The paper examined flood and Ahoada West Local Government Area of Rivers State. The study was informed by the damages done by flood on agricultural activities as well as environmental degradation which in turn affects the socioeconomic well-being of the people. The objectives of the study were to; examine the causes of flood in the study area; and assess the effect of flood on the socio-economic well-being of the people in the study area. To achieve the objectives, the study utilized library science method and collected information from secondary source. The paper identified that flood could be caused by natural factor such as heavy rain fall and human factors such as deforestation. The identified effect of flooding on in the study area are that; flood destroy farms land, food and cash crops, Flood causes spread of infestations on soil and water, degradation of agriculture land. Also, flood affect health through spread of water borne disease and negatively affects the education of the people. The way forward to these menace of flood amongst others include; construction of flood ways, construction of dams, reservoirs or retention ponds to hold extra water during times of flooding, Planting vegetation to retain extra water, building of rivers and coastal defenses.
Page(s): 01-04 Date of Publication: 18 June 2020
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Travel and Tourism Industry has flourished in the past few years, significantly contributing to the nation’s Gross Domestic Product, foreign exchange earnings and employment. Many developing countries have seen tourism as the major source of foreign exchange earnings. Tourism industry in India is growing and it has vast potential for generating employment and earning large amount of foreign exchange besides giving a boost to the country’s overall economic and social improvement. In terms of the countries’ share of contribution to global Travel & Tourism growth last year, two countries dominate; one quarter 25% came from China while the USA provided a further 12%. Other major contributors include India with a 6% share, while Turkey, France and Japan each contributed 4% to the sector’s growth in 2018. 2019 was another year of strong growth for the global Travel & Tourism sector reinforcing its role as a driver of economic growth and job creation Moreover, tourism is a multi-dimensional activity, basically a service industry. It would be required that all ways of the central and state government, public-private partnership and voluntary organisations become active partners in endeavour to attain the sustainable growth in tourism in India would become a world player in tourism industry. The present paper elaborates about the contribution of travel and tourism industry in the development of Indian economy.
Page(s): 05-11 Date of Publication: 18 June 2020
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The study was conducted to investigate the benefits and challenges of home garden practice in Rigachikun District Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Data were collected randomly through the use of well structured questionnaire from 40 home gardeners. Descriptive statistics such as mean, percentage, frequency distribution and table were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that majority (57.50%) of the home gardeners were male, while majority (95.00%) of the gardeners are in their working age group of between 21 – 60 years with about 85.00 % of the respondents having over 5 years experience in home gardening. The result further indicated that thirty two crops of different habits and usage were identified to be cultivated in the home gardens. The result indicates that these nine crops; cowpea (87.50%), groundnut (82.50%), maize (75.00%), tomato (70.00 %), millet (65.00%), sorghum (60.00%), onion (57.00%) while pepper (50.00%) and sweet potato (50.00%) were cultivated by the majority of the gardeners. Some of the crops identified in the home gardens are for medicinal purposes. The result showed that some of the benefits of home garden practice include; better nutrition (95%), generate more income (95%), 90.00% of them have home gardens to obtain fresh food items like vegetables, for recreation (77.50 %), for reduction in family food budget (70.00 %) , for preservation of indigenous knowledge and culture (50.00%), environmental benefits/beautification (50.00%), for easing of emotional stress (37.50%), for medicinal purpose (37.50%), relief of mental fatigue, (32.50 %), promoting social justice and equity(27.50%), for important education or learning opportunities ( 20.00%), for empowering women (12.50%) improved mood; satisfaction and pride and increased self-esteem (10%) and courage to do things differently in life (10%) as benefits they derived from home gardens However the practice of home garden in the study area is hampered by constraints such as inadequacy of farm inputs, poor soil fertility and attack of insect pests and diseases. The study therefore, recommends that gardeners should be encouraged to organize cooperative societies so as to pull their resources together to enable them to get enough capital to purchase necessary farm inputs required for home garden and to be able to control pests and disease attacking their crops.
Page(s): 12-17 Date of Publication: 19 June 2020
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Religious militancy has come into focus all over the world after the attacks of the Al Qaeda in 2001 in New York. Militancy denotes the activities of individuals, groups or parties to engage in violence with a particular ideological purpose. Religiously inspired violent extremism and militancy emerged in Bangladesh only in the mid-1990s. But during 2001 to 2006, militancy in Bangladesh got a profound root through links and networks with global militant organizations. After a short break the issue of militancy again has come into forefront in 2013 with old and new networks following the wave of transnational trend. Militant organizations attacked bloggers, foreigners, atheists, priests, non-Muslims and other targeted individuals. Militant attacks and atrocities vehemently attracted global media. However, this paper is an attempt to examine whether there is militancy in Bangladesh or not with the nature of militant attacks and extent of the activities of militant gangs in Bangladesh during the period of 2013 to 2016.
Page(s): 18-25 Date of Publication: 19 June 2020
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Islamic Banking system is a rapidly growing financial system over the Conventional Banking system in Bangladesh. As the conventional banks are more profit-maximizing regarding based on loan and mortgage. This study focused on the Non-Performing Loan and Efficiency for both Conventional and Islamic Banking sector in Bangladesh from 2008 to 2018. The study evaluates by analyzing Total Asset, Loan to asset, Inflation, Income Diversity, GDP and Cost to income. The last part also analysis the Descriptive, Correlations and Regression for the Data. The study explained that the inflation rate has a significantly negative impact on non-performing loan of the conventional banking system in Bangladesh. On the other hand, Islamic financing system is more efficient and convenient for the Bangladesh environment regarding non-performing loan management.
Page(s): 26-35 Date of Publication: 19 June 2020
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Evaluation of loggers’ knowledge of environmental consequences of logging in Kwarra, Wamba L.G.A, Nasarawa State. Stratified sampling technique was employed for data collection. The sample points were stratified into 23 villages where each village represents a stratum. The result obtained from the respondents’ knowledge on the impact of logging on the environment revealed that 51.7% of the respondents are aware of the fact that logging can pose significant impact on the environment while 48.3% are ignorant. Out of the number of the respondents that are aware of the impacts or effects of logging on the environment, 44.4% of them cannot say specifically what constitutes the impacts. However, it is also revealed that much of the impacts was related to soil erosion; while degradation, change in the amount of oxygen, absence of some medicinal plants and economic trees accounts for only 4.4%, 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.2% respectively. The study concluded that the Loggers in Kwarra District are not ignorant of the impacts of logging on the environment; despite the knowledge of the impacts, but could not do anything to mitigate the impacts. So, the study recommended that policies and laws that support conservation of natural resources should be fully implemented.
Page(s): 36-39 Date of Publication: 20 June 2020
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This study examined the influence of teachers’ use of resources on students’ attitudes towards mathematics in Laikipia Country, Kenya. Descriptive research design was utilized in the study. The target population consisted of 8357 Form Four students from 113 secondary schools in the County. Simple randon sampling was employed to select the sample schools, sample classes, and respondents. A sample of 412 respondents consisting of 392 students and 20 mathematics teachers was selected from the sample classes using Krejcie and Morgan’s table of sample sizes. A self –administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Cronbach’s alpha was used to determine the reliability of research instruments. Data was analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and simple regression analysis at .05 level of significance. The study revealed that teachers’ use of resources makes a significant contribution in the development of students’ attitudes towards mathematics. The study concludes that for development of positive attitudes, teachers should make available a variety of relevant resources in teaching and learning.
Page(s): 40-43 Date of Publication: 20 June 2020
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In recent times, some concerns have been expressed about the poor performance of JHS 1 pupils of Bonkrong D/A JHS due to their lack of interest and knowledge in the subject ICT. This concern is very agonizing given the relevance of teaching and learning process. This concern prompted the researcher to embark on the study to make out what’s actually happening in the school with regards to using technological tools in pedagogy. The objective of the study is to assess the importance of integrating technology into teaching and learning at Bonkrong D/A JHS in the Sekyere Central District of the Ashanti Region in Ghana which will help improve the interest and knowledge of pupils in learning ICT in the 21st century. The study employed the action research design and the purposive sampling technique. The population of the research consisted of 30 pupils in JHS 1. The instrument used to identify school-related causes of lack of interest and poor performance of ICT among JHS 1 pupils was questionnaire consisting of eight (8) open ended questions and the collected data was analysed using simple percentage tables.
Page(s): 44-52 Date of Publication: 20 June 2020
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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of interpersonal trust on customer loyalty of second-tier microfinance institutions in Cameroon. The study population consists of customer of second-tier microfinance institution. For this purpose, a survey questionnaire was carried out on 372 customers in total. The acquired survey data was evaluated via confirmatory factor analyses, reliability analyses and structural equation. The results show that interpersonal trust affect is positively correlated to the four dimensions of customer loyalty positively.
Page(s): 53-59 Date of Publication: 23 June 2020
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The history and character of multiparty politics at the local level in Cameroon coincided with the evolution of things in the rest of Africa as affected by the Cold War politics. It took the debilitating effects of the World economic slump of the 1980s and the early 1990s to once more unleash a kind of venomous wave of radical change that blew across Africa with a very high velocity destroying existing conservative forces along its way. Therefore, 1990 marked a watershed in Cameroons’ political history as multiparty politics was re-introduced with the launching of the Social Democratic Front (SDF) or (suffer Don Finish) in Bamenda. Its launching saw the death of six Cameroonians, the militarization and the imposition of a dawn-to-dusk curfew in the town. This paper raises many questions, and sought potential answers as well. How did the people of Bamenda survive the dawn to dusk curfew imposed in the town? How did they feed themselves regularly? How did they go about their businesses in the presence of gun trotting-military men? How did they communicate? How, when and why were the troops eventually withdrawn? What are the long term consequences of these upheavals? Sources will be mostly gotten from ordinary people who were involved and implicated in the processes, newspapers and archives. On the whole, the paper is written from the perspective of the voiceless people.
Page(s): 60-71 Date of Publication: 23 June 2020
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The study investigated utilization of digital reference resources and services by postgraduate students in university libraries in Benue State, Nigeria. Four specific objectives with corresponding research questions guided the study. The study adopted a survey research design. The population of the study comprises nine (9) digital reference librarians and eight hundred and twenty six (826) postgraduate students in universities in Benue State. The sample size of 269 postgraduate students and all the 9 digital reference librarians were used for the study. The instrument for data collection was a self-developed structured questionnaire titled “Utilization of Digital Reference Resources and Services Questionnaire” (UDRRSQ). The reliability of the questionnaire was established using Cronbach Alpha method and a reliability coefficient of 0.85 was obtained. Data collected was analyzed using Frequency Counts, Percentages, Means and Standard Deviation to answer the research questions. Findings of the study revealed that postgraduate students to a high extent utilize digital reference resources but the extent of utilization of the digital reference services in university libraries in Benue State is low. Further, the finding revealed the challenges that hinder the utilization of digital reference resources and services in university libraries in Benue State to include, lack of fund for purchasing electronic resources, inadequate/irregular power supply, lack of technical know-how, lack of preservation policy and high cost of maintenance of resources among others. The study concluded that, postgraduate students in universities in Benue State to a high extent utilize digital reference resources while the digital reference services are utilized to a low extent. Recommendations were made that, university management should ensure adequate funding of university libraries to enhance the availability of digital reference services, university libraries should provide programmes that could train their students in up-to-date 21st century skills of Information Communication technologies (ICTs) and university and library management should provide in-service training for reference librarians to enable them update their skills in the digital library, among others.
Page(s): 72-84 Date of Publication: 23 June 2020
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The study sought to examine factors affecting teachers’ perception of transition preparedness by learners with physical disabilities (PD) towards employment: Joytown, Joyland and, Mombasa Special Secondary Schools in Kenya. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative research approaches where mixed method design was used to collect and analyze the data. The study was carried out in Joytown in Thika West, Kiambu County, Mombasa Secondary in Mombasa County and Joyland in Kisumu County. Purposive sampling was used to select the three physically handicapped Special Secondary Schools, which were the earliest to be established by missionaries in Kenya. The piloting of the instruments were conducted in Joytown special school to form three learners and all teachers teaching form one and form three who were not included in the main study. An Interview schedule was administered to administrators while the teachers and learners with physical disabilities filled the questionnaires. Self-efficacy theory was used to interpret dynamics specifically for teachers and learners with physical disabilities in the classroom. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze quantitative data while Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis System (CAQDAS) was used to analyze interview schedules. The importance of this study was to create awareness of preparedness by teachers to enable learners with physical disabilities to transit to employment enhanced by teachers’ teaching strategies, availability of resources and knowledge of pre-vocational activities that enhanced their perception towards learners with physical disabilities. After the findings, the researcher recommended that the Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development (KICD) should develop curriculum contents, which will suit the needs of learners with special needs including those with physical disabilities. The findings may enhance appropriate pre-vocational skills for learners with physical disabilities because it has a futuristic relevance, widens the scope of individual economic activities, and reduces the burden of dependency on others. Further, it hopes to provide educational planners and policy-makers with a framework on which policies can improve the quality of teaching special needs education hence facilitate transition preparedness towards employment for learners with physical disabilities
Page(s): 85-93 Date of Publication: 23 June 2020
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The background of this research is the issue of foreign workers’ status in Indonesia. The issue that occurred i.e. within the dispute of industrial relationships related to the layoff of the foreign workers by the enterprise. The legal status of such foreign worker, whether the foreign workers constitute permanent workers or casual workers. In addition, about the compensation of the laying off policy that should be received by the foreign workers. Both legal issues occurred because the Act No. 13 of 2003 and its implementation rules did not rule clearly and specifically about the Fixed Term Employment Contract for foreign workers. This research is doctrinal research, based on the normative juridical research method which constitutes theoretical approach through literature study over the applied constitution i.e. Act No 13 of 2003 about Employment especially the one regulating the protection for foreign workers in terms of justice as well as other constitution regulating about foreign workers.
Page(s): 94-96 Date of Publication: 24 June 2020
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This scholarly study ascertained the consequences of indiscriminate disposal of solid waste on environment and humans’ health in Nigeria. The indiscriminate disposal of solid waste along residential buildings, commercial centres (such as markets, shops, shopping malls, super market, kiosks), roads, on drainages, streets is very disgusting; and these indiscriminate disposal of wastes in Nigeria causes great environmental hazards and serious outbreaks of diseases such as cholera, typhoid and malaria including the annual rituals of flooding in Nigeria due to blockage of canals as a result of anthropogenic activities and carelessness that affects the free flow of water ; and all the aforesaid are associated to the indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes by humans. Secondary sources of data collection were used for this scholarly article. Amongst other recommendations, it is recommended that government should reinforce waste collection and disposal systems in every state within Nigeria as well as to strengthen and enforce the appropriate laws against indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes; Public campaign on the dire consequences of indiscriminate solid waste disposal on humans’ health and environment should be organized by the government and non-governmental organizations; and monthly sanitation should be strictly adhere to in order to curtail the littering of our environment.
Page(s): 97-100 Date of Publication: 24 June 2020
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The study set out the examine the grounds upon which the Supreme Court of Nigeria is been asked to review a judgment it gave on January 14, 2020 in respect to case Ihedioha Vs. Uzodinma. In a watershed judgment the supreme court unfilled the electoral victory of Governor Emeka Ihedioha of Imo mandating that the Independent National Electoral Commission issue a certificate of return to Senator Hope Uzodinma who came fourth in the polls at the rightful winner of the electoral bout on some technical incoherencies that characterized the conduct of the election. Rightly, so Ihedioha approached the apex court praying it reverse it decision. Upon review of relevant cases and sections of the Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 as amended, it was observed that while the apex court has sometimes in the past reviewed its own ruling, there were no specific provision exists which gives the Supreme Court power to set aside its obviously bad judgement in Uzodinma & Anor. v. Ihedioha & 2 Ors that the Court cannot set it aside is necessarily flawed. The Court retains such power under its inherent powers. It is not given by the 1999 Constitution. It is inherent in it. It is, however, recognized under section 6(6) of the said Constitution which affirms that it cannot be taken away.
Page(s): 101-105 Date of Publication: 24 June 2020
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This paper essentially deals with the Phenomenological perspectives of ‘shame’ in an academic setting in the context of Sri Lanka with a view to provide a description where the study is confined to numerically four subjects of which around main subject, the three other subjects were moving around. Phenomenology covenants with the science of phenomena concentrating the study of consciousness and the object of direct experience. Phenomenology also has a close association with psychology and philosophy. However, psychology plays a crucial role to play on phenomenology of shame. Thus, this papers aims at providing a description on phenomenological perspectives on shame in relations to academic setting of Sri Lanka.
Page(s): 106-109 Date of Publication: 24 June 2020
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Nigeria’s foreign policy is afro-centric in nature, with focus significantly on the prosperity and non-interference approach to its fellow African countries. Nigeria has supported her counterparts in difficult times to achieve success. But the rivalry, lack of support, and persistent pull-down syndrome, Nigeria has experienced over the decades in Africa, has prevented Nigeria from achieving the desired potentials of becoming a developed and renowned regional hegemon. As the present international structure changes towards a totally new structure, conceptualized as a multi-world order, the need to reposition the Nigerian foreign policy to reflect her domestic interest is imperative. Although the idea of a multi-world order stands contrary to the Nigerian foreign policy, the coming multi-world order is one that, economic partnerships, diplomatic ties, and international alliances between divergent actors in complex division and gatherings are needed to achieve economic growth. However, each perspective directs to a credible future, neither captures fully what the future holds. The qualitative method of data used critically examined the genesis of the current international structure as one with multiple ‘orders’ embedded within a whole international arena. The theoretical predictions show that with the ‘multi-order world’, the liberal order will continue, and may even be strengthened domestically but its international reach will be greatly reduced. The paper argued, the solution to the multi-world order is the urgent need for Nigerian foreign policy-makers and scholars to note that the coming multi-world order will be radically unalike, requiring new mental thinkers and strengthen institutions and the acceptance of variety in both power and doctrine in order to survive. It concludes that the challenge ahead is to forge and sustain existing and new forms of relationships to manage the multi-order world.
Page(s): 110-115 Date of Publication: 24 June 2020
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The research which is conducted for pupils of Kyiremfaso Anglican Primary six (6) is an action research and aimed at helping the pupils in adding algebraic expressions using an improvised game board. The population consisted of 34 pupils from basic six, of which thirteen (13) were girls and the remaining 21 were boys but only 20 pupils were selected and used as the target group through simple random sampling technique. Efforts were made by the researcher to find the interventions to the problem identified. Based on the objectives stated, the researcher observed and tested the pupils in order to be certain about the true picture of the problem of the pupils’ inability to add algebraic expressions. In analyzing the data, percentage tables were used. After careful analysis of the data obtained, the results revealed some of the causes of the pupils’ inability to add algebraic expressions. Despite the fact that the intervention assisted to solve all the problems, it is suggested that teachers should try as much as possible to use adequate teaching and learning materials in teaching. Also, the use of local language to explain certain aspects should be encouraged. Finally, the researchers recommend that, there should be the need for teachers to attend in-service training and workshops to update themselves in the new system of teaching.
Page(s): 116-125 Date of Publication: 24 June 2020
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Curriculum is at the epicentre of any education system (Handbook on curriculum Review 2015-2022). The optimism is premised on the fact that education has the power to transform societies more than any other agent acting singly. Zimbabwe is now using an updated curriculum from early childhood development right across to advanced level. Zimbabwe is a unique country by virtue of having a multiplicity of cultures. Lawton (1973) posits that curriculum is essentially a selection from the culture of a society. In a multi-cultural society like Zimbabwe, it becomes very difficult to deliver instruction and it is further complicated by a centralised curriculum which does not take into account the peculiarities of each setting. The Zimbabwean context, particularly the primary school sector calls for the teacher to be proactive in the delivery of instruction by adapting and adopting the curriculum content to suit the different cultures. The teacher has to look for relevant instructional media and technology (IMT) that suits the level of the learners. The teacher can bring the world into the classroom in her/his quest to concretise taught concepts and simultaneously prepare pupils into the world of work through encooperating relevant IMT. The importance of IMT in the updated curriculum cannot be underestimated. It is the task of this paper to elucidate the role of IMT in the updated primary school curriculum in Zimbabwe, looking at implementation variables currently playing out. Currently, the updated curriculum is in its first seven year cycle ending year 2022.
Page(s): 126-133 Date of Publication: 26 June 2020
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Knowledge of space helped royal elites to undertake new invasions to obtain and distribute resources among them. Since India was resourceful country as against the Central Asia, being dry and barren in nature, along with other invaders, Babur also invaded India for his political existence depended upon economic solvency and the way Babur followed to capture economic and political heartland was first battle of Panipat which brought forth several lacunas in administrative set up of Delhi Sultanate and downfall. The Mongal tradition of warfare that helped Babur for preparation including various strategy of warfare in medieval era became critical to the Sultanate and came to prove substandard military organisation of indigenous military system. Along with inferiority the prejudice that comatose them in crisis was largely responsible for their downfall. Therefore the style of warfare including role of space, logistics and strategies adopted for “death ground” military operation, to be analysed.
Page(s): 134-139 Date of Publication: 26 June 2020
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This study determined the impact of organizational culture on employee productivity with reference to Nigerian Breweries Plc, Enugu. Having analyzed the distributed 150 questionnaire to staff of Nigerian Breweries Plc, Enugu, descriptive survey approach was adopted and analyzed using SPSS regressions. The following findings were made; i) there was positive and significant impact of organizational culture on performance of employees of Nigerian Breweries Plc Enugu. ii) there was positive and significant effect of organizational culture on employee effectiveness of Nigerian Breweries Plc, Enugu. The study concluded that organizational culture had a great influence on the productivity of employees in organizations which leads to better performance and profitability organizations and it further recommended that management should enforce security measures to protect the interest of the organizations.
Page(s): 140-148 Date of Publication: 26 June 2020
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Tea production has largely spread from its original land of China to so many parts of the world. Since tea was discovered in China, it has travelled the world conquering the thirsts of virtually every country on the planet. Tea is the most popular beverage in the world as well as the healthiest. It has become one of the most important economic activities to the small-scale farmers in Kenya and employs greater population in other related businesses. However, production in this sector doesn’t match the high demand in the market and socio-economic sustainability of the livelihood. This study is therefore set to analyze the technical efficiency in small-scale tea production in Nandi Hills region, Nandi County and suggest the necessary measures that should be adopted by farmers to improve their production efficiency. This study was based in Nandi County from where the primary data was sourced from farmers in the field and was supplemented by secondary data that was also elicited from journals, research reports, Government reports, website among others. Purposive sampling was used to select farmers and was appended by simple random sampling to form a sample frame of 40 farmers. Data was collected from tea farmers between July and September 2014 by use of pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires administered by the researcher. Information on yields and inputs used to grow tea by each household were collected. Descriptive data analysis was used to describe qualitative data while quantitative data was also analyzed using inferential statistics both done by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models. This study hypothesized that small-scale tea production is economically inefficient, and its key limitation is the time limit for the study. It also assumed that data collection and analysis were valid and reliable.DEA model was used to determine the technical relationship between inputs and outputs. The study’s significance was to draw out policies and recommendations that may be provided to farmers to improve efficiency in production. The main finding is efficiency scores of tea production varied widely ranging from 0.1093750 to 1.0. Farmers who allocated small parcel of land to tea production were more efficient. Economic factors such as size of land and land allocated to tea significantly determined the level of technical efficiency of tea production in Nandi Hills.
Page(s): 149-163 Date of Publication: 26 June 2020
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Since the (re-) introduction of multiparty politics in Africa in the early 1990s, electoral competition for state power has become the norm and most African countries have held more than three successive elections. However, while election is important part of a political process in a democracy and that every political system participate in election as a symbol of the democracy, experience of how Electoral Management Bodies (EMBs) have managed elections in Africa has revealed that over the years, their independence have been mortgaged by different internal and external interest thereby being used to subvert the will of the people. This has generated a worrying trend of increasing election-related violent conflict that threatens democracy, peace and stability of the continent. Therefore, this research paper uses content analysis to examine the pitfalls of EMBs in managing elections in Africa with empirical evidence from different African Countries. In order to create an institutional strengthening design for EMBs that has high integrity, the paper concludes by proposing a raft of recommendations such as the need to create a framework for mutually cooperative links based on professionalism and impartiality, enabling EMBs to iron out any disputes during the electoral process, thus strengthening electoral administration and management as an investment for consolidating democracy in Africa.
Page(s): 164-171 Date of Publication: 27 June 2020
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In the current condition where the situation in all parts of the world is facing a Covid-19 pandemic which is increasingly increasing the number of countries that have been infected with the Covid-19 virus as we know that vaccines have not been found to ward off the virus. This will certainly have an impact on global economic conditions that can kill all business businesses, many superpowers such as the United States and European Union countries have very sophisticated technology and qualified health workers who have not been able to solve the problem of covid-19 virus infection so Many developed countries have to experience economic hardship due to the cessation of all industrial, tourism, trade, mining and banking businesses which resulted in the termination of employment everywhere. The increasing level of poverty thus increasing the level of crime. The purpose of this study is to see the extent of the economic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the global economy which has an impact on the manufacturing industry. Analysis using qualitative methods by conducting virtual interviews with several industrial companies engaged in the manufacturing industry to find out the extent of the impact on business, workplace welfare and work enthusiasm supported by previous studies on matters that affect the business of manufacturing business. From this analysis we can conclude that the manufacturing industry business is strongly influenced by the global economy.
Page(s): 172-175 Date of Publication: 28 June 2020
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Gold mining is a significant sector in the world economy and in at least 34 African Countries. Ikolomani gold mines are found in Kakamega County. Many countries worldwide have had conflicts resulting from artisanal gold mining. Most artisanal gold miners are from socially and economically marginalized communities and turn to mining in order to escape extreme poverty, unemployment and landlessness. Sometimes the gold is present, but in low and unexpected quantities especially considering the depth of the mines. The low quantity of gold is used for sustaining their lives. As a result of this, there are many conflicts from artisanal gold mining. The objective of this study was to examine effects of the conflicts resulting from artisanal gold mining to the socio-economic lives of the people in Ikolomani-Sub County, Kakamega County, Kenya. This study adopted the theory of cumulative and cyclical interdependence as its framework. The theory looks at individuals and their community as caught in a spiral web of opportunity and problems, hence, individuals and community resources are mutually dependent. The study employed descriptive and evaluation research designs. The study established that gold mining affected the socio-economic lives of the people more negatively than positively. The conflicts cause poor financial management (14%), poor health conditions (16%), school dropout (18%), physical and emotional injuries (27%), and environmental degradation (21%). The study recommends that policies should be implemented by the government in the exploring sector in Ikolomani Sub-County which will improve the working relationship among different stakeholders in the gold fields. There is need to improve on the economic amenities in Ikolomani by the government and investor by forging economic partnerships.
Page(s): 176-182 Date of Publication: 28 June 2020
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In many patriarchal societies roles of married men and women are held in high esteems. However, in the context of increasing social and economic changes occurring at both local and global levels they cannot live up to the expectation of such societies. Married women are forced to take up breadwinner roles in many families, mainly due to poverty, unemployment, underemployment, low productivity and inadequate income in the agricultural sector along with the changing conceptualizations of individuals perceived wellbeing. Women’s economic contribution has become critical to the survival and wellbeing of many families. At the same time, opportunities for women’s economic participation are not always restricted to local spheres. It has expanded to global spheres too. In this perspective international migration is an important livelihood, option which mainly decided by global forces along with the local situation. In terms of international migration, Middle Eastern countries have been providing employment opportunities for men and women from their neighbouring countries for more than three decades. Dominated by female migrants, this livelihood option has gained much attention in terms of its social and economic impacts. Based on in depth interviews and focus group discussions, in three types of settlement in a peasant colonization scheme in Sri Lanka this article finds, that due to Middle East migration traditional gender roles of married men and women are undergoing considerable changes in these settlements. This article discusses why women migrate, how their husbands face the new role, how the changing gender roles are viewed by the society and the men whose wives have migrated. Focus group discussions conducted in the settlements identified a complex mix of views regarding the changing gender roles, with considerable difference in terms of age. In depth interviews revealed men are caught in multiple traps, where they could not claim whether they have achieved or empowered. They are confused and uncertain about their new gender roles.
Page(s): 183-193 Date of Publication: 28 June 2020
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Performance appraisal isa widely used tool for monitoring the performance of personnel employed in learning institutions all over world. The implementation of the appraisal process has often faced challenges due to the inability of teachers to carry out the required duties in learning institutions in Kenya. These challenges have been a great obstacle in implementation of performance appraisal in Public Secondary schools in Mbooni West Sub County thus necessitating the need for an investigation. This study investigated the Influence of Principals’ use of relevant Personnel on implementation of Performance Appraisal in Public Secondary Schools in Mbooni East Sub County, Makueni County, Kenya. The study objective sought to establish the extent to which principals’ use of the relevant personnel influences the implementation of performance appraisal in public secondary schools in Mbooni East Sub County, Makueni County, Kenya. The study used Descriptive survey research design. The target population for the study comprised of all 47 principals and 389 teachers in the Sub county. Stratified sampling and simple random sampling techniqueswere used to select a sample of 119 teachers and 16 principals.Data was collected using questionnaires. Data was analyzed and presented by usefrequency distribution tables and cross tabulation tables. The study established that, use of relevant personnel by principals positively influenced implementation of performance appraisal with 93.7% of principals and 86.6% of the teachers supporting it. The study concluded that use of relevant personnel by principals positively influenced implementation of performance appraisal.The study recommends that, teacher’s employer should considercreating a slot of a staff in every school to appraise the teachers and finalize the appraisal process by keying in the filled Teacher Performance Appraisal and Development tool in the appraisal portal.
Page(s): 194-197 Date of Publication: 28 June 2020
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The book of Uqūd al-Lujain fi Bayan Ḣuqūq al-Zawjain by Shaykh Nawawi al-Jawi al-Bantani is a thin book in the field of fiqh-tasawuf which is often taught in NU madrassa’s which discussabout husband-wife relations, consist of four chapters. In each chapter there are several verses of the Qur’an, hadith, opinions of scholars and Sufi stories that are mostly quoted from the Ihya, ‘Umdat, al-Jawāhir, Syarh Nihayah, al-Asmu’iy, and al-Zawajir. The depiction of a woman’s face in the Uqud al-Lujain thatwomen’s position as the second being after men. This depiction can be seen from the role of women who only carry out domestic activities [cooking, make up, andgiving birth] or sleeping companions. This culture was formed in the beginning of Islam, so that in the present era it is necessary to read and re-understand the books that are less relevant to the times. Regarding whether the traditions in the Uqud al-Lujain contain misagonists or not need to read with hadith criticismand understanding of the hadith.Here Sheikh Nawawi seems to be more inclined to only use hadith criticism, so that there are many traditions that are less positioned more for more women in domestic life.
Page(s): 198-202 Date of Publication: 28 June 2020
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Social media is a powerful medium of advertising good things about people and places. Therefore, it is now being used to promote the tourism industry through networking sites where people mostly communicate and meet new ventures. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of social media pages of tourist spots in Davao de Oro towards customer satisfaction. One hundred forty-two (142) respondents took the assessment. The quantitative correlational research design was utilized to investigate if there is a significant relationship between the effectiveness of social media pages of tourist spots and customer satisfaction. Social media pages served as an avenue to faster disseminate the information, especially for the tourism establishments with lesser cost. Significant differences were also identified according to gender, civil status, and the municipality of the respondents.
Page(s): 203-208 Date of Publication: 30 June 2020
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Technology and social media platforms are making changes in many types of work environments. With the advent of technological advancements in the academic realm, it caused both improvements and distractions in the operations. This study investigated the effects of technology, in the form of social media platforms on employee’s performance of a private school, catering to both secondary and tertiary levels. One hundred five (105) respondents returned the request to answer the online survey forms, which represented both the academic and administrative personnel who maneuver the college operations. The study utilized the quantitative non-experimental research design, employing the correlational technique to test if there is a significant relationship between the interplaying variables. Significant differences were also identified when the respondents are grouped according to gender, age group, and designation. Results revealed a positive correlation between the effects of using technology in the workplace and its employee performance. However, on the strength of the relationship, there is a weak correlation. Thus, we could not proceed with the generation of the model to identify which indicators of effects of technology can significantly influence employee performance. Nevertheless, this study recommends that the college administration should set rules concerning the responsible utilization of social media platforms as a technological breakthrough on advancing teaching and learning processes. As the usage of this form of technology is affecting the employee performance level, it is suggested that school personnel would craft policies and conduct training for members of the faculty and non-teaching staff on how to maximize social media platforms in the academic workplace.
Page(s): 209-213 Date of Publication: 30 June 2020
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This article focuses on opposition political parties in enhancing good governance. It proceeds to demonstrate the potential of opposition political parties in Africa. It demonstrates the extent to which opposition political parties can promote a culture of good governance, taking several major opposition political parties and events as cases for analysis across the African continent. A desk review of various critical literatures from selected African countries on the topic was undertaken to provide comprehensive understanding. This paper provides a discussion to insights on the role of opposition political parties in enhancing good governance; holding governments in place accountable; serving as a credible alternative to the ruling government; promoting and stimulating debates in parliament; training ground for future leaders; commitment to transparency and capacity building among others. However, in most African countries, being a member of opposition party is a dangerous pursuit due to the harassment, imprisonment, press censorship and the murder of opposition politicians by those in power; as a result, this has curtailed opposition’s performance of its ideal functions. The article concludes that comprehensive policy framework should be undertaken in understanding and appreciating the potential role of opposition political parties in Africa and detail the measures that can allow for stronger parties to have a more significant role in promoting good governance in the 21st century and moving forward.
Page(s): 214-218 Date of Publication: 30 June 2020
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Some writers are not versed in putting down a strong introduction in their respective writing, or perhaps they are not aware of its importance in writing as a language skill. As a result of this, they occasionally, if not at all times, fail to motivate readers in reading their written or printed information. The writers’ failure to stir up the readers’ interest in reading leads to mind distancing of readers to the contents of such writers’ texts, and in turn, causes the readers’ misunderstanding and confusion in decoding the actual messages in such writing. This paper aims at providing answers to three questions, which are; ‘How important is introduction to writing as a language skill? What are the notions of introduction in writing, or names that can be given to introduction in the context of writing? What strategies can writers use in writing a catchy introduction?’ This paper also takes a picture of the readers’ need of introduction to understanding the exact information of writers in the reading process. Different related studies are reviewed in order to bring out the importance of introduction in writing. This is done by intensive reading of the related literature to the topic. The explanations and instances that are given under different sections of this paper show the inevitability of introduction to writers in the process of putting down ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc.; and also to readers in reading what have been put down in written or printed forms by the writers.
Page(s): 219-224 Date of Publication: 30 June 2020
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The effect of money supply in enhancing economic growth in Rwanda is investigated in this study. This study aims at assessing the Effect of money supply on economic growth in Rwanda through economic growth (GDP) per capita in Rwanda. The study uses Rwanda National Bank and World Bank data from 2008 to 2018. This study used the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)-bounds testing to co-integration and Ordinary Least Squares regression technique for analysis of the data to assess the impact of money supply on GDP per capita in Rwanda. The study model is composed of five macroeconomics variables which are Gross Domestic Product per capita, Money supply, Lending Interest Rate, Gross Capital Formation and deposit rate. The study findings Shows a statistical significant positive association between money supply and economic growth in Rwanda both in short run and long run. This study suggests that money supply should be increase at a steady rate by keeping pace with the growth of Rwandan economy.
Page(s): 225-229 Date of Publication: 30 June 2020
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Students’ academic Performance in institutions of learning features prominently in the global education agenda. Educational managers and teachers focuss on use of learning resources to provide quality education. Students’ performance in national examination has declined in Mbooni west Sub County hence the need for an enquiry. This study investigated the influence of Principals’ involvement in provision of teaching and learning resources on students’ academic performance in public secondary schools in Mbooni West Sub County, Makueni County, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to; Assess the types and adequacy of teaching and learning resources and to determine the influence of Principals’ involvement in provision of teaching and learning resources on students’ academic performance in Mbooni West Sub County, Makueni County. The hypothesis for the study was; There is no statistically significant relationship between principals’ involvement in provision of teaching and learning resources and students’ academic performance in public secondary schools in Mbooni West Sub County, Makueni County, Kenya. The study employed descriptive survey research design. The target population was all principals and teachers in public secondary schools in Mbooni West Sub County. The study employed stratified sampling technique and random sampling for teachers and census sampling for principals to select 90 teachers and 40 principals. Data was collected using questionnaires. Validity of the research instruments was ascertained through piloting of the test items while reliability of the questionnaires was ascertained by a test-re-test technique. Data was analyzed using SPSS and presented in frequency distribution tables, percentages. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test the relationship between principals’ involvement in provision of teaching and learning resources and students’ academic performance in public secondary schools in Mbooni West Sub County, Makueni County. The study established that teaching and learning resources were adequate in public secondary schools in Mbooni West Sub County. The study also revealed that there was statistically significant relationship between principals’ involvement in provision of teaching and students academic in public secondary schools in Mbooni West Sub County, Makueni County at (r) value of 0.834 while (p) value was 0.002.The study concluded that Principals’ involvement in provision of teaching and learning resources influenced students acdemic performance in public secondary schools in Mbooni West Sub County, Makueni County. The study recommended that principals should provide diverse teaching and learning resources to improve and sustained students’ academic performance in schools.
Page(s): 230-234 Date of Publication: 30 June 2020
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Teacher performance appraisal is a key element in management process in institutions of learning. The implementations of performance appraisal amongst teachers largely depend on their level of training which forms the focus of this study. This study discusses teacher training as a critical factor in the implementation of teacher performance appraisal. The study had three specific objectives namely; assessing the status of teacher training on performance appraisal, establishing the type of training attended by teachers on performance appraisal and determining the influence teacher training on the implementation of performance appraisal in public secondary schools in Nzaui Sub County, Makueni County, Kenya. The study employed descriptive survey research design. The target population was all principals and teachers in public secondary schools in Nzaui Sub County, Makueni County. The study employed stratified sampling technique and random sampling for teachers and census sampling for principals to select 140 teachers and 50 principals. Data was collected using questionnaires. Validity of the research instruments was ascertained by piloting of the test items while reliability of the questionnaires was ascertained by a test-re-test technique. Data was analyzed using SPSS software and presented in frequency distribution tables and percentages. The study established that teacher training on performance appraisal influenced the implementation of their performance appraisal in public secondary schools in Nzaui Sub County, Makueni County. The study recommends that teachers should be adequately trained on performance appraisal practices.
Page(s): 235-238 Date of Publication: 30 June 2020
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The comprehension of mangrove status is based on the ability to separate plant, land and water objects in remotely sensed data in the view of the reflectivity or radiation of the object. The application of GIS and remote sensing technology to analyze mangrove fluctuations has been widely used in the world. High population growth and migration into coastal areas are found to be one of the most extensive land use changes in recent decades and could result in the destructive of the coastal areas of Hai Phong, Vietnam. Coastal areas are at risk of climate change impact and the future trend of this land use could cause coastal erosion, and land degradation. This study provides an assessment of spatiotemporal changes of mangrove extent using remotely sensed data and identifies the drivers. In this study, Landsat and Sentinel-2 data were utilized to quantify the spatiotemporal changes in land use and land cover (LULCC). The study focused on the periods of 1994-2001, 2001-2010, 2010-2015 and 2015-2018, and decadal changes. Unsupervised classification was selected to determine the land use and land cover. Error-matrix based accuracy assessment was accomplished after ground truthing. Comparing two case study sites, Tien Lang district was found to be the most vulnerable to socio-economic development and natural disaster. This paper demonstrates the congruous development of relevant key drivers of coastal mangrove change, with an emphasis on land use change drivers. This study will be helpful for future research but also illustrates an applicable plan for sustainable mangrove management.
Page(s): 239-250 Date of Publication: 02 July 2020
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The study aims to determine the effect of employee engagement and work life balance on turnover intentions in woodworking companies in the Greater Jakarta area. Turnover intentions are things that are avoided by a company because they have negative consequences such as high employee training costs, less competent employees because they often experience changes and some other losses. The research method used is a quantitative method with data collection using the existing questionnaire data then analyzed using the SPSS application version 21. The results of this study indicate the influence of work life balance on turnover intention of millennial generation employees both individually and simultaneously.
Page(s): 251-255 Date of Publication: 02 July 2020
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Nomophobia is a growing fear of this modern generation. Technologies such as a mobile phone are most frequently used in this modern era through its advantages but there are also disadvantages. This paper examines the relationship between nomophobia and the physical health of Panaboans across age groups. For this purpose, the sample was drawn from the citizen of Panabo City, which is currently online on social media using a convenient sampling method. The sample comprised of one hundred twenty (N=120), i.e., sixty-three males and fifty-seven females from the age range of 8-25, 26-40, 41-55, and 56-74. The questionnaire was administered to them after procuring informed consent. The techniques of Pearson r Correlation, Independent T-test, and ANOVA were employed to analyze data. The tool used to calculate the data was SPSS. The results explained that the relationship between nomophobia and physical health status has a negative correlation with an R-value = -0.005. Therefore, the physical health status of Panaboans mainly has minimal evidence of health-related issues about the cause of nomophobia. This research study influences researchers to furthermore investigate its assumptions of nomophobia.
Page(s): 256-262 Date of Publication: 03 July 2020
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Stakeholders in the education sector in Kenya have been concerned about the poor performance in science subjects and notably mathematics over the years. Students’ performance in mathematics and science subjects in examinations administered by the Kenya National Examination Council has remained below expectation. This situation does not favor Kenya in its effort toward developing a scientific and technological culture. More often than not, teachers are blamed for the poor performance and even when the blame is directed to a student, explanation is offered only in terms of the students’ cognitive and intellectual ability. Little or no consideration is given to the fact that the category of the school a child goes to can affect ones achievement in Mathematics. As at now, seemingly knowledge of how certain factors like school category relate to student’s achievement in mathematics is not well known. Therefore, this study makes an attempt to contribute towards filling the existing gap.
Page(s): 263-265 Date of Publication: 03 July 2020
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Technology becomes more and more integrated with daily life.Educators must take a modern view on the utilization of technology to support inter-connected learning. This modern view holds that technology gives the learner flexibility and the ability to be adaptable in multiple scenarios and within different subject areas [8]. The purpose of this study is to know the relationship of technology as a learning tool that help students’ motivation in education;determine the level of student motivation in education towards the use of technology as a learning tool and find out if there will be significant relationship between technology as learning tool and its impact to the students’ motivation in education among college students.Data gathering was done through the use of questionnaires through an online survey. The questionnaire is divided into three parts namely: demographic proles of college students; focus on the student motivation aspects and; focuses on technology as a learning tool. The participants selected were from the two institutes of Davao del Norte State College that contain larger samples and clustered by the researchers and (54) students total is selected institutes enrolled in their different programs.The correlational research method was used in this study; which purpose is to find out the relationship between two or more variables. Results show that most of the students use technology as their learning tool to boost their student engagement or motivation. Findings indicated that in order to achieve good performance in school, they use technology to help their studies and provided own learning that makes students more equipped;moreover, by into real-world situations, students can understand complex concepts, which will then increase competence. By adding technology into the classroom, teachers can utilize this technology to differentiate instruction, motivate students, and include all skill levels.
Page(s): 266-277 Date of Publication: 03 July 2020
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This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of independent variables on employee performance variables mediated by two mediating variables. The independent variable used in this study is Work-Conflict Priority Family and Employee Assistant Program, then the mediation variables used are Competence and Training. The method in this study uses primary data by distributing questionnaires manually and using a google form that is distributed to nurses inpatient type B hospitals in Batam City.175 data sets of this study were processed using Smart Pls 3.0 and SPSS. The results show that there are significant differences between work-family priority conflicts and employee assistant programs on employee performance mediated by competence and training.
Page(s): 278-285 Date of Publication: 03 July 2020
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Globally, the population of ageing persons is increasing. It is estimated that there are over 962 million people over the age of 60 in the world who make up 13 per cent of the world global population. Domestically, the number and proportion of those aged 65 years and above make up an approximated 140, 431,70 million which is an approximated 4.3 per cent of the total population in Nigeria. The human right of older people is, however, yet to receive adequate human rights attention, despite the significance of this population. Many older people suffer human rights violations ranging from discrimination, social and political exclusion, poverty, neglect, isolation and undignifying abuse. This is worse for the poorer ones who are forced to live in deplorable accommodation and environments, especially in rural areas or urban ghettos and slums. The government is yet to develop suitable policies, laws and socio-economic and welfare programs that will effectively cater for the human rights interests of the elderly people and the society is not sensitive to their plight. This study examines the human rights-related problems and challenges of older persons and calls for a specific human rights approach to elderly well-being in Nigeria. The study highlights some of the ways which the Nigeria Government can develop lasting and beneficial economic and socio-welfare policies and programmes for older people. It further recommends a human rights-based framework that will meet the economic, health, social, psychological and mental wellbeing, needs and other challenges of aged people.
Page(s): 286-299 Date of Publication: 04 July 2020
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The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of problem-based learning tothe upgrading of students critical thinking skills in Geography study. Design in learning is an experimental One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. Pretest is carried out before learning and posttest is carried out after learning using the Problem-Based Learning model. The conclusion of the research results that problem-based learning has an effect on upgrading students critical thinking skills with tcount = 10,116 ≥ ttable = 2,02. The indicator of students critical thinking skills has upgraded after learning, namely the ability to analyze category has upgraded about 10,32; the ability to synthesize category about 18,09; the ability to make conclusions category about 14,29; the ability to make decision has upgraded about 16,11.
Page(s): 300-304 Date of Publication: 04 July 2020
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This study aimed at finding out the prevalence of aggressive behaviours among the secondary school students in Kenya. The participants consisted of 22 schools which formulated a total of 308 students. The students’ questionnaire was used to obtain information on interactions to bullying, fighting and destruction. It was established that physical fighting is one of the aggressive behaviours reported in schools world over. With regard to vandalization of school property, most cases of vandalism in schools is manifested in writing on walls, pouring food, burning school buildings, breaking into other students’ boxes and pouring laboratory chemicals. Based on this, the study recommended that there is need for the concerted effort of the individual and the stake-holders are important for the successful transition of adolescents
Page(s): 305-311 Date of Publication: 04 July 2020
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This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between students’ neighborhood and aggressive behaviour exhibited by secondary school learners. Students are not immune to aggressive behaviour, either as perpetrators or victims because may live in communities with varied behaviors for most of their lives depending on where they come from. The issue of where a student comes from or grows up from is of great concern to educators. The study aims at determining if continual exposure may desensitize students and encourage them to accept aggressive acts as a normal mode of conflict resolution. On the other hand, they may be emotionally damaged by the experiences of violence, repeated harassment or the witness of the death or brutal treatment of relatives. It was noted that the community climate was making a significant contribution to the aggressive behaviour of students in secondary schools
Page(s): 312-318 Date of Publication: 04 July 2020
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Psychological well-being is more than just happiness or satisfaction; rather it refers to being able to develop as a person and to being fulfilled and happy, and thus, contributes to the well-being of the community at large. However, since 2014, the issue of psychological well-being in Sudan has become a prodigious concern due to the rising rate of psychological problems among students. Past literature highlighted the recent increase in numbers of Sudanese students who are suffering from psychological issues. In spite that, the research on psychological well-being and personality has undergone extensive empirical review and theoretical evaluation, there is a dearth of empirical studies on the relationship between personality and psychological well-being among Sudanese students. Thus, the current study investigated the relationship between extraversion, neuroticism and psychological well-being of undergraduate students. A correlational research design was used in this study. The study used stratified random sampling procedure to select 382 undergraduate students as the sample of the study. The Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) that measures two dimensions of personality and Ryff’s Psychological Well-being scales were administered. The findings of this study with a p-value =.000 < .01 threshold of alpha showed that there was positive correlation between extraversion and the psychological well-being; the findings further explained with a p-value =.000 < .01 that neuroticism was positively correlated with the psychological well-being of the students.This study contributed to the literature of psychological wellbeing and established the relationships of extraversion, neuroticism and psychological well-being among Sudanese students.
Page(s): 319-325 Date of Publication: 04 July 2020
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A reverse of side-effects of certain after-school activities on students could serve as an alternative means of educational development. Through a multistage procedure involving stratified and systematic techniques, data was collected from 196 secondary students. Weighted third terminal scores for 2015/2016 session and first terminal scores of 20016/2017academic year (making a total of four terms), were analyzed along with student-participants’ responses using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings indicate that as a side effect, street-hawking had a significant negative relationship on participants’ academic performance [r(184)= -0.223, p < .01]; that students who measure high on mobile or internet usage significantly perform less (M=580.43) academically among others. It is submitted that as students’ academic performance decreases due to multiple activities and high interaction with internet, dismal academic performance could be reversed for improved educational development through committed monitoring of parents.
Page(s): 326-333 Date of Publication: 05 July 2020
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The focus of the article is on mitigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the teaching and learning of science in Nigerian higher institutions. It argued that conventional strategies of teaching are not adequate for teaching science during the pandemic because of the lockdown and social distancing. The script is of the view that e-learning would be the best alternative: however, the various modes of e-learning required face-to-face lecturing, which may not be possible at this period. In light of this, the authors believed the Google Classroom framework, which has been in vogue in many countries of the world could be the best. The paper reviewed the benefits of Google Classroom based on the countries that had used the method. The manuscript mentioned some challenges that can militate against the implementation of the strategy in Nigeria. It was concluded that Google Classroom could be the alternative to science teaching and learning at this period if all the challenges mentioned were mitigated. Finally, the implications of the paper were highlighted.
Page(s): 334-337 Date of Publication: 05 July 2020
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Since the introduction of social media into the labour market, the economic ideology on the clear division of time utilities between labour and leisure as explained in the neo classical labour leisure model has been challenged. By today, Services Sector is highly sensitive to the dynamics of social media usage of the country. The main objective of the study is to explore the determinants of Social media addiction of employees in the Services Sector in Sri Lanka since there is a lack of researches done using the considered variables in this research locally and internationally. Using structured questionnaires from 241 employees who work in the organizations of Services Sector in the Colombo District were selected for the sample in three stages of Stratified sampling technique. The Probit estimation model was adopted to fulfill the main objective. It revealed that Age, Total working hours per week, Being WhatsApp users, Being Instagram users, Being You Tube users, Using social media during 8.00 a.m.- 12.00 noon, Using Social media during 12.00 noon- 4.00 p.m., Social media usage for Professional purposes and social media usage for entertainment purposes are the key determinants of social media addiction of employees. The researcher has presented some recommendations to control the Social media Addiction of Employees in the Services Sector during working hours in Sri Lanka.
Page(s): 338-345 Date of Publication: 05 July 2020
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This paper offers an insight into the COVID-19 debacle as it highlights the ravaging impact of the disease and the struggle faced across the globe to overcome it. It took a brief account of the history of Traditional Medicine and its proven efficacy in overcoming all forms of human illnesses across historical milieu. It also adapted a Marxist approach in explaining the strained relationship between Modern and Traditional healthcare practitioners, the failures of the modern healthcare system in meeting the health demands of the people and the many biases and prejudices on Traditional Medicine by the proponents of the Modern Healthcare proponents. It further delved into the potentials of Traditional Medicine in overcoming COVID-19 by identifying some traditional herbs and plants with proven antiviral and immune bosting potentials and recommended the need for genuine efforts at promoting a relationship of cooperation and mutual respect and bridging the equity gap that currently exists.
Page(s): 346-350 Date of Publication: 07 July 2020
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This article explores issues that a transgender and/ or gender non-confirming individual may face when admitted to hospital, such as being admitted into the wrong ward. The article uses Seedhouse’s ethical grid to critically analysis ethical decision making when admitting a transgender and/ or gender non-confirming individual into a traditional hospital ward. The article then explores language and micro aggressions and their impact on an individual’s identity and selfhood, including, inappropriate naming of wards, such as, women’s health units. The article finally highlights the need for hospitals and healthcare services need to develop transgender and gender non-confirming policies to appropriately care for this demographic.
Page(s): 351-356 Date of Publication: 07 July 2020
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With the developing technology, people have made different ways to make the things easy and effective. In this sense learning also has become very easily accessible matter for the people and they have started to do it through social media. This is reasonable to call as unknowing learning through social media since the social media make the people to learn through the using and sharing. This study has proved that using social media as an effective tool to learn English language among local users in Sri Lanka and how it benefitted in several sections to make the people aware at least about the language in speaking than the other three sections including writing, listening and reading.
Page(s): 357-359 Date of Publication: 07 July 2020
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The use of traditional medicine has been on the increase in many developing and industrialized countries. This high use may be due to accessibility, affordability, availability and acceptability by majority of the population especially among the rural dwellers who have a strong perception of its efficacy in overcoming a myriad of health challenges including maternity issues. With the hybrid of quantitative and qualitative research techniques, this study examined Rural Inhabitants and the Utilization of Traditional Medicine among Pregnant Mothers in Ona-Ara Local Government Area of Oyo State. One Hundred and Fifty Five (155) questionnaires were administered among the respondents out of which One Hundred and Forty-Four (144) valid responses were obtained. In addition, twenty-one (21) IDIs and fifteen (15) KIIs were conducted to further ascertain the findings. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis, the result showed that the respondents had positive disposition towards traditional medicine, perceived traditional medicine to be effective in tackling the pregnancy-related challenges, and that traditional medicine does not lead to fetus-maternal complications. Recommendations is that health care providers should take into consideration the prevailing cultural practices in the communities in designing health education and messages that will promote the positive cultural practices and reduce the impact of negative ones among pregnant women. In addition, efforts should be intensified towards explore willingness towards co-operation, assess failures and successes of both health systems and advocate clarity in dosages.
Page(s): 360-387 Date of Publication: 07 July 2020
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The conjoining of the unforeseen Covid-19 pandemic on the social fabric of the Africans automatically invokes an assorted mix of analytic and philosophic questions. For example: What are the impacts of covid_19 on the African traditional burial systems pastoral and associated values, customs and traditions? This paper is anchored in the framework of the Sociocultural theory and will attempt an ethnographic analysis establishing the impact of the Covid 19 on the Bukusu nation in Kenya. It is important to point out here that the first Covid 19 death case was a person from Bukusu society in the North western Parts of Kenya. The manner in which the burial was conducted was very different from the normal Bukusu culture and traditions hence the need to study the impact of this corona disease on the African traditional systems. The paper adopted an ethnographic approach in data collection, analysis and interpretation. The qualitative data will involve conducting key informant interviews via phone calls and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) in form of Zoom meetings, to explore and hear the experiences of covid_19 on the family members of the deceased and the impact on the social fabric of the said community. Methodological triangulation ensured that the study analysis and recommendations are sound and built on diverse perspectives. The unit of analysis was the individual household which have experienced a Covid 19 death case. The target respondents of the closed/structured survey questionnaires were based on gender (either a woman or a man household head) in an alternating way. While as a pioneering study, this study will enrich our understanding and advances our knowledge around the impacts of covid_19 African Traditional Burial systems, that is important in shaping the changes in terms of culture and traditions. The findings suggest that the understanding of death is fundamental to understanding the social fabric and belief systems of ‘traditional’ societies.
Page(s): 388-397 Date of Publication: 08 July 2020
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This paper examined the Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES production function in estimating the productivity, efficiency and elasticities of yam production in Nassarawa state, using a multi-stage random sampling procedure. The findings revealed that the mean yam production to be 6776.21kg per farmer, the average land cropped at 2.67 hectare, average capital involved was N44,586.10, the average number of labourers required at 42 manpower and average wage paid to labourers’ was N14345.17. The CES Production function estimated revealed a productivity of 17.94 which shows that the farmers are producing at an efficient level, the optimal distribution of input was 0.226031 of capital is required for 0.773 of labour, while our elasticity of production was 1.0699 shows that the factors capital and labour can be substituted since it is constant and implies that for an improved production, an increase capital utilization and reduction of wages paid for labour to reduce human drudgery which is interest in this research. We therefore recommend an intensification of capital inputs (machinery) use rather than human labour in yam production. Also, there is the need to consider other factors when designing policies to encourage an increase in yam production. Thus, for us to increase productivity there is the need to make policies that will encourage technology applications.
Page(s): 398-402 Date of Publication: 08 July 2020
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The paper investigated the role played by changes in demography in the growth of African economies during the period 1981-2017. Moreover, a comparative investigation of the effect of changes in demography on growth of selected economies based on the income level (namely high and upper-middle income, lower-middle income, and low income) was also done in this paper. Data for this study were sourced from the World Development Indicator (WDI) published by the World Bank. While, growth in GDP per capita was used to measure economic growth, demographic changes were examined from population dependency ratio, population gender distribution, and urban and rural population. The panel IPS unit root test conducted showed that all the time series for all categories of African countries examined were stationary at levels; hence the fixed/random effect panel regression models were estimated. Based on the result of the Hausman test, only one fixed effect was used to explain the effect of changes in demography on economic growth. First, it was found that age dependency ratio of entire population had a negative significant effect on economic growth among all African countries and lower-middle income countries in Africa. Secondly, age dependency ratio of the aged and young population had positive and significant on economic growth among all African countries and lower-middle income countries in Africa (with the magnitude of age dependency ratio of the young being greater). Thirdly, increase in female population impacted positively and significantly on economic growth among African countries. Fourthly, increase in male population had negative and significant impact on economic growth among all African countries and lower-middle income countries in Africa. Fifthly, increase in rural and urban population impacted positively and significantly on economic growth among African countries, high and upper-middle income countries, and low income countries in Africa. Lastly, while increase in urban population had more impact on economic growth among African countries, increase in rural population had more impact on economic growth among low income African countries. Among others, the study recommended that economic empowerment programmes should concentrate more on the women population as women in African tend to be more enterprising in managing small businesses that has been considered a catalyst for economic growth in the African continent.
Page(s): 403-412 Date of Publication: 08 July 2020
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The profit potentials of a manufacturing firm through an efficient and effective supplier selection process of the purchasing function is high and guaranteed. Profit is the ultimate goal of shareholders in establishing business enterprises. This paper attempt to examine supplier selection a strategic tool of the purchasing function and its role in profit maximization. The authors discussed three dimensions of supplier selection such as negotiation, competitive bidding, and constrains in the contemporary supplier selection process. Since purchasing function is responsible for controlling a dominant share of the company’s revenue. The authors, therefore, recommend that it should be the duty of the purchasing personnel to negotiate, select supplier(s) and execute all company commitments within the purchasing framework to get the optimal profit — right quality at the lowest cost, to develop the satisfactory supply chain and maintain good partnering relationships with suppliers. Thus, to maximize profit, manufacturing firms in Nigeria should adopt a well-organized and functional purchasing systems where the supplier selection process is handled by highly qualified professionals in line with the purchasing ethics, principles, and practice.
Page(s): 413-417 Date of Publication: 08 July 2020
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The study investigated on the influence of early childhood education on reading ability of grade one children from a Kenyan perspective. The study was guided by the following objectives; to establish the influence of early childhood education on reading ability of grade one children; to determine whether there is a difference between reading ability competence of children who had received early childhood education and those who had not. The study was guided by the innate theory. The following hypothesis was tested; there is no significant difference between mean reading ability scores of children who attended early childhood education development centres and those pupils who did not attend. Experimental design namely pre- test post-test guided the study. The target population was grade one children and grade one teachers of English. Sampling was through the use of simple random sampling .To collect data observation schedule and reading test was used. Data analysis was done by use of percentages, means and frequencies .To test hypothesis; independent samples t- test was used. To determine validity English experts were consulted and for reliability test retest technique was used. The result was that attendance of early childhood education development did not contribute to a child’s reading ability. It was concluded that the preparation a child receives while at grade one was crucial to development of reading competencies.
Page(s): 418-422 Date of Publication: 08 July 2020
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Marketplace is a popular term used in Indonesia online shopping experience, which a third party site who consists of many sellers (companies or individuals) selling their products to their customers. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of social media on the purchase intention of men’s fashion item on the Marketplace sites. This sample in this study was the customers of men’s fashion items in five largest marketplace sites in Indonesia, they are Tokopedia, Shopee, Lazada, Bukalapak and OLX. The results showed that all hypotheses were significantly positive, except for brand knowledge and perceived persuasiveness on marketplace brand equity; perceived in formativeness on purchase intention; and perceived usefulness as moderator between perceived persuasiveness and marketplace brand equity which are showed insignificant results. These results verify that companies must realize the enormity of the social media impact on the value of the company’s equity, which is a big thrust to trigger purchase intention.
Page(s): 423-426 Date of Publication: 08 July 2020
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Telecommunication service providers, Vodafone adopts acquisitions for expanding the scope and arena of the business. Targeting the aristocratic people looking for high internet speed and accessibility attaches effective positioning on the brand. Product diversification and differentiation is an agent in terms of penetrating into the foreign markets. These techniques are a part of the scientific management theory, which is aimed at increasing the productivity and profitability. Acquisitions can be a means for introducing quality services for the customers through a collaborative performance. The main purpose of this report is to understanding of Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning strategy and its importance in the success or failure of a company. This particular report has been developed with two major segments. In the first segment, the study focused the concept of STP explain it beside why STP is important in the international business area. In the second segment the report covered the issue of changing and adaptation of the STP concept of Vodafone in the international market. In the second part the study also explain that how Vodafone formulate new alternative strategies according to the market demand and vivacity of the global business to survive in the international market.
Page(s): 427-430 Date of Publication: 09 July 2020
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The purpose of this study is to analyse how the social changes of transmigration society. It is viewed from some perspectives, which are seen from social, economic and cultural aspects of the society in Margo Mulyo village, Jati Agung Subdistrict, South Lampung Regency. This research uses qualitative research by descriptive approach. The sampling technique used is snowball sampling . Data collection technique is done by a complete interviews, observation and photo documentation. The results show that (1) Land ownership by transmigration society from generation to generation was running out and cause the last generation need to gain income from other islands (2) On average, child from transmigration society attended education to the middle level and the next generation got education to senior high school level but there were also come to college (3) Institutions in Margo Mulyo village started with only a small number of village officials and now have developed into various village organizations from generation to generation (4) transmigrants have a livelihood as farmers but with own land and wider land (5) The income of transmigration society has changed better (6) Transmigrants brought a lot of Javanese Culture to their destination and some have flourished until now but as the change of modern era, some traditions have left by the generation.
Page(s): 431-434 Date of Publication: 09 July 2020
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between financial behavior and investment decisions of institutional investors in Batam City. The importance of financial behavior and uncertainty of capital market information enables investors to use the obtained information for more significant result investment, but there are different situations to achieve the result. The study collected feedback from 80 investors from Insurance, Banking, Finance, and Securities companies using targeted sampling techniques. Data analysis used partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) by testing the inner and outer model. The result showed that financial tools and firm-level corporate governance have a significant positive effect on investment decisions. It allows financial instruments to make investment decisions through fundamental analysis, and firms with corporate governance levels can provide value to shareholders. Capital markets always reflect information and may have a positive or negative impact. The result also found that heuristic and risk a version do not affect investment decisions. It concluded that respondents tended to take rational actions when evaluating information and were not risk-averse investors.
Page(s): 435-438 Date of Publication: 09 July 2020
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This study sought to find out levels of disruption of teaching and learning through the effects of environmental noise at one state university in Zimbabwe. Emphasis was placed on soliciting information from the affected stakeholders who are primarily the students and the lecturers. Two schools from amongst five which comprise the state university are located in the industrial site. However, only one school was chosen for study mainly because the researcher teaches in that school. An auto-ethnographic design was used to decipher data from the sample. Participant observation was employed by the researcher as he is equally affected by the circumstances. Purposive sampling was used to choose respondents from both student teachers and their lecturers. An early childhood development education honours degree second-year students were specially chosen because they are taught one module by the researcher and also because they use two venues for instruction. Lecturers who teach large groups in the school were included in the study. Closed and open-ended questionnaires for both lecturers and students were used to gather data for the study. Amongst other, results show that because of the location of the school myriad forms of physical noises are negatively affecting the instructional process. Study recommends that school either relocates to a more suitable environment or heavily invest in noise-proofing it’s environ.
Page(s): 439-444 Date of Publication: 10 July 2020
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The noun is a vital element in the grammar of any language. In this paper, lexical variation of nouns in Lunyore is explored. Variation is an intrinsic part of any language. No two people in a speech community can speak identical grammars and no one speaker has a complete invariant grammar. A sample size of 20 respondents was selected through judgmental sampling. After being interviewed and recorded, it was discovered that age caused a bigger degree of variation than the other social variables which include gender and social status. 25 words were targeted and they all had two or more variants. Linguistic data collected enabled us to conclude that lexical variation in Lunyore nouns comes as a result of borrowing, word loss, semantic change, word invention and semantic shift.
Page(s): 445-450 Date of Publication: 10 July 2020
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Religious understanding and peaceful co-existence are the priority for a peaceful society. Places where terrorism is the order of the day are mostly perpetuated by religious groups. The cause of this act can be traced to a warped understanding of the Scripture. The emerging religious tension in Nigeria, with the problem of the Boko Haram and the effects on socio-economic situation of the country, calls for attention. The trendy religious hullabaloo in the country involving the two Abrahamic faiths makes this study important and expedient as it serves to illustrate the commonalities in the two faiths concepts of angels for the purpose of promoting religious harmony using thematic approach (the concept of angel). The study opines that to make the world a peaceful and saved place, there is need for a proper understanding and application of the different faiths’ Scriptures. Proper understanding and application of the Scriptures will help in stopping heresy and the religious leaders who are using the Scriptures to cause religious crisis in the nation. It is believed that this study will open the eyes of the scholars and religious leaders to other areas of similarities and differences in the Qur’an and the Bible, and how this can be explained in a way that it will not lead to religious crisis but lead to unity, peace and progress which would also promote socio-economic growth of the nation. Since the Scripture is the basis of self-understanding of religious groups, it is believed that the study would serve as illumination and enlightenment for the adherents of Islam and Christianity to see their Scriptures’ teachings on angels as a valuable tool in fostering mutual understanding, promoting tolerance, maintaining peaceful co-existence and ensuring harmonious relationship with one another to the overall benefits of Nigeria in particular and the world at large.
Page(s): 451-457 Date of Publication: 10 July 2020
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River resources are major sources of ecosystem services which provide social benefits and economic benefits to humanity. Increasing population levels, industrialization and intensified land use have posed threat to the rivers and have decreased their potentials. It is very necessary to evaluate the value that people attach for the restoration of such resources. This study therefore, used contingent valuation method (CVM) to estimate the economic value that households confer to the restoration of River Migori in Kenya for sustainable development. Payment card approach was used to elicit the residents’ WTP amounts. A sample of 80 respondents was obtained through multistage sampling technique who participated in the CVM survey. The study found out that the residents are willing to pay mean amount of Kshs. 5,086.25($48.25) and a total amount of Ksh. 406,900($3,859.27). The results of the Tobit regression found that the socio-economic factors which influence the individual willingness to pay amounts are gender, marital status, household size and income. In the main, the study found the general acceptance to restore the river resource which is relevant for policy formulation and which indicates that ecosystem restoration is a favored option for sustainable development.
Page(s): 458-465 Date of Publication: 10 July 2020
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The study investigates the drivers of deforestation in Nigeria using annual time series data for the period 1990- 2012. The data on all the variables were tested for unit root using KPSS unit root test. The results from KPSS units root test revealed that all the variables are stationary at level. And they are cointegrated as reported by the Engle granger test for cointegration. The result from fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) indicates that wood fuel, economic growth, agricultural land and foreign direct investment have significant positive impacts on deforestation with urbanization been inversely related to deforestation in the long run. Government should give more emphasis on providing alternative means of cooking and lightening apart from fire woods, providing modern means of farming with crops that require small amount of land and lastly emphasis more on public enlightenment campaign on the dangers of deforestation and desertification.
Page(s): 466-473 Date of Publication: 10 July 2020
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The frequency with which Wuhan Covid-19 virus appears randomly all over the world has raised suspicion that it could be a bio-warfare and hegemonic tool of Beijing, the emergent imperial power to sustain its over bearing ambition and influence in the global system in recent times. The controversies surrounding the outbreak of the virus have left no doubt that the virus is concocted in a laboratory in Wuhan, China. This study, therefore, attempts to ascertain whether the outbreak of Covid-19 or Coronavirus pandemic is a natural epidemic or a bioterrorism as it is alleged to be put to use for sinister motives by the Communist Party in China. The study also relates same to the conspiratorial and apocalyptic hypotheses surrounding its outbreak since late December 2019. The study examines the concept of bioterrorism and biological weapons, and most importantly “Covid-19” and the challenges it poses to the entire world, W.H.O and the intelligence community as a tool of state actor terrorism. To review relevant literatures in the study area, the study adopted historical design which is qualitative and explorative in nature. Historical research method is applied via secondary sources of data, including textbooks, official documents, research articles and opinion papers, and internet materials. The study finds it necessary to suggest appropriate measures to forestall further spread of the strain as a means for biological warfare by the Communist Party of China as alleged by conspiracy theorists.
Page(s): 474-484 Date of Publication: 11 July 2020
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This paper focuses on Nigerian foreign policy implications on national development by critically assessing the President Buhari’s Beggar-thy-Neighbour policy from 2018-2019. The study seeks to unveil the implication(s) of this policy on the country’s national image and economic development. The methodology adopted for the study is qualitative and explorative research design. The population of the study comprises of border security officers, customs, immigrations, formal imports and exports businesses, informal local businesses and illicit businesses. The Epi Info sample calculator was applied to arrive at a sample size of 384; at 50% expected frequency, 95% level of confidence (5% acceptable margin of error) and leaving design effect and clusters equal to 1 respectively. Judgmental, quota and snowball sampling were employed to select and access the samples. Key Informant Interview (KII) method was applied to elicit valid data. The KII data were analysed using thematic content analysis. Findings of the study reveal clearly that the border closure appears to mean different things to different persons and groups. To some persons it is a right step in the right direction in the fight against smuggling and other nefarious cross border and inter-border activities. Some others are of the opinion that the border closure was not embarked upon in good faith but rather disguised to serve the self-interest of a select few in the helm of affairs and their cronies. The study concludes that the border closure, irrespective of the rationale and the potential as well as actual advantages and disadvantages was an intricate, multifaceted and complex decision. The study recommends among others multilateral dialogue at least, at the sub-regional, regional or even multinational level for all affected parties to present and iron out their cases rather than resort to self-help that could breach international protocol or undermine national sovereignty.
Page(s): 485-492 Date of Publication: 11 July 2020
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Regional integration effort in Africa dates back to the 1960s. It was a deliberate attempt by African leaders to raise the living conditions of African peoples. The felt need to rebase the economies and to respond to the growing post-independent pressures informed the creation of the defunct Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The dynamic nature of the international system; the fall of the Berlin Wall and the widespread democracy wave coupled with the growing issues that worsened the economic conditions of Western and Central African states have transformed the activities of both ECOWAS and ECCAS to include other non-economic spheres. However, the study observed that the institutional structures of ECOWAS and ECCAS are being impeded by the intergovernmental nature of these economic groupings. Also, the non-observance of protocols on trade relations, deteriorating infrastructural facilities, and continual manipulation of electoral processes in ECOWAS and ECCAS militate against the realization of their set objectives. All these accounts for the low success in their activities with ECOWAS relatively outperforming ECCAS in the areas of intra-regional trade, free movement of people and goods and services, designing and implementing protocols on good governance and democracy.The study recommends that member states work assiduously for the coordination and harmonization of their domestic economic policies so as to eliminate the bottlenecks of trade facilitation and geopolitical preferences should be prioritized over national preferences in order to allay the fears of unequal benefits and polarization which could cripple the regional integration agenda.
Page(s): 493-498 Date of Publication: 11 July 2020
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This paper examines Human Rights, Justice and Peace. Human Rights are fundamental, inherent and intrinsic to all human beings in as much as they are human, irrespective of nationality, gender, ethnicity, origin, colour or any other ascribed status. These rights can be protected in a functional democratic setting that anchors its foundation in the rule of law. Sadly, in most developing democracies, the reverse seems to be the case as human rights are not often respected as they ought to be. Extra-judicial killings, unlawful detentions, and other series of human rights abuses are still prevalent in developing democracies. This paper therefore, undertakes the following: conceptual understanding of human rights, justice and peace; human rights and social justice issues in Cameroon, Egypt and Nigeria; as well as highlighting the nexus among human rights, justice and peace as potential guarantors of social stability in human society. To this end, the paper ends with a conclusion with profound recommendations made. Secondary sources were mainly used for the purpose of this paper.
Page(s): 499-506 Date of Publication: 12 July 2020
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Indigenous knowledge (IK) is constantly phasing out by the new innovations amongst the youth, world population is steadily increasing and the demand for food is too appealing. Some 550 million of the 1,370 million hectares of global arable lands have suffered degradation as a result of non-sustainable cultivation. The Green Revolution technologies, which partly solved the problem of food and fibre needs, is expensive as the costs to transfer technology, soil erosion and loss of plant genetic materials that were resistant to diseases are high. Traditional agriculture cannot be fully resumed or would it satisfy the food needs of the increasing world population. Owning the indigenous knowledge’s importance, it is thus inevitable to examine the threats to indigenous knowledge in improving agricultural productivity in crop production in Kabasekende Sub- County, Kibaale District. The study used a cross-sectional research design where an interview guide was used to sample 96 respondents with purposive sampling techniques. The study confirmed that farmers were still using IK to manage parasites and diseases, seed and breeds selection, determining seasons, pests and diseases control, harvest handling and ensuring safety of produce. Additionally, IK was reported beneficial in cost reduction on buying chemicals and maintaining soil fertility, recycling of farm resources, promoting the use of locally based resources in agricultural production, resiliency to climate change, maintenance and conservation of crop genetic diversity, increasing food security at house hold level and promoting life-support ecosystem services. Further the study established that individuals and communities should be supported to raise awareness, document and record IK they possess for future generations. The study thus recommended that there was need to understand the major factors that contribute to indigenous knowledge production and how it’s used within the farming communities if it is to be sustained for future development. Development programs need also to be tailor-made to suit specific situations and places, thereby increasing the likelihood of their success. There is a clear need to weigh the positive contributions of indigenous knowledge against their negative ones, in the sense that, for many in Africa, the use of indigenous knowledge has not necessarily transformed their lives as compared to modern technology.
Page(s): 507-523 Date of Publication: 12 July 2020
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CSR refers to voluntary managerial “actions that appear to further some social good, beyond the interests of the firm and that which is required by law. Board tenure and CEO duality are seen as potential determinants of corporate social responsibility but have not been fully explored in developing countries like Kenya. The research was to find out whether Board tenure and CEO duality have effects on corporate social responsibility investment of firms listed in Nairobi securities exchange in Kenya. The objectives for this study were to determine the effect of board tenure on corporate social responsibility and effect of CEO duality on corporate social responsibility. The study was guided by upper echelon theory which postulates that executive’ experiences, values, and personalities greatly influence their interpretations of the situations they face and, in turn, affects their choices. The study employed explanatory research design. The research utilised secondary data derived from document analysis mainly from companies’ annual reports. The study targeted 65 firms listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange for the period ranging from 2005 to 2015. The study utilised data from 11 companies. The study adopted descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, fixed effects and Random effects regression models. Hausman test was carried out and Random effect model was found to be the best model for predicting the change in CSR. Study findings indicate that CEO duality had a negative significant effect on CSR,(β=-34173, p = 0.004), p<0.05) and board tenure had a negative significant effect on CSR. (β=-0.11066, p = 0.012), p<0.05). In conclusion the study found out that when a company is led by a dominant personality, shareholders’ interests are likely to be maltreated. It is therefore crucial for the board to have outside board member as the chair of the board because this will take care of shareholders’interests which include CSR. Furthermore the study found out that the longer the experience of managers, the more knowledgeable they become hence they are more capable of managing CSR. Therefore the study recommends organizations to have a balanced board size-one that is not too small or too large so that there is no time wastage and will better CSR performance. It is therefore necessary for firm to retain managers that have a vast wealth of experience since they are knowledgeable and more capable of managing CSR. Further the study recommends companies to separate the position of CEO and chairman because Stakeholders view those companies that separate the two positions to be more reputable.
Page(s): 524-532 Date of Publication: 12 July 2020
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Aboakyer festival, annually celebrated by the Winneba-Efutu people of Ghana is characterized by performances of different musical genres. One could observe that apart from the indigenous Asafo dance, other musical performances feature prominently throughout the township during the festivities. This study therefore, sought to find out the different forms of music that are performed during the festival, the role of these musical forms in the festival and their educational implications for practice. Two participants, a master drummer and a cantor were selected purposively and interviewed. By means of interpretive phenomenological data analysis, results revealed that besides the Asafo dance, musical types from other cultures were appropriated to the embellishment of the celebration, partly due to modernity and globalization. Findings further indicated that these musical groups were not usually offered the privilege to feature during the durbar activities (on the durbar ground). They therefore, tended to express themselves roaming the length and breadth of the town. It is recommended that since the festival has assumed an intercultural dimension, these musical types should be accorded the needed recognition to participate more actively, with their roles well-defined to boost the splendour of the festival. The study finally implores music scholars and educators to acquaint themselves with the emerging musical trends in Aboakyer festival which consequently have implications for the teaching and learning of music in schools.
Page(s): 533-539 Date of Publication: 12 July 2020
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The primary objective of this research was to identify factors influencing towards the adoption of Social Media Marketing (SMM) in Small and Medium scale Enterprises (SME) in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. A low adoption rate of social media marketing by SMEs was identified as a major research problem and accordingly several hypotheses were developed. Literature provides evidences based on previous related articles, models and theories which related to the factors affecting towards the adoption of social media marketing. According to literature, four factors were highlighted for the survey in depth. Top management perception, social influence, facilitating conditions and ease of use considered as main variables for developing the conceptual framework. Study was conducted based on quantitative approach and primary data was collected through questionnaires from 150 Small and Medium scale enterprises in Anuradhapura. The collected data was analyzed using the statistical package and presented using mean, frequencies, standard deviation, regression and correlations. The study concludes that the main variables have a positive association towards the adoption of social media marketing. Then all the hypotheses were significant and accepted. It also includes a summery and recommendations for study, and suggests that SMEs should consider SMM as a supporting medium for their main stream marketing communication, and also as a marketing tool for better returns and to be proactive in order to identify the blue ocean in SMM for cost reduction while achieving the enterprise’s marketing goals and objectives through online platforms.
Page(s): 540-548 Date of Publication: 12 July 2020
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Language anxiety is identified by many scholars as a significant aspect that inhibits the language acquisition of English as Second Language (ESL) learners. Student-centered approaches are widely practiced in ESL context as they are acknowledged and accepted as highly effective in foreign language acquisition. In Sri Lanka, most of the institutes implement teacher-centered approaches in ESL classrooms due to various practical issues such as insufficient resources and consumption of longer time. Thus, this research is an attempt to trace whether the communicative language teaching, which is one of the most popular student-centered approaches, can be utilized in order to alleviate the English language anxiety of the respective learners. The nature of the research demanded a mixed approach in order to validate the implications. Thus, the sample included 40 students who follow Diploma in English at E-SOFT, which is a renowned private institute. The study utilized an abbreviated form of Foreign Language Anxiety Scale developed by Horwitz and Cope in order to calculate the language anxiety encountered by the ESL learners. The quantitative data were accumulated by conducting interviews with academics and students. The research findings bear testimony that students feel less anxious in classrooms that practice communicative language teaching while they had an unfavorable attitude towards teacher-centered classrooms. The results also manifested that communicative language teaching method is an effective strategy that could be utilized in order to alleviate the English language anxiety of the ESL learners that will eventually have a significant impact on their language achievements.
Page(s): 549-550 Date of Publication: 12 July 2020
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Technical translation has become such a crucial part of translation as it has been recognized that nearly 90% of all translations are technical translation (Kingscott (2002). Having recognized the importance of this, it is observed that number of universities and colleges have given prominence to technical translation in their respective degree programmes or diplomas in relation to translation studies. However, one of the difficulties confronted by number of students and academics in this particular field is that there is no definite theory as to what technical translation exactly mean. There are two widely known major perspectives on technical translation; translation of documents related to technology, and the translation of documents of specialized areas (Newmark, 1988). Although most universities have opted to include both highly technical documents and documents of specialized areas as technical translation, Jody Byrne (2006) argues that “in reality, ‘technical’ means precisely that, something to do with technology and technological texts. Just because there is a specialized terminology, doesn’t make something technical,” which leaves number of academics in the particular field confused. Hence, this research aims to provide a clear definition to technical translation. The key element in technical translation is the usage of technical terms. Therefore, quantitative approaches were employed to determine the usage of technical terms on the relevant documents of highly technical texts as well as specialized areas which had been selected through convince sampling. The study indicated that a considerably higher percentage of technical terms have been utilized in documents related to technology in comparison documents of specialized areas. Consequently, it is possible to conclude that technical translation should only mean the translation of documents related to technical translation.
Page(s): 551-555 Date of Publication: 12 July 2020
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There have been controversies among scholars, researchers and finance professionals with regards to what triggers the movement in the stock prices from their fundamental value and it has generated questions that led to efforts to find out if monetary policy instruments affect stock market performance in Nigeria. Is it against this backdrop, that this study investigated the effect of monetary policy on stock market performance in Nigeria for the period 1981-2018. The specified model of the study was estimated using the ARDL model to determine the level of impact that one variable has on the other. While E-views 10 statistical software was employed in computing the result, time series data were obtained from World Bank national accounts data and OECD National Accounts data files and the study established that Lending interest rate had a positive relationship with all share index and also was statistically significant in the current year while Money supply had a negative relationship with ASI in the current year and in the previous lags i.e 1st, 2nd and 3rd years lag periods in the short run period but was found to have a positive relationship with All Share Index in the long run and was statistically significant at 5% level of significance, Consumer Price Index (CNPI) had a negative relationship with LASI in the current and in the 1st years lag periods and finally, Treasury Bill Rate (TRBR) had a negative relationship and significant impact on ASI in the current year period but was also found to have a positive and strong impact on ASI in the 1st lag period, based on this, the study recommended that Central bankers and stock market participants should be aware of the relationship between monetary policy and stock market performance in order to better understand the effects of policy shifts. Monetary authorities in particular face the dilemma of whether to react to stock price movements, above and beyond the standard response to inflation and output developments.
Page(s): 556-568 Date of Publication: 13 July 2020
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Livestock and crop production are livelihood complementary activities carried out in the grassfield areas of the rural Cameroon. Empirical studies have proven that these two activities have never been in harmony. This along side the grazing systems has had great reparcussions on farm parcels and crop yields. Preliminary field visits, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with both graziers and crop farmers alongside the administration of 300 semi-structured questionnaires were employed in order to obtain the required data. The results revealed that about 91.6% of the respondents practices extensive grazing system while about 89.7% of crop farmers practice permanent cultivation. Consequently, 88.4% have been victims of crop distruction and with 36.8% with frequency of between 6-10 times. The study also found that crop destruction by cattle has been on the increase as cattle population keeps increasing with increase scarcity in grazing land and fodder. Retreat on farm parcel and a subsequent reduction on household income are the immediate aftermath. However, there is a tendency of reconciliation as graziers have started becoming cautious about the existence of both activities through the formation of alliance farming.
Page(s): 569-576 Date of Publication: 13 July 2020
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The purpose of the study therefore was to establish in biology in secondary school. The study adopted a Quasi Experimental research design and in particular the effect of the use of Advance Organizers on the students’ achievement Solomon’s Four Non Equivalent Control Group Research Design. The accessible population was 252 form three students in single county schools in Kitui central sub count participated in the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select and to assign participating schools in experimental and control groups. Descriptive statistic and inferential statistics, ANOVA and t-test were used to analyse the data.. Results of this study reveals that the use of Advance Organizers significantly improvers achievements of students to learn biology. The researcher recommends extensive utilization of Advance Organizers be communicated to administrators, teachers and students teachers of all grades and disciplines through on going supportive professional development activities.
Page(s): 577-583 Date of Publication: 13 July 2020
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There have been controversies among scholars, researchers and finance professionals with regards to what triggers the movement in the stock prices from their fundamental value and it has generated questions that led to efforts to find out if monetary policy instruments affect stock market performance in Nigeria. Is it against this backdrop, that this study investigated the effect of monetary policy on stock market performance in Nigeria for the period 1981-2018. The specified model of the study was estimated using the ARDL model to determine the level of impact that one variable has on the other. While E-views 10 statistical software was employed in computing the result, time series data were obtained from World Bank national accounts data and OECD National Accounts data files and the study established that Lending interest rate had a positive relationship with all share index and also was statistically significant in the current year while Money supply had a negative relationship with ASI in the current year and in the previous lags i.e 1st, 2nd and 3rd years lag periods in the short run period but was found to have a positive relationship with All Share Index in the long run and was statistically significant at 5% level of significance, Consumer Price Index (CNPI) had a negative relationship with LASI in the current and in the 1st years lag periods and finally, Treasury Bill Rate (TRBR) had a negative relationship and significant impact on ASI in the current year period but was also found to have a positive and strong impact on ASI in the 1st lag period, based on this, the study recommended that Central bankers and stock market participants should be aware of the relationship between monetary policy and stock market performance in order to better understand the effects of policy shifts. Monetary authorities in particular face the dilemma of whether to react to stock price movements, above and beyond the standard response to inflation and output developments.
Page(s): 584-588 Date of Publication: 15 July 2020
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This paper examined the challenges children and young people experienced in accessing secondary education in refugees and IDPs camp and its opportunities in north-eastern Nigeria. The paper analysed that distance, poverty, documentation, language difference among refugees and cultural norms are some of the main problem facing IDPs and refugees’ children and youths especially the girl-child. The paper concluded that government need to make adequate planning and recommendation for refugees and IDPs, provision of all the necessary educational facilities, feasibilities in the inclusion of vulnerable refugees, identification of problems and budgetary planning. The paper also recommended that government and humanitarian actors should make effective measures in addressing barriers that will affect the learning outcome of displaced children to school drop-out, the host country should enable refugees to engage in legitimate work to avoid child labour, provision of vocational and technical training skills should also be considered, among others. The paper used secondary sources of data collection.
Page(s): 589-594 Date of Publication: 15 July 2020
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This study investigated a comparative fluency in French by distance education and full time students learning French at Kwame Nkrumah University. Both distance and full time students were interviewed in French and their class lessons observed. The study revealed that distance students performed better in French and their academic results were better than their full time counterparts. Factors such as access and exposure to digital technologies such as social media and computers, quality modules and linguistic visit to French speaking countries are the main factors contributing to communicative fluency in French by distance education students at Kwame Nkrumah University. The study has made recommendations and proposals which will equally enable full time students improve their communicative ability in French as well. Among the recommendations were to encourage social networking among full time students through online French social groups and providing adequate study materials as those given to distance education students. French embassy was advised to reintroduce the programme of sending students studying French to Reunion or any other French speaking country in order to expose students to French civilization and culture. Parents were encouraged to provide their children in full time learning with digital technologies such as smart phones and laptops to enable them access modern language learning techniques online.
Page(s): 595-598 Date of Publication: 15 July 2020
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English language has turned out to be such a crucial aspect of higher education, as it has become a global language to teach numerous subjects at the university level. It could understandably have a major impact on the education in a country like Sri Lanka, which includes very few native speakers of English. However, one of the issues faced by university students in Sri Lanka is not being able to understand English tenses. Hence, this study attempts to investigate student’s ability to learn English tenses. A case study was put in place to analyze the data collected through cluster sampling from three government universities of Sri Lanka, and it was discovered that most of the students struggle to understand the past tense while they tend to produce reasonably better sentences in present and future tense. Another notable finding was the students’ lack of knowledge on verb forms, which is instrumental in mastering past tense. Students also seem to find ways to produce accurate future tense sentences using the helping verbs ‘will’ or ‘would’ along with the base form of verbs. The study has provided sufficient evidence to conclude that it is necessary to focus more on the past tense in comparison to present tense and future tense in order to improve the English writing skills of university students in Sri Lanka.
Page(s): 599-600 Date of Publication: 15 July 2020
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The rapid spread of the COVID-19 outbreak had an impact on the Indonesian economy. One of them is the construction sector. PT X was affected by COVID-19; several projects had to be stopped temporarily following local government recommendations. Some targets set by the company were not achieved. Therefore, there is a need for good management to prevent the widespread and transmission of COVID-19. PT X developed a strategic plan regarding the potential impact of COVID-19 on the operational processes of its business services. PT X implements several management strategies, one of which uses risk management so that in the future, the company can make the right decisions in business management during this pandemic. It also anticipates the government’s plan to impose New Normal. With risk management, it is expected that uncertainties that cause losses can be reduced or even eliminated for the sustainability of activities in the company. Some concrete steps taken by PT X are monitoring the health of employees daily, making and implementing health protocols, and forming a COVID-19 ranger.
Page(s): 601-605 Date of Publication: 15 July 2020
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The article examines the greatly marketed Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) as a means towards realizing solutions on the protracted health challenges in the Kingdom of Lesotho. It is premised on the idea that while there may be differing views on the appropriateness and inappropriateness of the PPPs in Lesotho, what remains an issue of concern is the decision to invest in an arrangement that the country has little or no experience in, especially on the health sector. To further explain this particular problem, the paper employs three theoretical approaches to analyze Lesotho’s decision to invest in the PPP. This article is motivated by the question, what led to the Lesotho PPP in the form of Queen ‘Mamohato Memorial Hospital being considered a dangerous diversion of the Ministry of Health meagre resources? As a point of departure, the conceptualization of PPP is explored. The article will proceed to provide a background on the PPP in Lesotho, theoretical approaches as well as touching on the literature and general implications of the model in Lesotho.
Page(s): 606-611 Date of Publication: 15 July 2020
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This research was on “public expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria from 1980 to 2019. The broad objective or aim of this research is to investigate the influence of public expenditure/spending on economic growth in Nigeria – 1980 to 2019. The econometrics technique of ordinary least squares, co-integration, error correction model/mechanism and granger causal examination were employed as analytical tools. From the error correction estimation, we found that government expenditure/spending on education had a positive influence on economic ontogeny or growth and it was reliably statistically significant. Government expenditure/spending on health conforms to apriori anticipation. Public expenditure/spending was found to be necessary for influencing or impacting gross domestic/internal product. The granger causal outcome reveals that there is a causal relationship flow between government expenditure/spending on education and economic ontogeny/growth in Nigeria, and there was also causal relationship flow between government expenditure/spending on healthcare and economic growth. It was notably recommended that government/authority need to increase allotment to the educational and healthcare sectors of the economy. Training and retraining of healthcare and educational staff, and government/authority should embrace global trending technology in the educational and healthcare sectors because the entire world system is becoming digitally or technologically driven.
Page(s): 612-620 Date of Publication: 16 July 2020
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The study examined/investigated bank credits and yield of fisheries production in Nigeria (1980 – 2019. The main aim of the study is to examine the effect of credits from the banking system to fisheries production in Nigeria. Econometric methods: ordinary least square, ADF, co-integration, error correction system and granger tests. Bank credits to fisheries production conform to apriori forecast/expectation and was also statistically significant/important at 5% level. All the independent variables/variants conform to apriori forecast, but arable land rate was not statistically significant. Bank credits was discovered to be necessary influence on the output of fisheries production in Nigeria. Causality runs from bank credits to fisheries production output in Nigeria. Cost of borrowing should be reduced. Government should provide the necessary basic amenities. The federal government should control import to boost agriculture in Nigeria.
Page(s): 621-632 Date of Publication: 16 July 2020
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This research was conducted in order to assess rural poverty in Maiha Local Government Area, Adamawa state. The data for this research were obtain by sampling opinion of 77 respondents from the five district of the study area, initially 100 questionnaire were distributed. The difficulties faced by most rural inhabitants on poverty in the developing countries, has attracted the attention of the scholars, government and politicians. As a result of this background that this study were conducted to accessed rural poverty in Maiha local government area. In other to achieve this, data were collected by the use of questionnaires. The data obtained from the questionnaires are then analyzed using simple percentage, most prevalence of poverty we see today are as a result of inadequate feeding, poor health care delivery. Poverty is seen as lack of meeting the basic necessity of life, such as food, cloth and shelter as well as inability to fully participate with dignity the societal development of a rural area. Chi square was also use to detect high incidence rate of poverty in the area.
Page(s): 633-640 Date of Publication: 16 July 2020
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Campus violence and political instability has become a common issue in higher education, especially in the universities of Bangladesh since 1990. The reasons behind this are lack of moral values, conflicts between different groups of students, sometimes between teachers, sexual harassment, ragging, admission business, improper use of power and so on. This violence results a low quality in education and cause a great sufferings to the general students as well as the people living around the campus area. Most of the students feel insecure during the violence and this reduces the reputation of an institution and causes a large finical loss to the university as well as the people. That is why we all should come forward to solve the problems from our own place. This study analyses the economic effect of campus violence on student’s monthly income. The purpose of this study was also to conduct an assessment of the relationship between campus violence and quality of education and it was found that there exists negative relationship between campus violence and political instability with educational attainment. The study was carried out in a public university of Bangladesh named Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU). The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, and regression analysis, using 12.0 version of STATA. Based on the findings, it is found that conflict has an emergence effect on the quality of education, which is directly related to human resource potential development of the country. The study marked it as a problem and includes the recommendation and policy implications to this problem.
Page(s): 641-645 Date of Publication: 16 July 2020
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It is still debated in archaeological discourse as to when and where the interaction between humans and animals began. From the time they ate their flesh, to the present, the use of animals for human use can be observed. The primary purpose of Zooarchaeology is to determine the interrelationships between humans and animals through animal bones unearthed from systematic archaeological excavations. Zooarchaeological researches have proved the potentiality of reconstructing or determining the dynamic interrelationships within humans and animals, whether as their prey or domesticated hand for natural and social spaces. Importance of animal bones was recognized by as early as the 1700s, as a discipline of archaeology, it grew the attention focused on the bones preserved within the archaeological sites. Zooarchaeological analysis has addressed questions ranging from human behavioral ecology to the processes of domestication to how animals located in the social realm. Such information causes us to better comprehend the means systems of ancient humanity and their suggestions for such factors as site use, versatility, and life history. The anthropological view of Zooarchaeology has determined to study the way of Interactions between animals and humans in homological perspective; therefore, we can understand the human choice, hunting tactics, and cognitive vision through faunal remains. Sri Lankan zooarchaeological studies dated back to 1930s, when P.E.P. Deraniyagala began the studies of the fossil records of the life phases of Ceylon. Till present, this field has been fostered by a considerable number of scholars. They are actively working on popularizing this subject in the field of archeology in Sri Lanka. An Anthropological perspective would clarify Forager ecology, reconstructing human demography, domestication (morphological and genetic), and animals in human society rather than methodological and biological questions. The study presented here is based on the zooarchaeological remains recovered from the recent excavation campaigns and focuses on the anthropological perspective of faunal analysis.
Page(s): 646-650 Date of Publication: 16 July 2020
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Globally, Universities do adopt various strategies to ensure an effective and hitch-free semester examinations. This study was carried out to examine the strategies adopted by selected British Universities vis-à-vis Nigerian Universities in the successful conduct of undergraduate examinations. The paper briefly examined the concept of examinations as well as the various forms or types of examinations. The paper further looked into the strategies employed by the selected Nigerian Universities in having a stress-free semester examination. Same was done regarding the selected British Universities. A comparison was carried out on the mode of the conduct of examinations. The paper goes further to point out what each country would likely benefit from one another regarding the system of examinations’ conduct. The paper further pointed out the challenges that Nigerian Universities are likely to face in the bid to follow British pattern. Appropriate suggestions were made towards solving the mentioned challenges. Finally, the paper concluded by pointing out that the findings of this study would also be of immense benefits to other Universities outside the scope of this research
Page(s): 651-658 Date of Publication: 16 July 2020
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The Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) have played a major role in protecting the human rights and civil liberties of those impacted on by the anti-terrorism legislation in Kenya. The CSOs have played the role of advocates asking the Government to uphold the rule of law and respect the rights to life. They have played the role of partnering with the development actors to sensitise the local communities on the dangers of being recruited into terrorist rings; they have also stood out as the voice of the voiceless. The CSOs have partnered with the academia on various occasions to conduct research and disseminate the findings with a view to establishing the evidence base to inform decision-making with regard to handling the delicate issue of Countering Violent Extremism (CVE). The law has been used a one of the primary tools to counter violent extremism in many states across the world, however, the restraining power of the law and public pressure has led to a continued revision in criminal law measures as well as policy approaches. In Kenya, in the wake of rising cases of public insecurity heightened by cases of radicalisation and violent extremism, the Government has had to come up with legislation to address this. However, the Government has in certain instances been accused by the CSOs of going overboard in exercising the mandate of regulating security. In response, the Government has had to stamp it’s authority by coming up with legislation that also impacts on the role and mandate of the CSOs as they try to navigate the delicate terrain that is CVE. Some of the impacts of the laws and policies on countering violent extremism in Kenya include: abuse of human rights, curtailing of civil liberties, limited political space on religious grounds, infringing on the rights of minorities or socially/politically marginalized groups; threats to community cohesion, safety, and security; deregistration for tax evasion; harassment and Intimidation of Muslim NGOs; and revoking licenses of Remittance Companies. This study makes the following recommendations for the CSOs work in CVE: work with the Government in ensuring the tightening of border controls; working with the local communities through community policing; investing in data and intelligence; using strategic positioning as a launching pad; cooperation with the united states security initiatives; sharing of CVE lessons and impact stories between all relevant actors; provide education and vocational training; economic empowerment and establishing income generating activities; offer amnesty and legal framework for rehabilitation.
Page(s): 659-666 Date of Publication: 16 July 2020
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Recession is negative economic growth for two consecutive quarters. It is also a business cycle contraction which results in a general slowdown in economic activity. During recession the Macroeconomic indicators such as capacity utilization, business profits, GDP (gross domestic product), investment spending, inflation, and household income, fall, while unemployment rate bankruptcies and increase. Governments respond to recessions by adopting expansionary macroeconomic policies, such as increasing government spending, increasing money supply, and decreasing taxation. The study investigated the effect of recession on sustainable development in Nigeria. It also x-rayed the causes of recession in Nigeria which includes internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) factors, these hamper the stability and sustainable development of the economy. The study, therefore recommended that Government should increase its spending in real activities during recession and also reduced its taxes for individuals and businesses to bring about stability and sustainability in the economy. Also to foster economic stability, ensure Economic growth, sustainable development and become a full partner in the global economy of the 21st century, Nigeria must embark on export diversification and take advantage of its huge stock of natural resources.
Page(s): 667-669 Date of Publication: 16 July 2020
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The concern with gender relations has been strengthened by the affirmation that equality in the status of men and women is fundamental to the development of every society. Increasing attention is being placed on gender equality issues globally, buoyed by several legal and normative instruments – conventions and declarations. Kenya as a country has laws prohibiting gender discrimination following UN Conventions to promote gender equality in the work place. And because of these efforts, it has become common in Kenya for employers to emphasize that they are equal opportunity employers, meaning that women have similar chances of getting a job as men. Studies however, show that women still do not have equal access to jobs at the higher levels of management. In this article, Framing Theory is used to explain the disparities in gender representation in management positions in the work place. The argument is that conscious and unconscious frames may have hindered the progress of women. We draw evidence from existing literature on the media industry employment patterns in Kenya to support our argument.
Page(s): 670-673 Date of Publication: 16 July 2020
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The magnitude of refugee and asylum seekers influx in recent years has generated urgent concern throughout the world, widely perceived as an unprecedented crisis. These has elicited academic as well as empirical researches which are tied to humanitarian responses namely to inform or evaluate interventions. For instance, the dominant researches on the refugees in Kenya focus on the Somalia refugees and the circumstances that are surrounding them such as repatriation or security. Whereas this kind of focus is contemporary and urgent, an informative research on refugees and asylum seekers need to focus on the wider refugee situation in a historical context. To be able to understand the current refugee issues in Kenya there is need to go back to the historical appraisal. The study therefore sought to offer a historical appraisal of the refugee situation in Kenya. To achieve this, the study adopted historical research approach to collect and analyze data. The study found out that colonialism set a foundation for current refugee situation in Africa. The issue of internally displaced person in Kenya is indeed one of the colonial legacies. Colonialism has also been linked to protracted conflicts that have characterized the post-independence period and have been the main cause of population flights to Kenya. In addition to that independent Africa experienced a growing trend of armed conflicts arising out of weak political structures constructed by the colonial regimes. Many political analysts argue that most of these post-independence armed conflicts have resulted to refugees and asylum seekers are a result of colonial legacy.
Page(s): 674-677 Date of Publication: 16 July 2020
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Whether living in the traditional or modern setting, women in Africa often confront a variety of challenges including space and role limitations, social contradictions, cultural disintegration and political struggles. This article attempts to show how women negotiate their space within such constraints. It adopts a feminist analysis of A kind of Marriage by Buchi Emecheta and Purple Hibiscus by Chimamanda Adichie to show that women’s voices as well as acts of everyday resistance portray their understanding of their environment and determined effort to cultivate a new identity. The paper demonstrates that identity within marriage should not be static but a terrain through which women can reconstruct a new identity; a fellowship where they find strength among their own kind. Re-defining women’s identity in African literature is a timely Endeavour as women in real life situations are continually breaking out from the societal prescribed roles and positions to cultivate new identities.
Page(s): 678-685 Date of Publication: 16 July 2020
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Challenges facing guidance and counseling directly affect career guidance services provided in the Kenyan secondary schools. Some of the challenges include: inadequate guidance and counseling resources and limited community support on guidance and counseling programmes. The purpose of the study was to examine the role of guidance and counseling resources and community support on career guidance among public secondary school students in Kakamega South Sub-county in Kenya. The objectives of the study were: examine how availability of guidance and counseling resources affects career guidance and find out the effect of community support on career guidance. The study was guided by a conceptual framework that represented the interrelationship among variables used in the study, and adopted descriptive survey research design. The sample comprised of 12 School Principals, 12 guidance and counseling teachers, 296 form four students, 36 form four parents and Quality Assurance and Standards Officer of education in the sub-county, giving a total of 357 respondents. Purposive sampling, stratified random sampling and simple random sampling techniques were employed in the study to select respondents. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules and document analysis. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics which included frequencies, percentages and graphs. Qualitative data was assessed in verbatim, then transcribed and organized into themes and sub-themes. The findings of the study showed that inadequate guidance and counseling resources and limited community support negatively affected career guidance. The study concluded that availability of guidance and counseling resources and community support directly affected provision of career guidance in schools. Recommendations of the study were that national and county governments, school principals, teachers, parents and the larger community should work together to facilitate career guidance in schools. The results and findings of the study are hoped to be significant to the Ministry of Education and all stake holders in the field of guidance and counseling in enhancing career guidance in public secondary schools in order to achieve the set educational goals.
Page(s): 686-696 Date of Publication: 16 July 2020
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Adoption of appropriate strategies to support slow learners will not only help the pupils to progress in education, but lead to attainment of higher learning outcomes and increase confidence in the early childhood learning year. This study aimed at investigating the influence of head teachers’ strategies for supporting slow learners on children’s learning outcomes in the public early childhood centres in Nairobi City County in Kenya. The objectives of the study were to establish the strategies applied by the head teachers to support the slow learners and to determine the extent to which the strategies that were applied influenced children’s learning outcomes at the early childhood education centres. Some indicators of the pupils’ learning outcomes include: their ability to write their names in correct spelling, writing most sounds of the alphabet and singing simple songs. This study was inspired by revelations from empirical studies that some pupils at lower primary grades scored below what is expected and this was attributed to their early education experiences. The study used a descriptive survey design that targeted 21 stand-alone public early childhood centres in Nairobi City County, 2243 pupils aged 3-5 years, 21 head teachers and 65 teachers. Quantitative and qualitative data was collected using structured interview schedules for head teachers, questionnaires for teachers and document analysis tool for pupils’ performance. The study involved 42 PP1 and PP2 classes and 50 teachers simple randomly sampled. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed. From the findings, head teachers applied varied strategies to support the slow learners from which the strategy that influenced the PP1 pupils’ learning outcomes most was to invite parents to assist while, for the PP2, teachers paying more attention was most influential.
Page(s): 697-703 Date of Publication: 16 July 2020
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A total of 40 expectant mothers (20, 50% drink alcohol, and 20, 50% don’t) participated in this case study; mean age of participants was 27.43. Six hypotheses were analyzed utilizing t-test at 0.05 p-values; The overall prevalence of sexual dysfunction found was 70.0% (those that don’t drink alcohol had higher prevalence of 42.5% compared to those that drink 27.5%). Overall prevalence of desire, arousal, vaginal lubrication, sexual satisfaction and orgasm domains was 20.0%, 25.0%, 32.5%, 22.5%, and 27.5% respectively. Result revealed that sexual dysfunction significantly differ among expectant mothers, expectant mothers that don’t drink alcohol have higher mean score (M = 1.85, SD = 0.366) than those that drink alcohol (M = 1.55, SD = 0.510); t(38) = 2.135, p = 0.039. Also, vaginal lubrication significantly differ among expectant mothers, expectant mothers that don’t drink alcohol have higher mean score (M = 1.55, SD = 0.510) than those that drink alcohol (M = 1.10, SD = 0.308); t(38) = 3.376, p = 0.002. However, sexual desire, arousal, satisfaction and orgasm domains did not significantly differ among expectant mothers that drink alcohol and those that don’t. Thus, the researchers conclude that the role of alcohol on female sexual dysfunction is unclear. However, pregnancy seems to be an indicator of sexual dysfunction irrespective of the alcohol status of the expectant mother. Therefore, the researchers recommend that sexual functioning of expectant mothers should be assessed during their antenatal visit.
Page(s): 704-709 Date of Publication: 16 July 2020
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The aim of this article is to examine the effect of human resource management (HRM) practices on the social performance of micro finance institutions in Cameroon. The study population consist of microfinance institutions in Cameroon. For this purpose, a survey questionnaire was carried out on 20 microfinance institutions. The acquired survey data was evaluated via confirmatory factors analyses, reliability analyses and structural equation modelling. The empirical results show that there is a positive and significant link between HRM practices and the social performance in microfinance institutions in Cameroon.
Page(s): 710-716 Date of Publication: 16 July 2020
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The study thought to assess the effect of performance contracts “Imihigo” on socio-economic development in Gakenke District, Rwanda focusing on environment protection, agriculture development, infrastructure development, entrepreneurship development and social development. The study adopted a cross-sectional design using both quantitative and qualitative research approaches on a sample of 86 respondents. Quantitative data involved the use of descriptive statistics particularly frequencies, percentages and the mean. Findings revealed that the effect of performance contracts “Imihigo” on social-economic development in Gakenke district presented a positive impact on the lives of people. Local people moved from the subsistence production to cash cropping due to increased agriculture techniques , local leaders at different levels boosted the environment protection, improved infrastructures, increased the access of energy, created new off-farm activities and improved roads and bridges to facilitate people’s movements of goods within and outside the district. The study recommended leaders from Gakenke district to revisit the entrepreneurship development by mobilizing people to increase their level of confidence in jobs creation and the spirit of innovation for their future livelihood and people’s priorities should be taken into consideration during imihigo process and the increase of infrastructures in gakenke district needs more attention because people are still travelling long distances for getting basic services especially education and health facilities.
Page(s): 717-723 Date of Publication: 16 July 2020
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