The purpose optical properties (transmittance, absorbance, and reflectance) of solidified cubes of water, soybean oil, and saltwater, single and layer wise studies experimentally for water, soybean oil and saltwater. The transmittance properties decrease with an increase in wavelength however the absorbance and reflectance values increase with the increase in wavelength. The salt and water have a maximum transmittance value of 100 at the wavelength of 454.5nm and 553.2nm respectively. The authors found the absorbance deep values of oil, water, and saltwater are 0.166 a.u., 0.173 a.u., and 0.211 a.u. at the same wavelength of 634.6nm and Water- Soybean Oil-Saltwater, Soybean Oil- Water –Saltwater, and Saltwater-Water- Soybean oil are 0.218 a.u., 0.208 a.u., and 0.158 a.u. at the wavelength of 363nm. Whereas the reflectance deep values of oil, water, saltwater, Water- Soybean Oil-Saltwater, Soybean Oil- Water –Saltwater, and Saltwater-Water- Soybean oil are -7.981%, -7.925%, -7.695%, -7.679%, -7.735%, and -8.022% are to be found respectively at the same wavelength of 636nm. The result also shows the transmittance of saltwater and soybean oil are depend on transmittance of water which means water, saltwater and soybean oil a strong correlation in statistical term
Page(s): 01-06 Date of Publication: 10 April 2022
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The study examined the impact of fiscal policy on inflation in Nigeria, using Auto regressive distributed lag model (ARDL), for a period of 1981-2020. Secondary data was used in the study. The variables that were utilized in the study include inflation rate (INF), as the dependent variable; and a set of independent variables; government deficit financing (GDF), interest rate (INT) exchange rate (EXR) and gross domestic product (GDP). Stationarity test was carried out using augmented dickey-fuller test (ADF). The result showed a mix of integration of order 1(0) and 1(1) which lends credence to the adoption of ARDL model. More so, the cointegration test revealed the presence of long run relationship. As such, the result of the long-run ARDL cointegration revealed that GDF exert positive impact on INF. This however, suggests that, a percent increase in government deficit (GDF) will lead to an increase of about 2.77 percent in the rate of inflation. More so, EXR, and INT also exerts positive impact on INF in the long-run. Moreover, only GDP was found to exert negative impact on INF. In line with this finding, the study concluded that, fiscal deficit does not create inflation, but inflation causes the fiscal deficit, making it a one-way causation from inflation to the budget deficit. The study recommended that government should strike appropriate balance between recurrent expenditure and capital expenditure, that is, Fiscal deficit should not be geared towards recurrent expenditure to the detriment of capital expenditure which has the capacity to stimulate employment.
Page(s): 07-13 Date of Publication: 14 April 2022
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Nigeria is the largest rice producing country in West Africa, but also the second largest importer of rice in the world. The current government policy initiatives aim at prioritizing the rice sector and decreasing dependence on import thereby fostering production and supplying agricultural inputs. Nigeria is faced with mounting food import bills for the staple crop that has been consuming huge chunks of foreign exchange, particularly in times of low crude oil revenues, the government, in 2015, created the Anchor Borrowers Programme (ABP), a micro-credit scheme for farmers of identified crops, including rice. Jigawa State is mainly an agrarian area, and is one of the major rice producing zones in the country. Three specific objectives guided the study. One null hypothesis was formulated and tested as 0.05 level of significance. Data for the study was collected through a researcher designed questionnaire. Result was analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistic of binary logic regression was used to test the null hypothesis formulated. Result of the findings shows that there is high level of ABP awareness among smallholder rice farmers in the study area as well as high accessibility of farmers to the facilities provided. Government should give larger financial support to the programme and should be made available in all rice growing states of the federation was among recommendations made.
Page(s): 14-20 Date of Publication: 14 April 2022
DOI : 10.51584/IJRIAS.2022.7301Download PDF
The consumption of fish worldwide has increased speedily in recent years particularly with the awareness of its nutritional and therapeutic benefits. In addition to being important source of protein, fish are enriched with essential minerals, vitamins, and unsaturated fatty acids. However, fish normally accumulate heavy metals from food, water bodies like rivers, lake, stream etc., and sediments and this is a good indicator of heavy metals contamination in water. Concentration of Heavy metal namely Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cr and Ni were found in dominant fish species in Ase River at Kwale. The heavy metal was analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (iCE 3400 AAS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). It was observed that the relative abundance of the heavy metals was as follows Fe >Mn > Cd>Pb>Cr>Ni. The level of Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb and Cr are higher than WHO Limit for food. High concentration of the heavy metals calls for constant monitoring since the level were found to represent future risk to man who is the consumer. It was revealed that Clarias garepinus (African sharp tooth Catfish) and Channa channa (Snake head fish) accumulated more heavy metals than Tilapia mariae (Tilapia fish).
Page(s): 21-25 Date of Publication: 16 April 2022
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This paper reports an IoT-based home automation and weather monitoring system developed for remote control of household appliances and weather monitoring. The proposed system comprises a Wi-Fi enabled ESP32 microcontroller as the network gateway, a relay module, and a DHT11 sensor for monitoring temperature and humidity. The status of the household devices and the weather data are continuously collected and stored in a MySQL database, which is set up on the IoT platform. A user interface was created using two different protocols – HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT). The IoT-based home automation and weather monitoring system is designed to be low cost, user-friendly and can remotely control home appliances and monitor weather data over the internet.
Page(s): 26-29 Date of Publication: 17 April 2022
DOI : 10.51584/IJRIAS.2022.7302Download PDF
This paper presents the developed step frequency model for high range resolution of target in radar system. The idea behind this research is to improve the detection capability of radar systems through improved step frequency model. This was achieved by transmitting a long linear frequency modulated (LFM) signals in a step-wise pattern, in which the centre frequency of the narrow bandwidth pulses of the transmitted signals are changed step by step and, are synthesized at the receiver to give a time profile characteristics of the target in view. The work was implemented using Matlab and the result of the simulation was carefully analyzed using the Ambiguity function for waveform analysis. It was observed that this waveform model really improved the range or detection index by 98% accuracy
Page(s): 30-34 Date of Publication: 26 April 2022
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A field experiment to study the effects of plant spacing (45x30cm, 35x30cm, 25x30cm and 15x30cm) on the growth and yields of Bambara groundnut varieties (EXMFI, EXMF4, IITA165 and ENZK1) was conducted in the School Farm of Ogbaru High School, Ogbakuba in Anambra State. The experiment was designed with split-plot in a randomized complete block design replicated three times. The main plots were assigned to Bambara groundnut varieties (EXMF1, EXMF4, IITA165 and ENZK2), while sub-plots were assigned to plant spacing (45x30cm, 35x30cm, 25x30cm and 15x30cm) with population densities of 7,407, 9,524, 13,333 and 22,222 plants/ha respectively. Results showed that the number of pods per plant, pod weight and grain yields of Bambara groundnut increased with decrease in plant spacing. Plants with spacing 45x30cm had the least yield of 2455 kg/ha, where as the best yield results were from plants spaced at 15x30cm with the mean value of 3939 kg/ha. Furthermore, variety EXMF4 had the highest yield of 3384 kg/ha but was not significantly different (P<0.05) from the other varieties. Then variety x spacing interaction effects was significant for some growth and yield parameters evaluated. Thus, variety EXMF4 should be recommended for planting at high density of 22,222 plants/ha or spacing of 15x30cm in this locality.
Page(s): 35-38 Date of Publication: 26 April 2022
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The menace caused by corrosion on mild steel and on the economy of any nation cannot be overlooked. If not checked will result in damning consequence. As a result there has been several researches tailored in this regard, controlling corrosion by using inorganic inhibitors. However, these inorganic inhibitors are not environmentally friendly. Organic inhibitors (of plant origin) appears to be good alternative due to the presence of phytochemicals and it’s readily available. One of such plants is the hexane root extract of Anogeiossus Leiocarpus (Africa birch). The method used is weight loss at 303k, 313k, 323k and 333k. The concentration of root extract used on mild steel are 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0 grams. The results show the highest inhibition efficiency of 81 % for 1.0 g/l and 21 % for 0.7 g/l in 1M H2SO4 at 303k. This result implies that with increase of inhibitor, both surface coverage and inhibition efficiency increases but with decrease in corrosion rate. It was also observed that increase in temperature, there is reduction in inhibition efficiency. At 333k, IE % for 0.1 g/l is 51 % and 0.7 g/l is 13 %. For each temperature, it was also observed that with time increase, there is progressive decrease in weight loss and corrosion rate but increase in both surface coverage and IE %. The data derived from this research confirmed the fact that corrosion inhibition mechanism was affected by the root extracts
Page(s): 39-43 Date of Publication: 29 April 2022
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Hepatotropic viruses (HBV and HCV) and glucose metabolism disorder (Prediabetes Mellitus (Pre-DM) or Diabetes mellitus (DM)) are serious public health challenge. The triple are reported to be among the fastest growing diseases around the world. Little studies have been carried on the coinfections of these diseases. This study sought to determine the prevalence of hepatotropic viruses and glucose metabolism disorder and coinfections between the diseases. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis performed among 138 randomly selected asymptomatic subjects in Taraba State using Cohcran’s formular for determining sample size. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test of association were used with the help of Microsoft excel 2016, SPSS version 25 and Minitab version 17. Specimen collection and laboratory analysis were carried out inline with WHO guidelines by well trained and qualified laboratory staff of CFID. Results: The overall prevalence of HBV, HCV and glucose metabolism disorder recorded in the study were 8.7%, 15.2% and 4.3%. However, 9.4% of the subjects screened were prediabetic, 0.7% of the subjects were coinfected with HBV and DM, 0.7% were also coinfected with HCV and DM. None of the subjects were coinfected with the triple infections (HBV+HCV+DM). No statistically significant association was observed between glucose metabolism disorder and hepatotropic viruses. The demographic variables tested (gender and age) were not significantly associated with glucose metabolism disorder. However, age was statistically associated with one of the hepatotropic viruses (HCV). Conclusion: This study recorded high prevalence of hepatotropic viruses (HBV = 8.7% and HCV = 15.2%) and glucose metabolism disorder (Pre-DM = 9.7% and DM = 4.3%). A bracket of 0.7% asymptomatic subjects were both coinfected with (HBV + DM) and (HCV+DM). None of the subjects had all the triple infections (HBV+HCV+DM) and no statistical association was observed between glucose metabolism disorder and hepatotropic viruses. Statistical association was observed between some demographic variables (age and HCV) but none of such association was observed between hepatotropic viruses and DM or demographic variables (Age and gender) and glucose metabolism disorder. Findings from this study indicates an immediate need for intervention due to the increase of the diseases (HBV,HCV and pre-DM).
Page(s): 44-49 Date of Publication: 29 April 2022
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Covid-19 Pandemic has affected educational activities world over including public schools in Nigeria. In a bid to ensure adequate preparedness of schools and learning facilities for safe reopening and resumption of academic activities without placing the health, safety and security of learners, teachers and others at risk, the Federal Ministry of Education through the Universal Basic Education Commission trained school heads, teachers and other education managers of basic schools across the country including Benue State, and implemented the national guidelines for safe reopening of schools and learning facilities. This study assesses the level of compliance by public schools in Makurdi Metropolis of Benue State. Data for the study was collected from public schools in the study area using physical observation and questionnaire, and analysed using descriptive statistics. The result of the study reveals that water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructures and practices in public schools in the study area fall short of the guidelines. The result also shows that majority of the schools are not complying with the guidelines as it was evident in non-compliance with social distancing of 2metres apart in classes, lack of platooning and alternate attendance. Based on the result, the study recommends for full compliance with the safe school reopening and learning guidelines for safety of both pupils and teachers
Page(s): 50-55 Date of Publication: 29 April 2022
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This work was targeted on the development of an intelligent fire hazard detection system using enhanced machine learning technique. The study reviewed many literatures which revealed the problems fire hazard has causes over the years, and also the efforts proposed to solve these problems, but despite the success achieved, there is still great room for improvements This was achieved using Dynamic Systems Development Model (DSDM) methodology which accommodates all necessary functionalities such as modeling diagram, mathematical models, algorithms and simulation based implementation. The model of the wavelet transform was developed and the decomposed output was feed to a Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) which was trained with fire data collected from the Nigerian Fire Service Department and back propagation algorithm, to achieve an intelligent fire hazard detection algorithm. The algorithm was implemented with Mathlab and then tested. The result showed a regression performance value of 0.96152, accuracy of 93.33% and MSE value of 0.000103Mu which all indicated system reliability
Page(s): 56-62 Date of Publication: 30 April 2022
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Weeds are the major reason for the significant yield reduction problems in rice cultivation of Sri Lanka. Power weeders have been introduced to rice cultivation as an alternative solution for the controversial herbicide application. The effectiveness of existing power weeders is also low due to the associated rotary mechanism. Besides, “Asakura wooden clog” has been identified as an appropriate weeding mechanism, which could be developed as a power weeder. Therefore, this research was aimed to introduce an appropriate lowland power weeder, especially for medium and large-scale rice farmers in Sri Lanka using the weeding mechanism of manual “Asakura wooden clog”. comprehensive design calculations, fabrications, series of performance tests and modifications were carried out to achieve this goal. Final version of prototype consists of power source, frame and separate mechanisms for power transmission, weed burying, turning/row changing, floating, manipulation and controlling which are facilitated to bare the activated load, burying the weeds, achieve the required tractive power, speed and machine control in road and field manipulation. Besides, it attained satisfactory field performances; 0.03 ha h-1 effective field capacity, 83.25% field efficiency, 80% weeding efficiency, 6.34% damaged plants, 580 performance index. Further, calculated cost for weeding, fuel consumption, labour and power requirement were 38.355 USD ha-1, 0.503 L h-1, 33 man-h ha-1 and 0.319 kW, respectively. Further, no ergonomic or mechanical defects were reported during the performance testing. Thus, this prototype has a potential to develop as an appropriate machinery for weeding processes in medium and large-scale, row planted rice cultivations in Sri Lanka
Page(s): 63-76 Date of Publication: 30 April 2022
DOI : 10.51584/IJRIAS.2022.7303Download PDF
COVID-19 is the most used and significant word in this year. It has taken many lives, created fear among people and changed people’s and country’s perspective and decision. The virus has kept people isolated in their homes, and borders have been blocked. The third wave of Covid-19 variants has finally come to an end. Based on an online questionnaire, this paper investigated the impacts of Covid-19 on people’s lives for four essential daily necessities: education, social, economic, and psychological. As the pandemic interrupted the normal world’s circumstances, we tried to determine the association between various factors related to Bangladeshi people in this study. This research is essential because the findings help stakeholders and decision makers decide what to do in the sectors of education, the economy, social, and psychology. This study introduces a new interestingness measure, the “IM-Score,” which aims to discover the association between various parameters. Covid-19 impedes 25.6 percent of educational factors, 23.5 percent of social concerns, 25.9 percent of economic life, and 25.0 percent of psychological factors among the four most basic demands of people’s daily lives, according to the findings. Finally, we concluded that people are concerned about the period of online classes, tuition expenses, financial situation, social interaction, and mental health.
Page(s): 77-83 Date of Publication: 01 May 2022
DOI : 10.51584/IJRIAS.2022.7304Download PDF
The purpose of this study was to measure, analyze and explain (1) the influence of Servant Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) of the Supervisor of the Infrastructure Project Manager in Tojo Una-Una Regency; (2) the influence of HR Competence on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB); (3) the effect of Organizational Commitment on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB); (4) the influence of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) on Performance; (5) the influence of Servant Leadership on Supervisory Performance; (6) the influence of HR Competence on Supervisory Performance; (7) the effect of organizational commitment on supervisory performance; (8) Influence of Servant Leadership on supervisory performance mediated by Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) variable; (9) The influence of HR competence on supervisory performance mediated by the variable Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB); and (10) the effect of organizational commitment on supervisory performance mediated by the variable Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). This research is classified as an Explanatory or Confirmatory Research type. The data analysis method used the Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM). The number of samples is 144 respondents. The results of the analysis show that (1) Servant Leadership has a significant effect on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB); (2) HR competence has a significant effect on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). (3) Organizational Commitment has a significant effect on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). (4) Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) has a significant effect on Supervision Performance (KP). (5) Servant Leadership has a significant but negative direction on Supervision Performance; (6 HR competencies have a significant effect on supervisory performance; (7) organizational commitment has a significant effect on supervisory performance; (8) Servant Leadership has a significant effect on supervisory performance mediated by Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) variables; (9) HR competencies have a significant effect on supervisory performance mediated by Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) variable, and (10) Organizational commitment has an effect but not significant on supervisory performance mediated by Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) variable. (5) Servant Leadership has a significant but negative direction on Supervision Performance; (6 HR competencies have a significant effect on supervisory performance; (7) organizational commitment has a significant effect on supervisory performance; (8) Servant Leadership has a significant effect on supervisory performance mediated by Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) variables; (9) HR competencies have a significant effect on supervisory performance mediated by Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) variable, and (10) Organizational commitment has an effect but not significant on supervisory performance mediated by Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) variable. (5) Servant Leadership has a significant but negative direction on Supervision Performance; (6 HR competencies have a significant effect on supervisory performance; (7) organizational commitment has a significant effect on supervisory performance; (8) Servant Leadership has a significant effect on supervisory performance mediated by Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) variables; (9) HR competencies have a significant effect on supervisory performance mediated by Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) variable, and (10) Organizational commitment has an effect but not significant on supervisory performance mediated by Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) variable. (7) Organizational commitment has a significant effect on Supervision Performance; (8) Servant Leadership has a significant effect on supervisory performance mediated by the variable Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB); (9) HR competence has a significant effect on supervisory performance mediated by the variable Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB); and (10) Organizational commitment but not significant effect on the performance of supervision mediated by the variable Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). (7) Organizational commitment has a significant effect on Supervision Performance; (8) Servant Leadership has a significant effect on supervisory performance mediated by the variable Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB); (9) HR competence has a significant effect on supervisory performance mediated by the variable Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB); and (10) Organizational commitment but not significant effect on the performance of supervision mediated by the variable Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB).rotocols provide defined and direct mixing aliquots to be used in PCR mixtures for good amplification outcomes when working with DNA of varying concentrations.
Page(s): 84-100 Date of Publication: 01 May 2022
DOI : 10.51584/IJRIAS.2022.7305Download PDF