, Jesus setting the woman free typified the role of religion as the vanguard in ending violence against women.
Page(s): 397-401 Date of Publication: 01 August 2019
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This paper examined the various spiritual values of unhu reflected in Patrick Chakaipa and Charles Mungoshi’s novels Pfumo Reropa and Kunyarara Hakusi Kutaura? respectively. It mainly focused on the extent to which Shona literature, novels, in particular, can be used to promote in learners the religious beliefs and practices which have succumbed to acculturation. This qualitative study employed textual analysis by researchers and teachers and interviews with teachers. Afrocentricity and unhu conceptualisation informed the study. It was established that the two novels which fall into the old and new world respectively, contain important lessons with regard to cultural values that characterise the Shona religious life. Virtues established include respect for spirits and God, deep respect for religious beliefs and practices, participation in religious practices and application of moral lessons learnt from those practices. Findings indicated that not only novels on pre-colonial life experiences portray the traditional religious values but those set in the neo-colonial are also custodians of the community ideals. The study, therefore, concluded Shona novels can be used in the promotion of unhu spiritual values among Shona learners. It, however, recommends careful selection of novels into the syllabus so that the religious aspect of life is fully taken care of.
Page(s): 402-407 Date of Publication: 01 August 2019
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Suicidal thoughts have many causes. Most often, suicidal thoughts are the result of feeling like you can’t cope when you’re faced with what seems to be an overwhelming life situation. If you don’t have hope for the future, you may mistakenly think suicide is a solution. Worryingly, suicide is the second leading cause of death in 15-29 year olds globally. Suicide has become a menace in Kenya with rates going high by the day. This study was carried out among the Gusii people of Kenya which targeted secondary school students. The purpose of this study is to establish if students of secondary school have social interactions, friends, peers, relationships and feel burdensome to parents by secondary school students as this are predictors of suicide. The study utilized a qualitative research design and data was collected by use of questionnaires and data was analyzed by use of simple percentages The study revealed that majority of the students 70% of the respondents said that they spend time with friends at home and at school and 21% do not enjoy spending time with family or even with friends whereas 9% remained neutral. On how they feel with their peers 40 (26%) feel comfortable majority 99 (66%) do not like the idea of being with peers. . The study gave recommendations based on the findings of what needs to be done to reduce the predictors of suicide.
Page(s): 408-412 Date of Publication: 01 August 2019
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This research aims to find out about the transformation in the political configuration of antitrust and business competition during the new order era and the influences it brought to the current political configuration in Indonesia. The methods used in this research is the doctrinal law or normative perspective. The data source in this research consists of document studies or literature studies with the analysis of deductible legal materials. From the results of this research, it is known that the changes of legal political configuration in the era of new order to the era of reform has a big influence in making the legal position of business competition become democratic responsive. The transformation in political configuration gives an impact to the legal product it yields due to reflection of the political configuration itself.
Page(s): 413-418 Date of Publication: 01 August 2019
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This study was a comparative study on the level of competency required by Lecturers and students in the use of Computer Aided Design for Pattern Drafting. The sample size for the study was 123 respondent, these include Lecturers and students of the department of Home Science and Management, Nasarawa State University. Two research questions were answered. The instrument used for data collection was Lecturers and Students Questionnaire. Data collected was analysed using mean and standard deviation. Independent T-test was used to test the hypotheses. Responses from both Lecturer and Students indicatedthat competencies of lecturers and students on basic CAD knowledge were to a low extent whereas competencies on basic educational knowledge of lecturers and students were to a moderate extent. The study concluded that both lecturers and students have low competency level in teaching and learning of pattern drafting using Computer Aided Design for pattern drafting. Based on this findings, recommendations were made that school management should provide appropriate staff development policy to enhance training in Computer Aided Design for pattern drafting in tertiary institution in Nasarawa State.
Page(s): 419-423 Date of Publication: 03 August 2019
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Generically speaking, an overall understanding of the perspective allows humans to develop more effective lifestyles to deal with stress, by overcoming irregularities in every field summarized in BASIC ID (behavior, affective, sensation, imagery, cognition, interpersonal relationship, drugs, biology, nutrition, exercise) with real action by himself. This research is in the form of pre-experimental using the one-group pretest-posttest design. The main characteristics of the study design were: (1) the subjects of the study were only one group that is: the experimental group, (2) giving the pre-test and post test for the research subjects, (3) limited control of internal and external validity. The results of the post-test given after the students were given the application of the seven modalities showed that there were differences in the score scores between pretest and post-test. The value of the post-test score is greater than the value of the pretest score. This difference shows that after students are given training as referred to in the Guidelines for Application of Multimodal Counseling (PPKM) there is an increase in all modalities being trained. And there was a change in score scores which showed a reduction in symptoms of stress experienced by students. This means that Multimodal Counseling (KM) is effective for managing student stress as a whole, not just partially.
Page(s): 424-429 Date of Publication: 03 August 2019
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This paper explores the relationship between aspects of indigenous African political culture and the search for appropriate principles and practices for Africa and Ghana’s political future.The main thesis is that some political values of traditional Dagbon, Gonja and Bulsa societies are relevant to our contemporary lives and should, therefore, be adapted and integrated into strategies for better governance in the modern Ghanaian setting. I make this claim based on the premise that some features of traditional culture can play an important role in the search for enduring and workable solutions to Africa’s socio-political and economic problems. The study uses an ethnographic approach. A total number of thirty participants made up the study population, out of which fifteen were chiefs and the other fifteen were key informants /opinion leaders. Information was elicited from the former using semi-structured interviews while in the case of the latter, focus group approach was relied on. Despite some of the weaknesses of traditional governance, it has the characteristics that can serve as foundations in building culturally-relevant institutions of democratic governance in contemporary Africa and Ghana.
Page(s): 430-438 Date of Publication: 03 August 2019
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When a person gets old, there are many changes that occur in the aspect of biomechanical features such as bones, joints and muscles which can affect their mobility and strength including reduction in vision and hearing abilities. Thus, this condition will expose them to risk of injuries and accidents. Based on previous studies, toilet and bathroom are identified as the common place where injuries and accidents occur involving older persons. Therefore, in order to create safe and suitable environment for older persons, modifications to products, systems and environments for their daily use should be taken into consideration. Environmental modifications and assistive technology (AT) can compensate for limitations in functional capabilities and thus promoting the well-being and independence of the elderly. In this study, the initial approach is through qualitative methods which was Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Information related to issues and problems, causing factors and suggestions for improvement will be used as an important indicator in the development of relevant systems in this study.
Page(s): 439-442 Date of Publication: 03 August 2019
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After over twenty five years of democratic governance and its attendant problems, it is eminent that there is still the need to research into the registration of voters to come out with best solutions to the challenges. The conduct of incontrovertible elections, to a greater extent, depends on the credibility of the voters’ register. The voters’ register is used for budgeting for election materials, determining the total votes cast and distributing of election materials to polling centres. It could be seen that the introduction of administrative, statutory and technological reforms in the registration processes and procedures to check to challenges of the voters’ register.
Page(s): 443-448 Date of Publication: 03 August 2019
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The main aim of this study was to investigate the teachers’ professional development of government schools in Sri Lanka. Therefore, during this study it was explored, especially, the experiences of stakeholders of schools on teacher development initiatives are being carried out at school level. The nature of this study is qualitative and multiple case study approach was selected in this study. Mainly interview and document survey methods employed to gather information. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data gathered from the School Development Committee members those who were purposively selected in this study. It appears that the schools do not have appropriate mechanisms to identify professional needs of teachers. Still, most of the teachers do not ready to come out from the traditional way of performing duties. Every school has attended some teacher development activities as per the instructions are given by the Ministry of Education. Usually, schools use human resources available within the school however; no adequate assistance is received from the external community. It appears that although the existing rules and regulations barricade, most of the schools organize teacher development activities in facing numerous difficulties. Majority of School Development Committee members are willing to continue teacher development programmes at their own if higher education authorities provide the necessary support. Therefore, schools should be given better guidance and adequate resources by the higher education authorities for teacher development, and need to make aware stakeholders of the schools about the effectiveness of teacher professional development and staff training.
Page(s): 449-456 Date of Publication: 03 August 2019
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It is instructive to emphasis that Microfinance Banks (MFBs) by offering microcredits facilities and other banking services to the poor households which hitherto have been denied them by the Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) have helped to a very great extent to alleviate poverty to appreciable level. The importance of the MFBs is much more pronounced when such banking services are delivered to them seamlessly, devoid of rigidities, affordable and timely. The value driven strategy is a critical success factor of ensuring constant stream of income to the very poor. Furthermore, it is envisaged that such financial assistance will help them to provide their basic needs of their families and to educate their children as well and offer them the necessary impetus to break away from the vicious circle of poverty they are currently trapped. However, underpinning the fact that such banking services are not delivered to the beneficiaries at exorbitant costs, which may alternatively lead them to debt-trap. The above arguments as presented have offered the opportunity for the research of Microfinance Scheme to receive a significant boast from the research community. In view of the above, the article will critically examine the positive impacts of the MFBs, the challenges that are preventing MFBs not achieving the loft objectives and the key suggestions and recommendations to ameliorate the challenges will be highlighted in this paper as well.
Page(s): 457-463 Date of Publication: 04 August 2019
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The research aimed to study factors that influence customers’ Islamic microfinance adoption in Côte D’Ivoire. Based on quantitative method, the research population included 512 participants among Al Barakat Finance customers using a systematic sampling technique. This research investigated customer Islamic moral norm (CIMN) as a now variable introduced into the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model. It also analyzed the interacting effects of CIMN between customer attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control and intention to adopt Islamic microfinance (IMF) in Côte D’Ivoire. SPSS and Smart-PLS were used to analyze data and the results illustrated that CIMN has a positive effect on intention to adopt IMF in Côte D’Ivoire. The results also demonstrated that CIMN has a negative relationship between attitude, perceived behavioural control and intention. However, CIMN has a positive relationship between subjective norm and intention to adopt IMF in Côte D’Ivoire. The findings of this research are useful to IMF policy makers, regulators, practitioners and government to design IMF products based on the customer needs and expectations. This research based the researcher’s knowledge is the first to integrate IMN into TPB model and test its moderating effects on IMF customer intention in Côte D’Ivoire.
Page(s): 464-476 Date of Publication: 04 August 2019
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Illegal gold mining (Galamsey) activities contribute tremendously to the local economy of the communities within which the practice is conducted. Despite such development, its activities come with several environmental, economic, developmental and societal challenges that governments and environmentalist have fought several decades to overcome. The study sought to examine the effect of galamsey operation on school dropout in the Tutuka Central Circuit in the Obuasi Municipality. The case study design was used. A sample size of 102 participants was selected for quantitative analysis together with purposive sampling of 20 key informants for qualitative analysis. Youth engagement in galamsey and subsequent dropout from school had some relationship with guardians/relatives being engaged in galamsey as confirmed by 68% of participants who had one or both of their guardians involved in the galamsey business. The majority; 50% of dropouts worked at galamsey sites. Eight in every ten school dropouts (86.3%) enrolled in the study aged between 14 to 22 years admitted to having a sexual partner. This study calls for a comprehensive strategy adoption, strong institutional collaboration with stringent commitment from both parents and government in ensuring job security at galamsey operating communities guided by strict law enforcement for children in school who seek to enroll in galamsey activities.
Page(s): 477-487 Date of Publication: 04 August 2019
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I. INTRODUCTION Agricultural Cooperatives have always been of great significance to the Governments of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and it is also included in the country’s National Agriculture Policy. (National Agriculture Policy, 1999). It has been stated here that the government will support the formation of agricultural cooperatives that are dedicated to help farmers in the process of producing and marketing their agricultural outputs to have more production, profit and equity. Such agricultural cooperatives are formed to provide farmers with economic benefits that they cannot achieve working alone and thus leading to greater profit share for farmers (GF Ortmann & RP King, 2007). Some of the benefits are acquiring farming inputs and necessary information related to agricultural industry with efficiency to gain competitive advantage, having access to various kinds of financial assistance from the cooperatives, increasing bargaining power of farmers, gaining from emerging market opportunities, marketing their produce to customers with greater profit margins and accessing markets that otherwise could not be reached by the farmers easily.
Page(s): 488-494 Date of Publication: 05 August 2019
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I. INTRODUCTION Background to the study Politicians carry a heavy burden on their shoulders during election time. The promise they make to the electorates and their struggle to win the elections are some of the weights they have to bear. The speech they deliver to address their supporters and the nation in general can have a great impact during the election. As part of their strategy to entice people to vote for them, these politicians use different rhetorics in their speeches (Hart & Tindall, 2009). Metaphors are considered as one of the essential forms of rhetoric that these politicians often use. The way in which politicians make use of metaphors in their political speeches can tell more about the character of their struggle (Pennick, 2014). The use of metaphor in political speech aims to assist the listener to visualize what is meant by an expression or a phrase. Politicians use language to convince people and their thoughts, targets and ideas are equitable to make their points vivid to the people. The speaker needs to use various language tools in order to make his message persuasive and understandable to the audience. They seek to comply with the emotions and desires and needs of the listeners. The use of metaphor is one of the essential tools for persuasion and an instrument for propaganda in rhetorical language (Vestermark, 2007).
Page(s): 495-499 Date of Publication: 05 August 2019
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Youth involvement in volunteer program should be eeply attentive as the volunteer activities are undertaken without involvement from the youth is less likely to achieve the objective of the study. The issue of conversation is where youths calling volunteers to run for a program. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the level of involvement of youth in voluntary activities through a belief and commitment approach. The study was conducted using a qualitative approach. The research design used in the survey. This study was conducted in the State of Terengganu and its focus was on two districts in the northern part of Terengganu, Setiu and Besut. The number of respondents involved was 100 respondents and the amount used wassufficient to represent others. A questionnaire was used in this study. The researcher used Volunteer Function Inventory questionnaire as the instrument for this study by Clary & Snyder, (1999) and was modified to suit the study. The data obtained were analyzed using Package for Social Science (SPSS) software to obtain percentage, frequency and mean. The analysis method used is descriptive statistical analysis.
Page(s): 500-502 Date of Publication: 05 August 2019
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With the rapid growth in global communication and commerce, the importance of translation has skyrocketed and the involvement of technology is determined as a necessity to make the workload in translation easier and cheaper. However, later it was proved that machines can not alone perform a faithful service in translation and consequently, translators offer their corporation as post-editors in Machine Translation (MT) (Post-Editing (PE)) to make the translation process as quick, accurate, and effective as possible. Focusing on this matter, this research investigated the fidelity of Machine-Aided Translation (MAT) measuring the accuracy of post-edited Google Translate (GT) output compared to the accuracy achieved in Human Translation (HT) from English into Sinhalese referring number of selected literary and non-literary texts. This study, therefore involves in finding which mode is most appropriate in producing an accurate translation while aiming at observing the barriers faced in HT and PE, advantages and disadvantages of HT and PE, and the importance of human assistance in machine translation. Primary data were collected by affiliating four professional translators and the collected data were analyzed under the dichotomy of Generative Grammar introduced by Noam Chomsky. The marking scale of the Canadian Translators, Terminologists, and Interpreters Council (CTTIC) is referred for measuring the accuracy of the target texts considering the error analysis. This study has finally identified that though both modes can produce accurate literary and non-literary translations, HT is the most appropriate method for literary translation in terms of creativity and PE for non-literary translation in terms of productivity which means that PE does not suit for all scenarios and proves machines are still helpless without human intervention in the field of translation.
Page(s): 503-510 Date of Publication: 05 August 2019
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The objective of this study was to assess the improvement of livelihood patterns of rural women through income generating activities. Survey method was used here and 120 respondents from 6 occupations were taken purposively. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and it contained several items on socio-demographic status, family decision, monthly income and savings from it, water facilities, health facilities, patterns of sanitation, numbers of school going children, access to recreation etc. This paper tries to embody the livelihood patterns of rural women in comparing with the before and after involvement with income generating activities. Possible impact of their involvement with income generating activities had been drawn in assessing the socioeconomic conditions of the respondents. This study may seek a further research for the betterment of the Bangladeshi rural women.
Page(s): 511-515 Date of Publication: 06 August 2019
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The study investigated the awareness and level of adoption of improved poultry management practices in Mando, Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Data were collected randomly through the use of well-structured questionnaire from 57 poultry farmers. Descriptive statistics such as means score, percentage, frequency table and likert scale were used to analyzed the data. The findings indicated that majority (71.93%) of the respondents were male, while 60% of the farmers were between the age of 30-50 years. The findings also revealed that majority of the farmers (85.96 %) are aware of improved poultry management practices in the study area. Keeping daily poultry records had the highest adoption level (68.4%), adoption level was also high in vaccine/vitamins. antibiotics (61.4%), improve feeding (59.7%), improved battery cage (59.7%), identification technique of sexing (47.4%), Debeaking machine (47.4%) and identification of culling sick birds (38.6%) while the lowest adoption level were improved heating source (21.1%) and slaughtering and packaging (21.1%). The likert scale result revealed that eight out of the twelve improved poultry management practices studied were adopted while only four was not adopted. Lack of credit/ fund to adopt improved practices ( 70.18 %), Improved practices were too expensive (58%), lack of government support (54%) lack of information (47%), lack of awareness (47%) and lack of training (42.11%) were the major constraints affecting adoption of poultry management practices in the study area. In view of the findings, the study highlighted the need for government to address the issue of credit availability through an institutionalize frame work aimed at linking farmers to formal sources of credit, if the quantum of poultry production is to keep pace with the protein requirement of the population. The study also recommended that farmers should establish cooperative society so that they can pooled their resources and knowledge together in solving most of the problems identified.
Page(s): 516-522 Date of Publication: 06 August 2019
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This study seeks to find out the Impact of Workers Motivation on Organizational Performance. Specifically, it is to establish the presence of a reasonable incentive scheme to motivate the workers, to find out if workers’ performance can be increased without any incentives being offered and to recommend any other ways of motivating workers for optimum performance. Conclusions and recommendations on how to improve the living standard and Impact of Motivation on an Organizational Performance were given.
Page(s): 523-527 Date of Publication: 06 August 2019
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The Niger Delta is the major hub of the Nigerian economy, but the oil rich region continues to linger in violence occasioned by multifarious social, political & environmental issues. This study appraised Federal Government’s amnesty programme and peace-building in Nigeria’s Niger Delta. Three questions were addressed: How has amnesty contributed to peace-building in Niger Delta? What are the causes of the Niger Delta post-amnesty problem? And what are the prospect for sustainable peace in Niger Delta? Study adopts John Locke’s social contract theory supported with peace-building theoretical proposition. Study depends on secondary data and content descriptive analysis was adopted. Study reveals that Amnesty contributed to peace-building under Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) programmes. However, the Amnesty programme has not ended insurgency and violent activities in the region due to lingering socio-political, socio-economic and environmental challenges. Interestingly, it brings to light the prospects for a sustainable peace in Niger Delta; and argues that unless Amnesty programme is implemented base on best practices to systemically address the root cause of the Niger Delta problem; the region would remain restive. Prospects and models suggested in this paper would enhance peace-building activities in the region.
Page(s): 528-543 Date of Publication: 07 August 2019
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Financial institutions in Kenya are in the process of significant transformation. The force behind the transformation of these institutions is innovation in information technology, rapid development of information technology has made banking tasks more efficient and cheaper. Banks are now increasingly choosing mobile platforms for innovative payment models and commerce capabilities. The general objective of the study was to analyze the effect of mobile banking innovation on the financial performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya. The specific objective was to establish the effect of mobile banking innovation financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya and to ascertain the extent to which the costs of implementing and maintaining mobile banking service influence the financial performance of Commercial Banks This study adopted descriptive research design. Target population was a total of 120 respondents from a commercial bank of study in Embu. Stratified random sampling method was used to pick a sample size of 36 respondents. The study collected both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected using questionnaires. Secondary data was collected from annual reports of the bank. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistic especially frequency and percentage presentation. The findings were presented using Graphs and Frequency Distribution Tables. The findings established that new innovation on mobile banking products and costs of implementing and maintaining mobile banking service influence the profitability and creation of shareholder wealth in the bank. This study concludes that new mobile banking product innovation significantly influence financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya
Page(s): 544-551 Date of Publication: 07 August 2019
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This purpose of this study was to investigate factors that determine the selection of future marriage partners, by drawing an inference from university students. Using an online sample of 397 undergraduate students, more than four out of five respondents said they had initiated a search for a marriage partner. Males were more open than female students to declare their current search status. Furthermore, results revealed that religion and character were the dominant criteria while education qualifications, attractiveness, and family pressure were only considered for selection after having exhausted the most important ones. There is a need to explore the role of religious aspects such as interfaith marriages and how they impact marriage life.
Page(s): 552-557 Date of Publication: 07 August 2019
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‘A’ CITY County became a successor of the defunct City Council of CITY ‘A’. This came into existence after a successful promulgation and adoption of the new constitution in Kenya in 2010. In respect to this, the County Government of CITY ‘A’ has a responsibility of providing services that used to be provided by the defunct City Council of CITY ‘A’ and those delegated to it by the National Government of Kenya. The broad objective of this study was to look into factors affecting reinforcements of health and safety regulations in County governments in Kenya. The studies intention was to facilitate a broader understanding of the factors affecting the reinforcement of health and safety regulations in local authorities using the case of ‘A’ CITY County. Specifically, the study looked at three key factors: finances, management style and Resource allocation. The study used a descriptive research design and targeted a sample of fifty one respondents drawn from the various staff cadres at the City ‘A’ CITY County. The data was collected using questionnaires and was analyzed using MS Excel as well as the statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study established that, financing and management styles affected the reinforcement of health and safety regulation. It was further established that the allocation of adequate or sufficient resources was key in ensuring optimum implementation and reinforcement of health and safety regulations. The researcher recommended roles of employees as well as the public on health and safety while at the same time adopting a consultative decision making management style should be encouraged. The county should also ensure allocation of sufficient resources for the reinforcement of health and safety regulations.
Page(s): 558-567 Date of Publication: 07 August 2019
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The study aim was to establish the effects of organization structure and leadership style in management decision making a case study of Airline ‘‘A’’, with the objectives being to establish how organization structure affects employee in management decision making at Airline ‘‘A’’ and to establish how leadership styles affects employee in management decision making at Airline ‘‘A’’ This study adopted contingency theory and empowerment theory. The research design adopted was a descriptive research design that is cross sectional in nature. The study target populations were 170 staff at Airline ‘‘A’’. Questionnaires were used for data collection. The data was analysed by use of simple statistics and inferential statistics. The data was presented using tables, charts and graphs. Data was first coded and organized into concepts from which generalization was made of entire population. The conclusion drawn from the study findings were that employee involvement is been practiced in the case study organization and has a significant effect on both the employee and the organization. The study established organization structure is one of the important factors that help employee in management decision making as well as organizational leadership. The study suggest the following recommendations for improvement, Airline ‘‘A’’ Management should be aligned to organization structure and strategy. Management of Airline ‘‘A’’ should focus more on adhering to organization mission by ensuring that employees are conversant with mission and visions of the organization.
Page(s): 568-581 Date of Publication: 08 August 2019
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This study focused on understanding factors that lead to the selection of a major in the cooperative field at the undergraduate level as well as the expectations toward pursuing the same at postgraduate level. The study utilized a sample of 162 students in the first, second and third years who were pursuing a Bachelor of Arts in Cooperative Management and Accounting (BACMA) degree. The study used binomial logistic regression models to predict the selection of co-operative majors. On one hand, university reputation, parents influence, the learning environment, and previous training in the cooperative, made a significant contribution to the selection of BACMA. On the other hand, the decision to pursue a course in the cooperative field in the next level of study was only predicted well by a background in co-operative training. Conclusively speaking, choice in career, institutional factors as well as family influences remain paramount to the choice of what to study at undergraduate level. However, what to study once a student has graduated with BACMA was best explained by previous training in cooperatives. Many factors that were important in determining the choice for a bachelor’s degree in cooperative no longer influence the decision to advance in cooperative training. The study recommends further investigation involving former students who are already in the labor market to determine what constitutes their satisfaction with cooperative discipline as far as job search and/ or performance are concerned. Furthermore, there is a need to study university marketing strategies geared toward attracting more students into the cooperative field.
Page(s): 582-586 Date of Publication: 08 August 2019
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This study set out to evaluate and understand some of the factors that affect interdepartmental communication with the ‘‘L’’ county government, a case study. The study specific objective is establishing the effect of Interdepartmental communication medium on organization performance and determining the effect of interdepartmental communicator on organization performance. The study applied a descriptive format where the effects of any given factor are described. The data collection was done on the basis of a questionnaire. Data collected was from a sample drawn from employees of the ‘‘L’’ County government. The sample was determined on a stratified random case in order to give every employee an equal chance to be part of the sample. Data collected was analyzed and presented in tables and percentages largely describing the correlation between a variable and its effect. The study found out that indeed, there is a strong relationship between interdepartmental communication and productivity whereby the use of formal communication instead of memos was found to be more effective. Again, the source of the communication determined the speed of execution of the communication while it is also established that there needs to be a way to regulate interdepartmental communication. The study recommends that county governments institute measures to have some control over communication and to also establish an electronic means of interdepartmental communication. The use of informal means of communication between departments must be discouraged as this leads to less effectiveness. It is desirable to have communication between departments going through a departmental spokesperson or at least a senior person for that communication to be more effective.
Page(s): 587-596 Date of Publication: 08 August 2019
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Productivity is a requirement for organizations employees. There are various factors attributed to the level of productivity in an organization. The recently formed county governments in Kenya have been faced with the problem of poor service delivery which can be attributed to employee low productivity. As such, this study set out to understand some of the factors that have resulted in the low productivity among county governments with the ‘‘L’’ county government being a case study. The study has the specific objective of understanding the effects of motivation andstaff skills, on the productivity of employees at the county government of ‘‘L’’. Literature review has shown that indeed various factors are at play in determining the level of productivity. However, the specific effects these factors have on productivity of the employee still needs to be determined. For this reason, the researcher has set out to collect and analyze data on the same. The study employed a descriptive research design where the effects of any given factor are described. The data collection tool used was questionnaire which offers a lot of advantages which the researcher has taken. Data was collected from a sample drawn from employees of the ‘‘L’’ County working at the headquarters. The sample was determined on a stratified random case to give every employee an equal chance to be part of the sample. Data collected was analyzed manually and presented in tables and percentages largely describing the correlation between a variable and the effect it has on productivity. From the analysis, the study found out that indeed, there is a strong correlation between motivation and productivity whereby, the more motivated employees are, the higher the likelihood of more productivity. The study also found out that workers skills and levels of education are important to a very large extent in raising productivity. The study recommend that county government leadership needs to facilitate training and acquisition of skills for the employees to be more productive. It also needs to motivate the employees for productivity to rise. The results of the findings are important to the other county governments and the national government and indeed to all organizations in that they can be used as guide in enhancing productivity in Kenya.
Page(s): 597-605 Date of Publication: 08 August 2019
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The study was carried out to examine the role of financial management on profitability among SMEs in Uganda. The data was collected from 200 respondents from selected SMEs in western Uganda. The study employed a descriptive correlation and cross sectional survey design. SPSS was used in data analysis. Regression analysis was also used to determine the effect of equity and debt financing on the components of performance which were profitability. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient was used to establish the relationship between variables and to draw the conclusion on the hypothesis. The study revealed that that working capital management has a significant effect on profitability, internal control has significant effect on profitability in SMEs and that that there is a positive significant relationship between financial management and profitability in SMEs in Uganda, The study recommended that owners and managers of SMEs should improve on the management of working capital through reducing the level of inventory and credit collection from customers and that staff which is independent from those responsible for the system, such as the internal auditor, should provide additional assurance on the effectiveness and cost efficiency of the internal control system
Page(s): 606-615 Date of Publication: 09 August 2019
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Extremely influenced by the Glorious Quran, to the knowledge of Arabic language emerged since in the life time of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).Arabic language or linguistics, which studies Arabic scientifically, owes a lot to the words of Allah in the Qur’an. The role of the Glorious Quran in the instruction of this knowledge and the development of Arabic language is known to everyone; nevertheless, this paper is an attempt to find believable answers to the question whether the emergence of Arabic language was a consequence of the need to read the Glorious Qur’an accurately? Also the paper was an attempt to study Arabic language in the light of the Glorious Qur’an. Furthermore the paper explicates Arab and ‘Arabic Language before Revelation’Arab Life after Revelation and Qur’an and its Influence on Arabic Language.
Page(s): 616-619 Date of Publication: 10 August 2019
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This study investigated users’ satisfaction with library resources and services as well as purpose of visits at the Bagabaga College of Education (BACE) library in Tamale, Ghana. Three research questions were formulated to guide the study. The survey research design was adopted, using a population of 1043 students who were present on campus at the time of the study. A sample size of 105 was selected through random sampling technique. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire. Among the results of the study include users’ satisfaction with online resources, news paper services and lending services. The study also revealed that users were dissatisfied with electronic support services and reprographic services respectively.
Page(s): 620-624 Date of Publication: 10 August 2019
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– This paper examined the effects of capital structure on performance of quoted firms in the Nigerian healthcare sector. The objective of the study is to establish the empirically effects of level of leverage in the capital structure of firms in Nigerian healthcare sector using return on assets and tobin’s Q as proxies for performance. The study employed panel data, collected from the audited annual accounts of selected firms in the Healthcare sector for the period 2007-2016. Data collected was analyzed using the random effects model. Findings showed that leverage indicators haves significant positive effect on ROA and Tobin’s Q. This may not be farfetched from the imperfections in the nation’s financial market. The study recommended that firms in Nigerian healthcare sector should be meticulous in the debt equity composition of their operation to enhance performance optimally.
Page(s): 625-632 Date of Publication: 11 August 2019
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of marketing mix variables on customer brand loyalty of road riding motorcycle in Sri Lanka. The research followed quantitative approach and deductive in nature. Using convenience sampling method the data was collected from 81 respondents who are currently using and willing to use Road Riding Motorcycles. According to the findings of correlation analysis product, price, place, and promotion showed a positive significant relationship with brand loyalty at a significant level of 0.05. The adjusted R square value was 39.5% where only product, place and promotion were significant at 0.05 level. Accordingly, in order the enhance the brand loyalty on road riding motor cycles in Sri Lankan context the study recommends to focus on product, place and promotion factors in the marketing mix.
Page(s): 633-636 Date of Publication: 11 August 2019
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Culture is a critical aspect in the relationships between individuals in an organization especially in SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises). A relatively small number of employees and a tendency for decision making to be focused on the owner lead to culture influences being imposed on HRM practices. This study therefore was aimed at investigating cultural relationships and HRM practices in Indonesian SMEs. Data was collected in two stages. In January 2018, a preliminary survey of small service firms in South Sulawesi was conducted to find out what aspects of HRM practices were used in managing employees and whether cultural aspects had any relationship to the practices. The first stage result revealed that HRM practices were applied in managing firm activities and that cultural aspects did influence the HRM practices. From March to April 2018, the study then proceeded with a further survey and interviews of SME’s managers or their owners. The areas of activity that were covered were service, manufacturing and trading firms. One hundred and twenty questionnaires were hand-delivered and 87 were completed and returned. Following this, 15 SMEs managers/owners were interviewed. The collected interview data was then compiled and analysed to produce a descriptive record of the interviews. The findings revealed that cultural relationships between managers/owners and employees lead to informal HRM practices. Moral obligation and family relationship were the dominant bases for HRM decision making. The study supported the findings from previous studies that HRM practices in SMEs tend to be informal and based on a mutual understanding between employees and managers/owner. The study offers empirical support for using a cultural background when using HRM practices. In addition, cultural values need to be considered in order to create good working relationship in SMEs and aspects of effective HRM practices based on Western culture may not be suitable for Indonesian enterprises especially in the case of SMEs The study represents the application of HRM practices in South Sulawesi cultural background at specific time. Future research could include longitudinal, cross-cultural studies and wider geographical coverage.
Page(s): 637-644 Date of Publication: 11 August 2019
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The study was carried out to characterize population and food security in rural households of Uganda in terms food availability, accessibility, and food utilization. The data was collected from 206 respondents in rural households of Western and Northern Uganda. Quantitative and Qualitative data collection methods were used to deduct critical information for this study. Statistical Package of Social Scientists (SPSS) version sixteen was used in data analysis. Qualitative data was analyzed using general content analysis to derive at major themes. The study revealed that 68% do not have enough food, 78% cannot access quality and quantity of food and 49% cannot eat nutritious food to live a healthy life. The study concluded that in Uganda there is a cute hunger, malnutrition and famine. The study recommended that there is need for Ugandan government to come up with deliberate food security policy.
Page(s): 645-648 Date of Publication: 12 August 2019
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