Nigeria, a multicultural society and a federal state, practices a highly centralized policing system. Over time, this system has not been effective in curbing the incessant security conundrum in the country. Thus, the nation is currently facing several internal security problems and with the inability of the central police command to contain the challenges. So, as a result of the surge in the rate of highly sophisticated crimes in the country, the adoption of state, local and community policing is day-by-day gaining popularity. As such, the major focus of this paper is on the imperatives of state, local and community policing in multicultural Nigerian society. Relying on comparative method and using the lessons learned from cross-country experiences of some other federal democracies, the paper advocates for the establishment of state, local and community policing as one of the lasting measures to curbing the recurring crimes in Nigeria. This finding showed that by fostering a sense of partnership it is possible to achieve significant impacts in terms of promoting an understanding of cultural diversity among police officers, and overcoming issues which in the past have prevented ethnic minority groups from accessing police services.
Page(s): 01-12 Date of Publication: 26 August 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8801Download PDF
The coronavirus outbreak emerged as a severe pandemic, claiming more than 0.8 million lives across the world and raised a major global health concern. The study aimed to explore the current developmental status and management of coronavirus in Kerala. The pandemic that hit Kerala was looking like a striking outlier in the battle against the coronavirus in India. The virus had been in a controlled situation when the state borders were closed. In January, Kerala reported the first covid-19 case and the number of cases increasing steadily and it became a hotspot. In mid-July, it reported around 800 infections a day. The objective of this paper is to analyze the Kerala model to achieve the goal. It will examine the legacy of the Kerala model such as a robust healthcare system, safety measures, quarantine system, and mechanism of the spike protein. It also looks into the democratic strategy of Kerala and the combined effort of the healthcare system, public, and Government. We conclude that the Kerala model is still relevant and effective when compared to others.
Page(s): 13-16 Date of Publication: 27 August 2021
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This study examined the causality between Real GDP and unemployment rate in Nigeria. The hypothesis of this study is anchored on Okun’s law. Data from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and National Bureau of Statistics was collected on Real GDP and unemployment rate from 1981-2019. This study employed the correlation test and pairwise causality test to determine the relationship-causality between Real GDP and the Unemployment rate in Nigeria. This study found a 65.93 percent correlation between Real GDP and the unemployment rate. The pairwise causality result shows that there is unidirectional causality between the unemployment rate and Real GDP. The transmission of causality asserts that unemployment granger causes Real GDP. This implies that employment of factor resources brings about high productivity that leads to an increase in Real GDP hence growth. This paper recommends the adoption of fiscal and easing monetary policy to boost firm’s absorptive capacity in the country. This policy will stimulate job creation which will in turn accelerate growth.
Page(s): 17-24 Date of Publication: 01 September 2021
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The COVID-19 pandemic constrained educational establishments all throughout the country to close down indefinitely. This unexpected closure of institutes across the country has affected the learning schedules. Most educational institutes have moved to web based learning modes to make all the difference for the learning. The institutes were not ready for such a change and their web based learning measure is advancing step by step or gradually. Nonetheless, the inquiries concerning the readiness, planning and viability of e-learning is as yet not plainly saw, especially for a nation like India, where the specialized requirements like reasonableness of technology and information transfer capacity accessibility represents a genuine test. With these requirements in see a study was directed with fundamental focus is to examine the satisfaction level and needs of contemporary student teachers about the virtual learning measure. A pre-planned survey was canvassed as google form to get student responses. It targets the gaps existing in the present virtual learning and assemble crucial necessities of the students to further develop their satisfaction levels on virtual learning. The survey was partitioned into 3 sets dependent on the idea of inquiries. As it would be profoundly hard to address the students’ requirements without knowing their current encounters and in this manner recognize essential requirements of progress. Set1: General and Demographic Characteristics, Set2: Satisfaction levels on virtual learning and Set3: Learning Needs Assessment. The study along these lines centers on understanding student teacher’s insight and inclination towards the virtual learning through an online survey of 71 D.El.Ed II year student teachers (55 Female and 16 male). It additionally investigated their inclinations for different attributes of online classes, which will be useful to plan successful virtual learning climate. The outcomes showed that practically half of the respondents are showing inclination of usefulness for online classes and opinioned that virtual learning is viable for them to deal with the educational plan during this pandemic. The student teachers opinioned that flexibility and comfort of online classes makes it appealing alternative, while broadband network issues, disturbed study environment at home, non-accessibility of devices, less freedom for vis-à-vis interaction with each other and educators presents challenge for student teachers to utilize virtual learning successfully. In education system where educator are preparing programs usefully to best of their understanding, moving totally to online mode may not be conceivable and need to circle around a hybrid mode, the experiences from this study can be useful in planning the model of internet learning for the new normal.
Page(s): 25-29 Date of Publication: 01 September 2021
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This paper studies the impact of capacitor banks on voltage profile and power losses in medium voltage power systems. Corresponding to compensative levels, some case studies are considered to evaluate the effect of capacitors to power systems such as no capacitor bank, a capacitor bank at a bus and some capacitor banks in whole system. A simple power system is consider to analyze values of bus voltage, power losses and power flows. The Newton-Raphson method is also made more detailed in case studies of having the participation of capacitor banks at any bus in complex systems. ETAP software is used to simulate and determine all parameters and evaluate the meaning of capacitor banks. Carried out by ETAP, voltage quality and power losses can be improved very much corresponding to the high value for capacitor banks at some buses. To have higher quality for values of bus voltage and smaller power losses, capacitor banks must be combined with other distributed power sources.
Page(s): 30-35 Date of Publication: 04 September 2021
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The essence of having boundaries between communities, states and countries is to prevent land area / territorial jurisdiction disputes. This paper seeks to understand how boundaries emerged and how it succeeded or failed to resolve boundary disputes between nations particularly Nigeria-Niger trans-border. Data for this study was collected from secondary sources and was qualitatively analyzed. The study found that after the determination of the boundary between Nigeria and Niger, the challenges that emerged between the two countries were amicably resolved and consolidated through the use of boundary commissions and borderland development agencies among other security outfits that collaborated with Local and State Governments. This paper recommends that the Federal Government should step up the implementation of its border land development programme among other bilateral agreements to consolidate the cordial relations between the two countries.
Page(s): 36-46 Date of Publication: 06 September 2021
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As employees understand what amounts to acceptable behavior within an organization, their ethical choices can be moulded and this gives leaders an opportunity to actually shape the ethical climate. Strategic leaders have a role to emphasize on ethical practices. The main objective of the study was to establish the influence of ethical practices on performance of Deposit-Taking SACCO’s in Kenya. The study adopted positivism paradigm and descriptive correlational design. The study focused on all 42 Deposit -Taking SACCOs in Nairobi County. Structured Questionnaires were administered on 126 senior managers. For data analysis both descriptive and inferential statistics was utilized. Descriptive analysis entailed mean and standard deviation. As for inferential statistics, correlation and regression analysis were conducted. The article unveiled that ethical practices had a positive and significant influence on performance. The research provides insights into the perception of ethical practices in the Kenyan SACCO context, specifically in the Deposit-Taking SACCOs, a service- oriented sector where ethical practices become a must for a better performance. The results of this study seem to allude to an ethical practices performance paradigm. Further research should be conducted on other factors that can influence performance of Deposit-Taking SACCOs other than ethical practices.
Page(s): 47-54 Date of Publication: 08 September 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8802Download PDF
To some people with the establishment of African Union (AU) as an institution for cooperation and integration, there is cooperation and integration in Africa. This paper set out to examine whether there is full cooperation and integration in Africa. Data was collected from relevant secondary sources like books, and journal articles. Following a cursory examination of the concepts of cooperation and integration in relation to the deep rooted interest of leaders, and politics of domination among States, this paper found and concludes that while there is cooperation, and surface integration in some sectors there is yet to be full political integration. The major difficulty towards achieving full political integration is the deep rooted personal interest of leaders and desire of AU Charter to defend sovereign status of countries. And the paper recommends that leaders and countries should in practice show greater commitment to implementing and achieving the aims and objectives of African Union than pursuing full political integration amidst deep rooted personal interest of African leaders and individual Countries and sub-regional organizations.
Page(s): 55-63 Date of Publication: 09 September 2021
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The conducted studies on the Environmental and Agroforestry Systems of the Entisol Order soils of Bangladesh were with the objective of identifying the agroforestry systems in favor of environment covering entisols of northern Bangladesh. The areas of studies covered three major Districts and ten Upazilas. The technical type investigations were conducted involving agroforestry tree species and ecological components. It has been found that the national level respondents give more importance to several modern fruit trees but the local respondents show significantly less interest for those fruit species. The fruit species domination among them in descending order are lemon, mango, coconut, date palm, papaya and jujube as preferred by the farmer consumers. The Community Forest Tree Species domination show in descending order neem, bamboo, sisso and betelnut. The less dominant tree is jarul. The major trees domination in the char suitable for land and soil conservation arein descending order bamboo, neem, acacia, eucalyptus and palmyra palm. The less dominant tree is alder. The major crops domination in the char good for soil conservation arein descending order rice, wheat, arhar, kaon, blackgram, grasspea, maize and sungrass. The less dominant crops are data and okra. The major trees in the char dominated in homestead are indescending order bamboo, neem, banana, mango and mahogoni. The less dominant trees are alder, gliricidia and pitraj. The major trees in the char dominated in embankments are in descending order acacia, neem, sisso, eucalyptus and mahogoni. The less dominant trees are pitraj, betelnut, pummelo and chatim. The results found domination percentage in Agroforestry systems show that the Agro-Sylviculture (74%) and Agro-Sylvi-pastoral systems (81%) are more preferred by the consumer farmers and recommended as well in consideration of production sustainability.
Page(s): 64-72 Date of Publication: 09 September 2021
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The rate of substandard materials and unprofessional services in Nigeria building industry is rapidly creating undesired effect of building collapse and allied problems. This article compared and analyses building collapse cases and how they contrast in the coastal and landlocked cities of Nigeria. The study considered primary and secondary sources of information and condoned Lagos and Port Harcourt for coastal towns while landlocked cities were represented by Enugu and Kaduna. On the other side, the purchase of poor building materials for construction purposes, quacks workmanship, economic, environmental challenges and change of building usage, defective building design, meager foundation and unusual load also heartens building collapse. Natural forces, manipulation of building management, unprofessional building services, building without town planning approval, political connected problems and noncompliance to national building code were the ten determinants of building collapse in both cities. The study further revealed that, between the cities, there was significant variation in the regularity of building collapse cases. The scenario could be attributed to the fact that building construction and management in the swampy environment or cities of Port Harcourt and Lagos are influence by the quack services quacks that utilized sub-standard materials for the development of landed properties in the marsh region while the cities of Kaduna and Enugu naturally endowed with building materials such as gravel and stones beaconed the implementation of approved building designs on the services and management of the quacks. Sequel to the analysis conclusion, the work recommended that professional bodies or built environment contributors such Nigeria institute of architects(NIA),builders, town planers and their respected registration councils should work in synergy with the relevant government agencies and the political class for review and putting into practices all existing building construction and development laws in Nigeria.
Page(s): 73-79 Date of Publication: 11 September 2021
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Universities in developing countries are confronted with many challenges in implementing and adopting e-learning as a medium for their teaching and learning activities in line with the new models of learning following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The main aim of the study was to explore challenges affecting the implementation and adoption of e-learning in private Universities in Zimbabwe using Women’s University as a case study. A total of 500 students and 18 lectures drawn from private universities formed the sample of the study. The study was guided by the positivism research philosophy and hence adopted a quantitative research approach. A survey data collection method was used by means of a questionnaire. The results indicated that challenges affecting the implementation and adoption of e-learning in universities are of institutional and individual nature. Institutional related challenges that emerged from the study include limited financial investment in training and awareness in e-learning learning programs among lecturers and students, lack of e-earning technologist and specialists, limited investment in procuring affordable data for lecturers and students, lack of investment in the development and maintaining of e-leaning platforms and low university band width to cater for the neds of lectures and students. Individual related constraints to the implementation of e-learning from the lecturers and students’ perspective incudes limited access to low-cost data, poor connectivity to the university e-learning platforms and low band width causing serious delays and poor accessibility. The study concluded that the main constrains to the adoption of e-learning in private universities are mainly institutional in nature. Limited investment in the holistic development of e-learning has affected its implementation and adoption. The study recommends that universities put up huge financial investment in e-learning development. In addition, it is recommended that universities procure relevant equipment, set up reliable systems, and provide data to lecturers and students. The main contribution of this research is that it identified the main challenges that influence the successful implementation of e-learning in the private universities which may act as guide to the development of strategies to promote the effective implementation of e-learning in universities.
Page(s): 80-85 Date of Publication: 13 September 2021
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This study investigated the relationship between socio-economic background and academic achievement of gifted girls in Government Girls’ Special School, Kafin Madaki, Bauchi state. The objectives and research hypothesis were formulated to determine the significant difference between academic achievement of gifted girls from low and high socio-economic background. An Ex-Post facto research design was adopted in the study and the population was 850 students. Purpose sampling technique was used to select 36 students as the sample for the study. Data collected using data collection instrument of teacher nomination scale and students end of the year result. Frequency counts and percentage, mean score were used to analyzed the data collected. The score and means scores between students from high is significant, the difference was not much but yet the hypothesis was rejected. It was also concluded that gifted students from low SES when distracted by socio- economic needs and behaviour problems would affect their mean score though it will not change the grade. Thus, socio-economic background have a significant influence on academic achievement of gifted girls. It is recommended among others that, school authorities must pay attention to gifted students and should be aware of informal peer groups from high SES that has negative stands, bad opinion, bad ideology, negative attitudes and behaviours towards students from low SES and parents with high SES should assist schools in the areas of academic development by providing learning materials and other social needs to the less privilege children. This will save them from engaging into social vices to satisfy their educational and social needs.
Page(s): 86-90 Date of Publication: 13 September 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8803Download PDF
Infrastructural development through construction of roads is a fundamental aspect in development of every economy, contributing 19.1% of GDP in Kenya. However, these projects have experienced time and cost overruns and compromised quality due to the poor exercise of monitoring and evaluation capacity building. The purpose of the study is to establish the influence of M&E Capacity Building on performance of road construction projects in Kisumu central, Kisumu County, Kenya. The study adopted descriptive cross-sectional survey design and Structured questionnaires used to collect quantitative data from a sample size of 65 respondents out of a target population of 65 subjects. Validity test was done on the instruments and a value of 0.78 obtained using Content Validity Index while reliability involved pretesting of the instruments amongst the 10% of the respondents and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient worked out for adjustments and a value of 0.79 obtained. Analysis was done through both descriptive techniques of mean and standard deviation and inferential techniques of Correlation and Regression at a significance level of 0.05 with the aid of SPSS version 25. The hypothesis was tested at α=.05 level of significance and the result was: H0: M&E Capacity Building does not significantly influence performance of road construction projects in Kisumu central, Kisumu County, Kenya was rejected since P=0.004<0.05. Therefore the study concluded that there is significant influence of all M&E Capacity Building on performance of road construction projects in Kisumu central, Kisumu County, Kenya. It is recommended that Project management and policy makers should integrate M&E Capacity to enhance performance of road construction projects and to suggest appropriate policies for strengthening M&E Capacity Building to boost effective implementation and performance of road construction projects. Further research should be carried out on other case studies other than road construction projects.
Page(s): 91-96 Date of Publication: 16 September 2021
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Drug and substance abuse is a major public health issue globally with serious socio-economic burden especially among the young population between the ages of 18 to 30 years enrolled in various institutions of higher learning. The objective of this study was to establish how peer-relationships influence the prevalence of drug and substance abuse amongst youth in institutions of higher learning in Mombasa County. The study adopted descriptive research design and data collected using questionnaire from a sample size of 340 respondents selected through simple random sampling from a target population of 2977 students from KMTC-Port Reitz Campus, Mombasa polytechnic University and Nairobi University while analysis involved descriptive statistics. Findings showed that peer grouping, exposure to drug by friends, low self-esteem and exposure to drug by sexual partner influenced drug and substance abuse amongst youth in institutions of higher learning in Mombasa County. The study recommends that parents need to ensure that children form appropriate bonds and learn age appropriate behaviors by being positive role models and showing their children the negative aspects of substance abuse. Further, projects should be set up to ensure that determinants of the prevalence of drug and substance abuse amongst youth in Mombasa County are addressed and consequently eradicated.
Page(s): 97-102 Date of Publication: 16 September 2021
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Three components augmented simplex centroid design of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to model and optimized the proximate and anti-nutritional composition of breakfast cereals produced from blends of millet, mungbean and tigernut flour. Blends were variously pre-treated, millet by soaking, mungbean by malting and tigernut by defatting. The experimental values were obtained and subjected to regression analysis to generate regression equations. The linear, binary and ternary effects of the blends were generated and graphically expressed on 3-D surface plots. The developed models were validated at p<0.05. Furthermore, optimization of outcomes was selected at desirability of 0.464. The result showed that experimental values for protein; 11.83%, 21.59%, 8.56% respectively for millet, mungbean and tigernut. The regressed values showed good correlation with the predicted values. The optimum blends selected at a desirability of 0.464 were 0.00g millet, 70.36g mungbean, and 29.63g tigernut will give the best breakfast meal. Confirmatory runs were done to ascertain 95% confidence of the optimum values. The three component argumented simplex centroid experimental design of response surface methodology was adequate in modelling and optimization of the parameters: moisture, ash, crude fiber, fat protein, carbohydrate, oxalate, phytate and tannin.
Page(s): 103-118 Date of Publication: 17 September 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8804Download PDF
Drug and substance abuse is a major public health issue globally with serious socio-economic burden especially among the young population between the ages of 18 to 30 years enrolled in various institutions of higher learning. The objective of this study was to establish how socio-economic factors influence the prevalence of drug and substance abuse amongst youth in institutions of higher learning in Mombasa County. The study adopted descriptive research design and data collected using questionnaire from a sample size of 340 respondents selected through simple random sampling from a target population of 2977 students from KMTC-Port Reitz Campus, Mombasa polytechnic University and Nairobi University while analysis involved descriptive statistics. Findings showed that social status, economic status, cost of drugs, parent’s level of education and family size status influenced drug and substance abuse in institutions of higher learning in Mombasa County. The study recommends that parents need to ensure that children form appropriate bonds and learn age appropriate behaviors by being positive role models and showing their children the negative aspects of substance abuse. Further, projects should be set up to ensure that determinants of the prevalence of drug and substance abuse amongst youth in Mombasa County are addressed and consequently eradicated.
Page(s): 119-124 Date of Publication: 17 September 2021
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Grasses and legumes play a major role in improving farm productivity in agriculture. The study determined the species of grasses and legumes at the banana field in the Panabo City, Philippines. A field layout was used as a guide in tagging the banana plants, which would correspond to a particular area in the field. These quadrats became the sampling plots of the study. The data collection was conducted in every randomly selected quadrat. Grasses and legume species enclosed in the quadrat were counted and descriptively characterized using a key identification guide on the basis of their morphological characteristics and with final confirmation from an expert. Data on species frequency, species diversity, and population density was also determined and analyzed total nitrogen and moisture content. The results showed four species of grasses (Chloris barbata, Echinochloa colona, Eleusine indica, and Rottboellia cochinchinensis) and two species of legumes (Mimosa pudica and Mimosa diplotricha). Based on the abundance and mean densities of grasses in the banana field, R. cochinchinensis dominated the study area, while the most abundant legume species was M. pudica. Soil analysis was found strongly acidic and there was a deficient of potassium, very low of phosphorus, and less organic matter. In addition, M. pudica had the highest nitrogen content of 3.14 while M. diplotricha had the highest moisture content of 82.6 among the identified species.
Page(s): 125-133 Date of Publication: 20 September 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8805Download PDF
In spite of Kenya’s government increasing financial allocation for rural water supply projects, there is little impact as most of the projects have failed to self-sustain after handing over to the beneficiary stakeholders, a fact that has been attributed to inadequate stakeholder engagement in the planning, initiation and implementation of the projects. The purpose of the study was to examine the influence of stakeholders’ engagement approaches on sustainability of rural water supply projects in Nyando-sub County, Kisumu County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were: to establish the extent to which Stakeholders’ Collaboration influence sustainability of rural water supply projects in Nyando-sub County; to determine how Stakeholders’ Participation influences sustainability of rural water supply projects in Nyando-sub County; to examine how Stakeholders’ Empowerment influence sustainability of rural water supply projects in Nyando -sub County and; to establish how Stakeholders’ Evaluation influence sustainability of rural water supply projects in Nyando-sub County. The study used descriptive survey design while structured questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample size of 379 respondents out of a target population of 30,567 beneficiaries of water supply projects. Validity test was done and a value of 0.78 obtained while reliability coefficient was 0.79. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics of Correlation and Regression were done at a significance level of 0.05. The hypotheses test results were: 1. H0: Stakeholders’ Collaboration does not significantly influence sustainability of rural water supply projects in Nyando-sub County, Kisumu County, Kenya was rejected since P=0.000<0.05; 2. H0: Stakeholders’ Participation does not significantly influence sustainability of rural water supply projects in Nyando-sub County, Kisumu County, Kenya was rejected since P=0.004<0.05; 3. H0: Stakeholders’ Empowerment does not significantly influence sustainability of rural water supply projects in Nyando-sub County, Kisumu County, Kenya was rejected since P=0.000<0.05 and; 4. H0: Stakeholders’ Evaluation does not significantly influence sustainability of rural water supply projects in Nyando-sub County, Kisumu County, Kenya was rejected since P=0.000<0.05.Therefore the study concluded that there is significant influence of all Stakeholders’ Engagement Approaches on sustainability of rural water supply projects. It is recommended that Project managers should actively engage stakeholders to enhance ownership, entrench technical skills and Knowledge of the project operation, local resource mobilization, and assessment of achievement of project objectives for sustainability of rural water supply projects. Equally, policy makers should suggest appropriate policies for strengthening Stakeholders’ Engagement Approaches of Collaboration, Participation, Empowerment and Evaluation to boost effective implementation and sustainability of water projects. Further research should be carried out on other case studies other than Rural Water Supply Projects for authentication and generalization of research findings.
Page(s): 134-140 Date of Publication: 20 September 2021
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Kenya’s dairy sector is the largest and most developed in Sub-Saharan Africa accounting for 3.5% of national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 14% of the total agricultural GDP. However, the industry’s growth and competitiveness is constrained by fragmented stakeholders’ empowerment programs in dairy farming projects leading to low milk productivity, high calf mortality and eventual projects failure. The purpose of the study was to examine the influence of stakeholders’ empowerment on implementation of dairy farming projects in Muhoroni Sub-County. The study adopted descriptive survey design and mixed method approach. Structured questionnaires and interview guide were used to collect data from a sample size of 380 respondents out of a target population of 6432 beneficiaries and implementers of the dairy farming projects. Validity test was done on the instruments and a value of 0.8 obtained using Content Validity Index while reliability involved pretesting of the instruments amongst the 10% of the respondents and a value of 0.79 obtained. Analysis was done through both descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics of Correlation and Regression at a significance level of 0.05 with the aid of SPSS version 25 and thematic content analysis of qualitative data for triangulation. The hypothesis was tested at α=0.05 level of significance and the result was: H0: Stakeholders’ Empowerment does not significantly influence implementation of dairy farming projects was rejected since P=0.000<0.05. Therefore the study concluded that there is significant influence of Stakeholders’ Empowerment on implementation of dairy farming projects. It is recommended that Project managers and policy makers should continuously empower stakeholders to enhance implementation of dairy farming projects and to suggest appropriate policies for strengthening Stakeholders’ empowerment for effective implementation of dairy farming projects. Further research should be carried out on how stakeholders’ collaboration and stakeholders’ participation influence implementation of dairy farming projects.
Page(s): 141-146 Date of Publication: 20 September 2021
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The broad objective of this study is to examine the impact of tax assessment methods and compliance levels amongst small and medium scale enterprises in Edo state. The research design for this study is the exploratory research design. Primary data was used as the data source and well-structured likert scale questionnaire was developed for the research instrument. A total sample of 144 respondents was selected using the simple random sampling technique. The SEM is employed in this study to examine the causal relationships. The measurement model and then the full structural model were examined. Looking at the path analysis, it is observed that SAS do not have a direct impact on voluntary tax compliance However, SAS was then found to have an indirect impact on voluntary tax compliance through tax knowledge (TK) which is significant at 5% (p=0.000). This implies that the enactment of SAS in itself may not have a significant direct impact in improving tax compliance but can only be effective through improvement in other contextual factors such as tax knowledge. The direct effect of tax knowledge (TK) is positive significant at 5% but the direct effect of tax audit (TAU) on voluntary tax compliance is positive though not significant at 5%. Hence the study recommends that the need for the tax authorities to improve enlightenment campaigns about self- assessment procedure to SME’s. Secondly, tax authorities should work at improving tax knowledge through various mass media channels.
Page(s): 147-156 Date of Publication: 22 September 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8806Download PDF
Ocular mobidities cause vision impairment with varing impact on the vision and quality of life of patients. This study aims to determine the pattern of eye diseases and its visual implication in patients as a means to reduce the burden of visual impairment and blindness. A retrospective study of 700 participants with 259 (37.0%) males and 441 (63%) females. The age range of the participants was between 3 to 88 years [average = 40.21±23.78 years]. Participants within the 16-30 years age group were the most prevalent (30.2%). Refractive errors were the most prevalent [49.7%] ocular morbidities , followed by Conjuctivitis (14.2%), Cataracts (10.2%), Glaucoma (8.7%) and Pseudophakia/Aphakia (4.2%). Of those with conjunctivitis, Allergy accounted for 69.5% (89 participants). There was a 69% improvement in vision after treatment amongst those with mild and moderate visual impairment, while those that were blind also improved by 16.9% after treatment. The most prevalent ocular morbidities seen in this study were similar to those reported in previous African studies and prompt treatment of these conditions remarkable reduced the prevalence of visual impairment and blindness
Page(s): 157-159 Date of Publication: 22 September 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8807Download PDF
The purpose of this study was to investigate how teacher education curriculum of undergraduate students of tertiary education institutions promotes entrepreneurship. The study was guided by the following specific objective to examine the extent to which entrepreneurship education is being practiced at Kwame Nkrumah University, to discover how the teacher education curriculum being used at Kwame Nkrumah University is being used to promote entrepreneurship culture. This case study was anchored on pragmatism as its research paradigm; it used a mixed method approach and employed the concurrent triangulation design. The study used simple random sampling on students, random sampling for Lecturers and purposive sampling for Administrator. Data collection instruments were questionnaires and interview guides and analysed data was eventually presented if form of frequency tables, bar graphs and pie charts. The study’s findings are that majority of students of Kwame Nkrumah University are aware of the importance of mentorship in entrepreneurship and are willing to acquire entrepreneurial skills, only a minority of students who belong to the category of business studies formally have access to the said mentorship and that this mentorship is merely theoretical. The study also established that the curriculum in application for training of students is as a matter of fact not inclusive in the provision of mentorship in entrepreneurship and that there is a missing link between the secondary and the tertiary education in the provision of the aforementioned mentorship. In view of building the gap in promoting in entrepreneurship at the university and in other similar institutions of tertiary education, the study has recommended curriculum revision.
Page(s): 160-168 Date of Publication: 22 September 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8808Download PDF
X-ray imaging has been a clinical practice for more than half a century, and the hydrophilic iodinated-based molecules are universally and continuously employed as contrast agents. However, a renewed interest in nanoparticles-based contrast agents has emerged with the promise of detailed imaging, and potential for therapeutic applications. Preclinical and clinical applications of nanoparticles are identified for a broad spectrum of imaging applications, with commentaries on the future promise of these materials. However, these nanomaterials contrast agents are not without issues, as the method of synthesizing the nanomaterials limits their applications as clinical contrast agents. The physical and chemical methods of synthesizing nanoparticles have been proven successful but not biocompatible due to the use of toxic chemicals, but, with the biocompatibility of biological substances such as microorganisms and plants, nanoparticles can be synthesized for applications in x-ray imaging.
Page(s): 169-175 Date of Publication: 23 September 2021
DOI : 10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8809Download PDF
To desalinate saline water and produce pure water, it is possible to use solar still technology (which is based on solar energy). This energy is abundant, free, renewable, and does not harm the environment. Because solar stills depend on solar radiation, their working time is only during daylight hours. Phase transition materials are used to maintain the freshwater production process’s continuity while also increasing the solar still’s productivity and efficiency. These materials are characterized by their ability to store and release large amounts of heat (latent heat) during the phase change. The daily production of solar stills can increase (50-125%) work (PVP K30: polyvinyl pyrrolidine, and PAA: polyacrylic acid) contribute to increasing the working hours of the distiller between (3-4) hours after sunset. Thus, the daily production quantity amount can increase by (50-75) %.
Page(s): 176-180 Date of Publication: 24 September 2021
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The optimum harvest strategy for forestry biomass influenced by a toxicant is suggested and studied by using a non-linear mathematical model. The nature and uniqueness of equilibrium, conditions for existence of their local and global equilibrium points, are all established. Both equilibrium levels of biomass and total sustainable yield decrease as toxicant concentrations rise, as per the analysis. The optimum harvest approach is frequently discussed using Pontryagin’s Maximum principle. Numerical analysis is implemented to validate the mathematical findings.
Page(s): 181-189 Date of Publication: 24 September 2021
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The study examined the impact of agricultural technologies on the output of maize in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Cross sectional survey method was adopted in sampling the opinions of the respondent. As such, structured questionnaire was utilized in eliciting respondents’ opinions that formed the data for the study. In the first stage of selection, the study randomly selected two out of the three senatorial zones in Kaduna state for the study; which are Kaduna central and Kaduna South senatorial zones. In the second stage, one local government area was also selected for the study. In the third stage, three communities were selected from each of the local government. In the fourth stage, a sample frame of one thousand, one hundred and five (1105) farmers was obtained. As such, the study randomly selected about 10% of the total respondents from each of the communities which formed the sample size of 99 for the study. The variables utilized in the study include; maize output and maize farmers income (dependent variables), the regressors include; credit facility, fertilizers, pesticides, improved seedlings, and infrastructures. Frequency tables, and simple percentage were utilized to analyzed information’s elicited from the respondents relating to socio-characteristics. While, the state hypotheses were tested using 2-way ANOVA. The study found that the utilization of agricultural technologies impacts positively on maize output production and farmers income at 1 percent significance level. Whereas, credit facility was found to exerting no significant impact on the output of maize and maize farmers income. While also, the socio-economic characteristics of the maize farmers was found to stimulating maize farming positively. The study concluded that agricultural technologies has the capacity to stimulate output of maize and farmers income. As such, the study recommended that government at all levels and non-government organization, should work-out a policy framework that will stimulate increased availability and access of agricultural technologies to the maize farmers.
Page(s): 190-194 Date of Publication: 24 September 2021
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